EP0823329A2 - Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre - Google Patents

Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0823329A2
EP0823329A2 EP97113513A EP97113513A EP0823329A2 EP 0823329 A2 EP0823329 A2 EP 0823329A2 EP 97113513 A EP97113513 A EP 97113513A EP 97113513 A EP97113513 A EP 97113513A EP 0823329 A2 EP0823329 A2 EP 0823329A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ink
recording head
ink tank
selector valve
jet recording
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97113513A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0823329B1 (fr
EP0823329A3 (fr
Inventor
Shuichi c/o Seiko Epson Corporation Yamaguchi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Seiko Epson Corp
Original Assignee
Seiko Epson Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Seiko Epson Corp filed Critical Seiko Epson Corp
Publication of EP0823329A2 publication Critical patent/EP0823329A2/fr
Publication of EP0823329A3 publication Critical patent/EP0823329A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0823329B1 publication Critical patent/EP0823329B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/135—Nozzles
    • B41J2/165—Prevention or detection of nozzle clogging, e.g. cleaning, capping or moistening for nozzles
    • B41J2/16517—Cleaning of print head nozzles
    • B41J2/1652—Cleaning of print head nozzles by driving a fluid through the nozzles to the outside thereof, e.g. by applying pressure to the inside or vacuum at the outside of the print head
    • B41J2/16523—Waste ink transport from caps or spittoons, e.g. by suction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/17—Ink jet characterised by ink handling
    • B41J2/175—Ink supply systems ; Circuit parts therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an ink jet recording apparatus which prints characters and patterns with a recording head to which ink is supplied from an ink tank, and more particularly to an ink supply device.
  • Ink jet recording apparatuses are designed to form dots on a recording medium by jetting ink droplets out of nozzle openings while supplying, from an ink tank, ink to pressure producing chambers that communicate with the nozzle openings and applying pressure to the pressure producing chambers so as to correspond to print data.
  • the ink jet recording apparatuses are designed to jet ink droplets by applying pressure to the pressure producing chambers, when bubbles enter into the pressure producing chambers, the pressure for jetting ink droplets is absorbed by the bubbles. As a result, the ink droplets cannot be jetted or the ink droplet flying speed is reduced, which in turn imposes the problem of impaired print quality and the like.
  • a cleaning operation is performed when the ink tank is replaced with a new one or when the print quality has been greatly impaired. That is, bubbles are removed by discharging the ink out of the recording head while sealing the recording head with a cap or the like and applying a negative pressure to the recording head from outside.
  • the ink In order to remove the bubbles and maintain the print quality, the ink is usually contained in a degassed condition, and bubbles are caused to disappear by utilizing the high gas dissolubility of the degassed ink.
  • the ink In order to maintain the degassed condition of the ink from factory shipment to the hands of users, the ink must be kept in a container made of a gas shielding material and, in addition, the container must be wrapped with a gas shielding film or the like. As a result, there exists a problem that the running cost of printing is elevated.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the aforementioned problems. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an ink jet recording apparatus that can eliminate serious print defects caused by bubbles stagnant in the recording head using small amounts of degassed ink while using a nondegassed ink for printing and eliminating trivial print defects.
  • the present invention provides an ink jet recording apparatus as specified in claim 1 or 7.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the subclaims and the description and shown in the drawings. The claims are intended to be understood as a first, non-limiting approach to define the invention in general terms.
  • the present invention provides an ink jet recording apparatus that includes an ink jet recording head having nozzles for jetting ink droplets in synchronism with a print signal in a printing operation, and a carriage for shuttling the recording head back and forth; a cap that covers (seals) the nozzles in a cleaning operation of the recording head, and a sucking pump for supplying a negative pressure to the cap; a first ink tank that communicating with the atmosphere through an opening and containing a printing ink; a second ink tank containing ink in a degassed condition; a selector valve for selectively connecting the first and second ink tanks to the recording head; and a controller for controlling the selector valve, wherein the controller controls the selector valve so that one of the printing ink in the first ink tank and the ink in the degassed condition in the second ink tank is supplied to the recording head and discharged out of the nozzles of the recording head by the cap and the sucking pump during the cleaning operation of the recording head.
  • an inexpensive ink contained in the first ink tank is used.
  • a degassed ink in the second ink tank is used, so that bubbles stagnant in passages such as the recording head are discharged while dissolved in the degassed ink.
  • Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention.
  • reference numeral 1 denotes an ink jet recording head, which, as is well known, includes: pressure producing chambers that communicate with nozzle openings; and common ink chambers that supply ink to the pressure producing chambers.
  • the ink jet recording head 1 is mounted on a carriage 4 that is connected to a carriage motor 3 through a timing belt 2, so that the ink jet recording head can shuttle across the width of a recording sheet 5.
  • the carriage 4 has a buffer tank 6 mounted thereon.
  • the buffer tank 6 suppresses pressure fluctuations caused by movement of the carriage 4, and first receives ink in first and second ink tanks 12, 13, which will be described later, through a tube 7 and then supplies the received ink to the recording head 1.
  • Reference numeral 8 denotes a capping device that seals the surfaces of the nozzle openings of the recording head 1 to prevent the nozzle openings from clogging during the nonprinting period.
  • the capping device 8 is connected to a sucking pump 10 through a tube 9, and has the function of forcibly discharging the ink out of the nozzle openings of the recording head 1 at the time of cleaning.
  • Reference numerals 12, 13 denote the aforementioned first and second ink tanks.
  • the first ink tank 12 communicates with the atmosphere through an opening 14, and contains a nondegassed ink to be used for ordinary printing.
  • the second ink tank 13, whose capacity is set to a value smaller than that of the first ink tank 12, contains an ink that is degassed to about 50 to 90% of the pressure of saturated dissolved gases.
  • the second ink tank 13 is designed to communicate with the atmosphere through, e.g., a capillary (not shown) so that the tank 13 can supply the ink to the recording head 1 while keeping such degassed condition of the ink to a highest possible extent.
  • ink tanks 12, 13 are connected to the tube 7 through an electromagnetic three-way valve 16 that is controlled by a controller 20 that will be described later.
  • Reference numeral 17 in Fig. 1 denotes a motor that drives the sucking pump 10
  • reference numeral 18 denotes a waste ink tank that contains ink discharged from the sucking pump 10.
  • Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of the controller 20.
  • a cleaning counter 21 increments upon operation of a cleaning switch 22 after a predetermined time T0 has elapsed or when a predetermined amount of printing has been performed after the cleaning switch 22 was last pressed, and is reset when the cleaning operation has been performed using the ink in the second ink tank 13 or upon the elapse of the predetermined time T0.
  • valve drive means 23 performs the operation of switching the selector valve 16 from the first ink tank 12 to the second ink tank 13 upon reception of an ink end signal outputted from a liquid level detecting means (not shown) disposed in the first ink tank 12, and also as a result of counting the quantity of ink that has been jetted out of the recording head 1 and discharged at the time of cleaning.
  • Reference numeral 24 denotes a cleaning control means, which moves the recording head 1 to the capping device 8 by controlling the motor 3 with a signal from the cleaning switch 22 to thereby cause the capping device 8 to seal the recording head 1.
  • the cleaning control means 24 also operates the motor 17 for a predetermined time to thereby cause a negative pressure of the sucking pump 10 to be applied to the recording head 1, so that a predetermined amount of ink is forcibly discharged out of the recording head 1.
  • the capping device 8 is then moved away from the recording head 1 after the ink has been discharged to thereby make the recording head 1 ready to print.
  • the cleaning counter 21 outputs a signal to the valve drive means 23 to switch the connection of the tube 7 between the first ink tank 12 and the second ink tank 13 through the selector valve 16 so that when the cleaning counter 21 is set to the default value, or "0" in this embodiment, the ink in the first ink tank 12 can be sucked and when the cleaning counter 21 is set to "2", the ink in the second ink tank 13 can be sucked.
  • the cleaning control means 24 activates a timer 25 with a signal from a tank selection detector (not shown) that detects selection of the first ink tank 12, and switches the selector valve 16 at the time of charging the ink so that the degassed ink in the second ink tank 13 is used for a predetermined time T1; then the ink in the first ink tank is used for a predetermined time T2; and finally the ink in the second ink tank is used for a predetermined time T3.
  • a tank selection detector not shown
  • the cleaning control means 24 checks the content of the cleaning counter 21, and when the counter 21 is set to "0" (Fig. 3, Step 8), the cleaning control means 24 stops printing, moves the recording head 1 to the capping device 8 to thereby cause the capping device 8 to seal the recording head 1, and operates the sucking pump 10 without operating the selector valve 16.
  • the recording head 1 discharges the ink supplied from the first ink tank 12 out of the nozzle openings with the negative pressure applied from the capping device 8, so that bubbles stagnant in the pressure producing chambers and the like in the recording head 1 are caused to discharge to the capping device 8 along with the stream of the ink (Fig. 3, Step 9).
  • the counter 21 is incremented upon the end of the cleaning operation (Fig. 3, Step 10), and if the print data is present, the operation in Step 4 is performed again to print the data.
  • the cleaning counter 21 is incremented to "2" (Fig. 3, Step 8) without clearing the last content.
  • the cleaning control means 24 switches and connects the tube 7 to the second ink tank 13 through the selector valve 16 (Fig. 3, Step 12), and drives the motor 17 to cause the negative pressure of the sucking pump 10 to be applied to the recording head 1.
  • the degassed ink contained in the second ink tank 13 is introduced into the buffer tank 6 and the recording head 1 through the tube 7, so that bubbles stagnant in the buffer tank 6 and the recording head 1 are discharged to the capping device 8 (Fig. 3, Step 13).
  • the cleaning control means 24 stops the motor 17 to thereby end the cleaning operation when a time interval long enough to discharge the bubbles has elapsed, and switches the selector valve 16 to connect the tube 7 to the first ink tank 12 (Fig. 3, Step 14) and resets the counter 21 (Fig. 3, Step 15).
  • the degassed ink is charged into the passages in the recording head 1 and the like immediately after the cleaning operation performed with the degassed ink in the second ink tank 13, even if bubbles that have been left undischarged by the cleaning operation are present, these bubbles are dissolved and lost into the degassed ink owing to the high gas dissolubility of the degassed ink.
  • the pressure applied for jetting ink droplets is applied to the ink, so that the print trouble can be eliminated reliably. If the print operation is continued (Fig. 3, Step 11), the inexpensive ink contained in the first ink tank 12 is supplied to the recording head 1.
  • the recording head 1 is sealed by the capping device 8 and the negative pressure of the sucking pump 10 is applied to the recording head 1, so that the ink in the second ink tank 13 is sucked for the predetermined time T1 and the degassed ink is charged into the recording head 1.
  • the bubbles in the recording head 1 are discharged outside while dissolved into the degassed ink. Hence, the bubbles can be discharged swiftly.
  • the cleaning control means 24 switches the selector valve 16 to the first ink tank 12, so that the ink in the first ink tank 12 is sucked by the recording head 1 (Fig. 4, Step 8). Since bubbles in the recording head 1 have disappeared while dissolved in the degassed ink as described above, the nondegassed ink in the first ink tank 12 flows into the recording head 1 with the likelihood of producing bubbles suppressed to a lowest possible degree, and the bubbles deposited on the connecting parts and the like at the time of replacing the tanks are discharged.
  • the cleaning control means 24 switches the selector valve 16 again to the second ink tank 13 (Fig. 4, Step 10), and supplies the recording head 1 with the degassed ink for the predetermined time T3.
  • the timer 25 stops counting the time and the selector valve 16 is switched so that the first ink tank 12 is connected to the recording head 1 (Fig. 4, Step 12), and the counter 21 is reset (Fig. 4, Step 13), so that the recording head 1 is prepared to print (Fig. 4, Step 14).
  • first and second ink tanks are switched by the electromagnetic three-way valve in the aforementioned embodiment, it is apparent that similar advantages can be obtained by using another switching device that is driven by a motor or the like, such as a rotary valve.
  • the two ink tanks can also be switched by controlling the negative pressure applied to the tube 7 while changing the rotational speed of the motor 17 that drives the sucking pump 10.
  • Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of such a selector valve that can switch passages by the negative pressure.
  • This selector valve is constructed of a casing body 33 that has a discharge port 30 in the middle thereof and first and second flow ports 31, 32 on both sides thereof.
  • the discharge port 30 is connected to the tube 7, and the first and second flow ports 31, 32 communicate with the first and second ink tanks 12, 13.
  • First and second valve seats 34, 35 are formed for the first flow port 31 and the discharge port 30 and for the second flow port 32 and the discharge port 30, respectively.
  • a first valve body 37 is disposed on the first valve seat 34 while having a predetermined clearance with respect to the first valve seat 34, the first valve body 37 receiving an urging force of a spring 36 so that the first valve body 37 abuts against the valve seat 34 with a strong sucking force applied by the sucking pump 10.
  • a second valve body 39 is disposed on the second valve seat 35, the second valve body 39 normally abutting against the valve seat 35 and receiving an urging force of a spring 38 so that the second valve body 39 moves away from the valve seat 35 with the strong sucking force applied by the sucking pump 10.
  • the first valve body 37 moves away from the first valve seat 34 and the second valve body 39 abuts against the valve seat 35. Therefore, the first ink tank 12 is connected to the recording head 1, so that the recording head 1 can be supplied with the ink in the first ink tank 12 with the likelihood of producing bubbles being suppressed as much as possible.
  • the recording head 1 can be supplied with the degassed ink in the second ink tank 13 in which bubbles are quite hard to produce.
  • the inks are discharged by applying a negative pressure in the aforementioned embodiments, the inks may be discharged by applying a signal for jetting an ink droplet such as a print signal.
  • the inexpensive ink contained in the first ink tank is used for printing and ordinary cleaning so that running costs can be controlled, and cleaning with the ink in the second ink tank is implemented for print trouble that cannot be eliminated by the ordinary cleaning, so that bubbles in the recording head and passages can be discharged outside swiftly while dissolved in the ink owing to the high gas dissolubility of the degassed ink in the second ink tank, allowing the print trouble to be eliminated reliably within a short period of time.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ink Jet (AREA)
EP97113513A 1996-08-05 1997-08-05 Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre Expired - Lifetime EP0823329B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP22174396A JP3402351B2 (ja) 1996-08-05 1996-08-05 インクジェット式記録装置
JP22174396 1996-08-05
JP221743/96 1996-08-05

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0823329A2 true EP0823329A2 (fr) 1998-02-11
EP0823329A3 EP0823329A3 (fr) 1998-08-05
EP0823329B1 EP0823329B1 (fr) 2001-11-28

Family

ID=16771538

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97113513A Expired - Lifetime EP0823329B1 (fr) 1996-08-05 1997-08-05 Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US6079808A (fr)
EP (1) EP0823329B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3402351B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE69708548T2 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1433611A2 (fr) * 2002-11-28 2004-06-30 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre et procédé d'introduction d'encre dans cet réservoir
WO2006078931A1 (fr) * 2005-01-21 2006-07-27 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Dispositif d'imagerie a soupapes passives
EP1938994A1 (fr) * 2006-12-28 2008-07-02 Agfa Graphics N.V. Dégazage d'encre pour la circulation de système d'alimentation en encre dans des imprimantes à jet d'encre
US8382266B2 (en) 2004-01-21 2013-02-26 Zamtec Ltd Ink storage module with displaceable upper and lower plates and displaceable upper and lower collars
CN103085494A (zh) * 2006-12-26 2013-05-08 武藏工业株式会社 喷墨喷头的维修方法以及机构和装置
WO2016119878A1 (fr) * 2015-01-30 2016-08-04 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Alimentation en fluide d'impression

Families Citing this family (19)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE69930171T2 (de) * 1998-07-15 2006-11-23 Seiko Epson Corp. Tintenstrahlaufzeichnungsvorrichtung
CN101024338A (zh) * 2000-08-11 2007-08-29 佳能精技股份有限公司 喷墨打印机以及恢复系统的清洗方法
JP2002248794A (ja) * 2001-02-27 2002-09-03 Seiko Epson Corp 吐出装置及びフィルタ描画装置、並びにインク吐出部に対する液状吐出物の供給方法
US6786578B1 (en) * 2001-03-16 2004-09-07 Vutek, Inc. Multi-color, multi-speed printing apparatus
JP3658353B2 (ja) * 2001-10-01 2005-06-08 キヤノン株式会社 記録装置、および記録装置の制御方法
JP4105135B2 (ja) * 2004-08-30 2008-06-25 シャープ株式会社 インクジェットヘッド装置、インクジェット装置、及びインクジェットヘッド装置のインク供給方法
US7438397B2 (en) * 2004-12-01 2008-10-21 Lexmark International, Inc. Methods and devices for purging gases from an ink reservoir
EP1827838A4 (fr) * 2004-12-06 2010-01-13 Silverbrook Res Pty Ltd Systeme de recouvrement/purge pour ensemble tete d'impression a jet d'encre
US7357476B2 (en) * 2004-12-06 2008-04-15 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Capping/purging system for inkjet printhead assembly
US7857435B2 (en) * 2005-10-11 2010-12-28 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Method of purging printhead using hammer mechanism
US7841692B2 (en) * 2005-10-26 2010-11-30 Seiko Epson Corporation Head maintenance method, head maintenance device, and printer
JP2007196506A (ja) * 2006-01-26 2007-08-09 Seiko Epson Corp インク供給制御装置、インクジェットプリンタおよびインク供給制御方法
US7950787B2 (en) 2007-06-14 2011-05-31 Seiko Epson Corporation Liquid ejection apparatus and method
JP2009018567A (ja) * 2007-06-14 2009-01-29 Seiko Epson Corp 流体吐出装置、及び、流体吐出方法
KR101432731B1 (ko) * 2007-06-20 2014-08-20 삼성전자 주식회사 화상형성장치
JP5067876B2 (ja) * 2008-04-21 2012-11-07 キヤノン株式会社 インクジェット記録装置
CN102101385B (zh) * 2009-12-16 2012-11-07 北大方正集团有限公司 喷头清洁装置及方法
US20130242010A1 (en) * 2012-03-16 2013-09-19 Brian J. Kwarta Method for venting air with a membrane
US10913285B2 (en) 2019-07-02 2021-02-09 Electronics For Imaging, Inc. Multi-color multi-speed printing apparatus with circulation

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EP0714778A1 (fr) * 1994-05-17 1996-06-05 Seiko Epson Corporation Enregistreur a jet d'encre et procede de nettoyage de la tete d'enregistrement

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EP0714778A1 (fr) * 1994-05-17 1996-06-05 Seiko Epson Corporation Enregistreur a jet d'encre et procede de nettoyage de la tete d'enregistrement

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1433611A3 (fr) * 2002-11-28 2004-07-28 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre et procédé d'introduction d'encre dans cet réservoir
US7284806B2 (en) 2002-11-28 2007-10-23 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ink-jet recording apparatus and method of introducing ink in the same
EP1433611A2 (fr) * 2002-11-28 2004-06-30 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Appareil d'enregistrement à jet d'encre et procédé d'introduction d'encre dans cet réservoir
US8382266B2 (en) 2004-01-21 2013-02-26 Zamtec Ltd Ink storage module with displaceable upper and lower plates and displaceable upper and lower collars
WO2006078931A1 (fr) * 2005-01-21 2006-07-27 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Dispositif d'imagerie a soupapes passives
US7401907B2 (en) 2005-01-21 2008-07-22 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Imaging device including a passive valve
CN103085494B (zh) * 2006-12-26 2015-11-18 武藏工业株式会社 喷墨喷头的维修方法以及机构和装置
CN103085494A (zh) * 2006-12-26 2013-05-08 武藏工业株式会社 喷墨喷头的维修方法以及机构和装置
EP1938994A1 (fr) * 2006-12-28 2008-07-02 Agfa Graphics N.V. Dégazage d'encre pour la circulation de système d'alimentation en encre dans des imprimantes à jet d'encre
CN101568438B (zh) * 2006-12-28 2013-03-27 爱克发印艺公司 用于喷墨打印机中循环供墨系统的墨水脱气
US8157365B2 (en) 2006-12-28 2012-04-17 Agfa Graphics Nv Ink degassing for circulating ink supply systems in ink jet printers
WO2008080895A1 (fr) * 2006-12-28 2008-07-10 Agfa Graphics Nv Dégazage d'encre pour des systèmes d'alimentation en encre circulant dans des imprimantes à jet d'encre
WO2016119878A1 (fr) * 2015-01-30 2016-08-04 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Alimentation en fluide d'impression
CN107206802A (zh) * 2015-01-30 2017-09-26 惠普发展公司，有限责任合伙企业 打印流体供应
CN107206802B (zh) * 2015-01-30 2019-04-16 惠普发展公司，有限责任合伙企业 打印流体供应
US10471729B2 (en) 2015-01-30 2019-11-12 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Printing fluid supply

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0823329B1 (fr) 2001-11-28
DE69708548D1 (de) 2002-01-10
JPH1044468A (ja) 1998-02-17
JP3402351B2 (ja) 2003-05-06
DE69708548T2 (de) 2002-08-08
US6079808A (en) 2000-06-27
EP0823329A3 (fr) 1998-08-05

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