EP0809480A1 - Canne pour aveugle - Google Patents

Canne pour aveugle

Info

Publication number
EP0809480A1
EP0809480A1 EP96901710A EP96901710A EP0809480A1 EP 0809480 A1 EP0809480 A1 EP 0809480A1 EP 96901710 A EP96901710 A EP 96901710A EP 96901710 A EP96901710 A EP 96901710A EP 0809480 A1 EP0809480 A1 EP 0809480A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cane
signals
signal
comparison signal
blind
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96901710A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Horst Wilhelm Meiners
Johannes Paul Lubetzki
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0809480A1 publication Critical patent/EP0809480A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H3/00—Appliances for aiding patients or disabled persons to walk about
    • A61H3/06—Walking aids for blind persons
    • A61H3/068—Sticks for blind persons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H3/00—Appliances for aiding patients or disabled persons to walk about
    • A61H3/06—Walking aids for blind persons
    • A61H3/061—Walking aids for blind persons with electronic detecting or guiding means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
    • G01S15/86—Combinations of sonar systems with lidar systems; Combinations of sonar systems with systems not using wave reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
    • G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S15/93—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S17/93—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
    • G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
    • G01S7/521—Constructional features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
    • G01S7/523—Details of pulse systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
    • G01S7/523—Details of pulse systems
    • G01S7/524—Transmitters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cane for the blind.
  • a rod usually painted white, made of the lightest possible material, such as aluminum with a handle and a tip, makes it easier for blind people to find their way around, by using the stick as an extended arm for scanning uneven ground.
  • the blind man leads the stick in front of him in an arched swivel movement with the tip just above the floor and is thus made aware of an unevenness or edge by the mechanical contact of the stick with a surface.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of using the stick to obtain information about structures in space beyond the mechanically accessible area.
  • a cane that has at least one transmitter that emits signals, at least one receiver of the signals receives, at least one computer which compares the transmitted signals with the received signals and assigns the difference at least one comparison signal and at least one loudspeaker which emits this comparison signal as an acoustic signal.
  • the combination of transmitter, receiver, computer and loudspeaker enables a comparison signal to be calculated from differences between emitted and received signals, which is emitted as an acoustic signal in order to provide the blind with information about the space surrounding the staff. All individual parts are so small that they can be easily accommodated within the stick or its handle.
  • the loudspeaker can also be integrated directly into the stick or as earphones or headphones located directly on the blind man's ear. By emitting a wide variety of signals and comparing different qualities of the transmitted and the received signals, different information about the surroundings of the stick can be determined and communicated to the blind person by means of different acoustic signals.
  • the advantage of the invention thus lies in the fact that with the blind stick according to the invention a large amount of information from the surroundings of the stick can be acquired, which information is communicated to the blind person in the form of acoustic signals.
  • the field of application of the known cane for blind people is therefore greatly expanded by mechanically scanning certain structures in space without having to do without the original function of the classic cane for blind people.
  • the emitted and the received signals can be ultrasound signals and the computer can compare the intensity and / or quality of the emitted signals with the intensity and / or quality of the received signals and assign a first comparison signal to the intensity and / or quality difference.
  • the intensity and quality of reflected ultrasound signals allow conclusions to be drawn about the material of the wall reflecting the signal.
  • the blind person when mechanically scanning a structure, not only receives information about the spatial dimensions but also an indication of the type of material.
  • metal and, for example, concrete or asphalt surfaces can be easily distinguished and frequently occurring materials such as wood or earth can be assigned special comparison signals that the blind person can easily learn.
  • the loudspeaker can advantageously emit the first comparison signal, which indicates the intensity or quality difference between the emitted and received ultrasound signal, as a signal with a corresponding pitch and / or timbre.
  • the timbre is particularly well suited to convey information about a special material to the blind.
  • the distance between a spatial structure and the stick can also be communicated to the blind person before the blind person hits the structure with the tip of the stick.
  • ultrasound signals are also transmitted and received, and the computer compares the times of the transmitted signals with the times of the received signals and assigns a second comparison signal to the time difference. Since the time difference between the transmitted and received signal is proportional to the distance, the second gives Comparison signal to the blind an information about how far the determined structure is away from the transmitter.
  • the blind person is used to striking structures first with the tip of the stick and it is therefore appropriate to place the transmitter and the receiver for the ultrasound signal in the area of the tip of the stick in order to inform the blind of the distance between the detected structure and the tip of the stick.
  • the second comparison signal which correlates with the distance, to be emitted as an acoustic signal with a corresponding volume.
  • infrared signals can also be emitted and received by the cane.
  • the computer compares the intensity and / or the time of the transmitted infrared signals with the intensity and / or the time of the received infrared signals and assigns a third comparison signal to the intensity or time difference.
  • This third comparison signal can, for example, indicate an unevenness in the floor by directing the emitted signal obliquely at the floor surface in front of the blind person and assigning the comparison signal which arises in the case of a horizontal floor surface to a zero line.
  • a third comparison signal can be determined which informs the blind person about the slope on the ground.
  • a slope or a step on the floor surface which also changes the intensity of the reflected infrared signal. It is pleasant for the blind if a low signal is assigned to a floor surface facing downwards, such as a descending step, and a higher signal to an unevenness facing upwards, since the blind can easily learn a correlation between pitch and floor height .
  • the measurement of the difference between the emitted and received infrared signals is combined with a counter which assigns a fourth comparison signal to each projection when the blind cane (1) passes by projections. This is particularly suitable for counting levels that the blind person can perceive by sweeping the beam of the infrared signal over the suspected levels and counting the signals emitted by the counter.
  • third and fourth comparison signal makes it possible to encode up-going stages with a higher signal and to assign a lower signal to lower stages.
  • the blind person who is informed about objects and their materials that are further away using the ultrasound signal, can use the infrared signal to examine structures closer to him. If he encounters an obstacle with the tip of the cane that has already been announced to him by the ultrasound signal, the increasingly louder second comparison signal, which indicates the distance to the identified structure, is interrupted in order to examine the structure more precisely with the infrared measurement. Even the first infrared signal shows through its pitch whether it is a structure that rises or falls in the broadest sense, ie, for example up or down stairs.
  • the counter switches on, which, when the structure lying on the path of the blind man sweeps with the beam from the infrared transmitter, assigns individual abrupt structure changes, such as an individual stair step, to a special acoustic signal, the pitch of which either rises or increases falls off.
  • This enables the blind person to determine not only the presence of a staircase, but also the number of steps and the direction in which the staircase runs.
  • the electronic equipment of the blind cane opens up many other possibilities for providing the blind with additional information.
  • a clock with a time announcement can be provided or the blind cane can have a small receiver so that the blind person can be called from any telephone.
  • Such receivers can be dialed from a telephone State of the art and so small that they can be easily integrated into the cane.
  • All acoustic signals discussed here can be modulated in tone color, pitch and volume as desired; however, the individual items of information can also be communicated to the blind as voice signals.
  • Fig. 1 shows a section of a blind staff according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a circuit diagram of an ultrasonic transmitter
  • FIG. 3 shows a circuit diagram of an ultrasound receiver
  • Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of an infrared transmitter
  • Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a stage counter.
  • the cane 1 consists of a housing 2, which consists of a handle part 3, a rod 4 and a ball 5.
  • the rod 4 is fixed so that the rod 4 serves as an extension of the handle part 3 and at the front end of the rod 4, the ball 5 is provided as a conclusion.
  • the ball 5 there is a transmitter 6 for the ultrasound signals and in the rod 4 there is a receiver 7 for the ultrasound signals. In between is a receiver 8 for signals from telephone systems.
  • a step counter 9 is accommodated in the rod 4 above the receiver 7 for the ultrasonic signals. The generation and conversion of the ultrasound signals is carried out in the ultrasound unit 10, which binds above the stage counting unit 9 in the rod 4.
  • a volume control 11, the power supply 12 and an infrared device 13 are provided in the handle part adjoining the rod.
  • an amplifier 14 in the handle part 3 for the received signals is provided in the handle part 3 for the received signals, a loudspeaker 15 connected to it and a socket 16 for the plug of a headphone.
  • the special arrangement of the individual elements within the cane 1 ensures that the ultrasound signals are transmitted and received in the area of the cane tip and the infrared signals are emitted and received in the area of the handle. Even if the drawing gives the impression that the electronic individual parts fill the entire interior of the housing 2, there is still enough space in the floor to accommodate further electronic circuits in the blind staff 1, which can convey further information to the blind person.
  • the ultrasound device 10 shown in FIG. 2 as an electrical circuit has in its center a piezo element LS which emits the desired high ultrasound signals. In order to use the energy of the battery sparingly, the circuit does not provide a sinusoidal signal, but a rectangular one. The sound is generated by an astable multivibrator, the elements and their connection can be seen in the circuit diagram.
  • the piezo element represents a capacitive load, relatively large peak currents flow during the signal edges. For this reason, three of the cut trigger inverters contained in the switching element TC40 106 are connected in parallel and provided with an output stage each made up of two tun transistors T1 and T2 or T3 and T4.
  • the switching elements N4 to N6 inventory the signal supplied by the switching elements N1 to N3 and thus form a "bridge".
  • a 9V battery provides an amplitude of 15 Vpp and a reproducible frequency of 21 kHz.
  • the transmitter is constructed with a type 567 tone decoder circuit.
  • This well-known integrated circuit is used somewhat unusual here, but for this special purpose it is much more suitable than a simple circuit with a timer IC 555 mainly because a VCO and a special switching stage are built into the type 567 circuit and this circuit has better linearity.
  • the 50 mVpp audio signal is amplified by transistor T1 and then used to modulate integrated circuit 567.
  • the output 6 of the circuit 567 is a trigger input, so that the audio signal is superimposed on a high-frequency signal of approximately 50 kHz. The result of this superimposition is a pulse width modulation of the rectangular output signal.
  • the rest of the integrated circuit 567 can be used as a buffer, it is possible to control the light-emitting diode LD 271 directly from the output of the integrated circuit 567.
  • the peak current is about 10 A and the transmission frequency can be varied between 25 and 40 kHz using the potentiometer T2.
  • Fig. 4 shows a commercially available receiver that is used as a receiver 7 for the ultrasonic signals. The details of the receiver result from the circuit diagram and require no further explanation.
  • FIG. 5 shows the stage counting unit 10, which compares the received infrared signals with the transmitted ones and assigns a special acoustic signal to each individual unevenness in the floor.
  • the timer IC 555 is shown in detail in FIG. 5, which works as an astable multivibrator with a frequency of 3.33 Hz. The period is therefore 0.3 s. This time corresponds exactly to the time by which the infrared signal spreads more slowly towards the obstacle.
  • the counter is started.
  • the counters IC 2 and IC 3 connected in series receive a reset signal which resets to zero.
  • the output signal from IC 1 is at the clock input of the first counter IC 2 and is now processed by it.
  • the counter IC 2 counts the height or depth of the steps and emits up to ninety tones.
  • the first counter IC 4017 corresponds to an LD 271 and the second counter IC 4017 corresponds to an LD 803.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Rehabilitation Therapy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Rehabilitation Tools (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une canne pour aveugle pourvue d'un émetteur et d'un récepteur. La différence entre les signaux émis et les signaux reçus est associée par un ordinateur à un signal acoustique que la personne aveugle peut percevoir et à partir duquel elle peut déduire des informations spéciales concernant l'espace environnant la canne. Une canne de ce type élargit le domaine d'utilisation des cannes pour aveugles et permet aux personnes aveugles d'obtenir des informations complètes concernant les structures de l'espace qui l'entoure.
EP96901710A 1995-02-17 1996-02-03 Canne pour aveugle Withdrawn EP0809480A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19505402 1995-02-17
DE19505402A DE19505402A1 (de) 1995-02-17 1995-02-17 Blindenstock
PCT/DE1996/000195 WO1996025135A1 (fr) 1995-02-17 1996-02-03 Canne pour aveugle

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0809480A1 true EP0809480A1 (fr) 1997-12-03

Family

ID=7754252

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96901710A Withdrawn EP0809480A1 (fr) 1995-02-17 1996-02-03 Canne pour aveugle

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0809480A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU4618796A (fr)
DE (2) DE19505402A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1996025135A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6298010B1 (en) 1997-04-30 2001-10-02 Maria Ritz Orientation aid for the blind and the visually disabled
DE10334009A1 (de) * 2003-07-25 2005-02-10 Diehl Munitionssysteme Gmbh & Co. Kg Orientierungshilfe für Blinde und Sehbehinderte
RU2280429C1 (ru) * 2005-03-21 2006-07-27 Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Балтийский государственный технический университет "ВОЕНМЕХ" им. Д.Ф. Устинова (БГТУ "ВОЕНМЕХ") Трость для инвалида по зрению
RU2387439C1 (ru) * 2008-10-08 2010-04-27 Юрий Георгиевич Жуковский Устройство для физиотерапии слепых пациентов
WO2012159128A2 (fr) * 2011-05-13 2012-11-22 Duncan Douglas Malcolm Aide à la marche
CN103932875A (zh) * 2013-01-21 2014-07-23 吴欣怡 一种基于超声波测距的导盲拐杖
DE102020101766A1 (de) 2020-01-24 2021-07-29 Jürgen Gibbisch Vorrichtung zur Orientierung für Blinde und Sehbehinderte

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2496639A (en) * 1946-04-26 1950-02-07 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Aid for the blind
US4280204A (en) * 1979-06-05 1981-07-21 Polaroid Corporation Mobility cane for the blind incorporating ultrasonic obstacle sensing apparatus
DE2931837A1 (de) * 1979-08-06 1981-02-26 Heinz Dr Ing Wallerus Elektronische orientierungshilfe
DE2932404C2 (de) * 1979-08-09 1981-09-03 Beck, Edgar, Dipl.-Ing. Blindenführgerät
DE2932659A1 (de) * 1979-08-11 1981-02-26 Egon Gelhard Vorrichtung zur orientierungshilfe fuer blinde
DE3303944A1 (de) * 1983-02-05 1984-08-09 Leist, Peter, 6932 Hirschhorn Sprechende uhr
DE8503476U1 (de) * 1985-02-08 1985-07-18 Broer, Rudolf, 4792 Bad Lippspringe Blindenstock
DE3544047A1 (de) * 1985-12-13 1987-06-19 Rudolf Broer Apparat und verfahren zum zwecke der orientierungshilfe fuer blinde und sehbehinderte unter hilfnahme des ultraschall-impuls-echoverfahrens
GB8602761D0 (en) * 1986-02-05 1986-03-12 Al Basri A Blind persons transformer of vision to sound
US4680740A (en) * 1986-09-15 1987-07-14 Treptow Leonard A Audio aid for the blind
DE3743696A1 (de) * 1987-12-18 1989-06-29 Kolbatz Klaus Peter Orientierungshilfe fuer blinde
DE3942093A1 (de) * 1989-12-20 1990-05-31 Feser Werner Elektronisches orientierungshilfsmittel fuer blinde mit ortungs-frequenzgang-ausgabe
DE4004438A1 (de) * 1990-02-14 1991-08-22 Manfred Laschuetza Stab zur fuehrung blinder personen
US5097856A (en) * 1991-01-14 1992-03-24 Chi Sheng Hsieh Electronic talking stick for the blind
DE4212163A1 (de) * 1992-04-10 1993-10-14 Georg Jablonski Lichtecho, Orientierungshilfe für Blinde
DE9300256U1 (de) * 1993-01-12 1993-03-25 Schröder, Werner, Prof. Dr., 7637 Ettenheim Blindenstock
DE9304418U1 (de) * 1993-03-19 1993-07-01 Chtcherbanski, Lev, 1000 Berlin Vorrichtung zur Bodenfühlhilfe für Sehbehinderte

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9625135A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE19680083D2 (de) 1997-06-05
DE19505402A1 (de) 1996-08-22
WO1996025135A1 (fr) 1996-08-22
AU4618796A (en) 1996-09-04

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