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  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
  • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
  • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
  • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
  • C12N2710/00011—Details
  • C12N2710/10011—Adenoviridae
  • C12N2710/10311—Mastadenovirus, e.g. human or simian adenoviruses
  • C12N2710/10341—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
  • C12N2710/10343—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of gene therapy. It relates more particularly to a new method of treatment of pathologies of the nervous system by transfer of genes into the medullary motor neurons by means of adenoviral vectors.
• viruses used for this purpose there may be mentioned in particular adenoviruses (Le Gai La Salle et al., Science 259, 988-990), herpes viruses, adeno-associated viruses and retroviruses.
• adenoviruses Le Gai La Salle et al., Science 259, 988-990
• herpes viruses adeno-associated viruses
• retroviruses retroviruses.
• the studies described in the prior art show that these vectors, and in particular the adenoviruses, are capable of infecting cells of the central nervous system with very high efficiency.
• the present invention indeed describes a particularly effective method for the selective transfer of genes into the marrow.
• the present invention derives in particular from the demonstration that it is possible to specifically transfer a gene at the level of the motor neurons by administration, at the level of the muscle, of an adenoviral vector incorporating said gene.
• the Applicant has now shown that, in a particularly advantageous manner, the adenoviruses are absorbed at the level of the neuromuscular junctions (motor plates), and transported to the cellular bodies of the motor neurons (ventral horn of the spinal cord) by retrograde transport. along motor neuron axons.
• adenoviral vectors thus constitutes a new very specific method of infection of the motor neurons by retrograde transport, making it possible to precisely target the medullary stage on which it is desired to intervene according to the location of the trauma and / or degeneration.
• the method according to the present invention is very particularly advantageous since it makes it possible, by following a precise mapping of the neuromuscular junctions, to specifically and unilaterally infect the motor neurons of the different medullary functional stages. It also turns out to be much less traumatic than a stereotaxic injection into the medullary parenchyma, which would in any case be more diffuse and not restrictive to motor neurons.
• a first object of the invention therefore resides in the use of a recombinant adenovirus comprising in its genome a nucleic acid of interest for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the transfer of said nucleic acid into spinal motor neurons by intramuscular administration.
• the method according to the present invention is very advantageous since it makes it possible to precisely target the motor neurons of each medullary functional stage.
• the administration is carried out in a muscle carrying a nervous connection with said site.
• the present invention It is now possible, by a judicious choice of various injections, to infect, specifically and unilaterally, a large number of spinal motor neurons distributed over the different levels.
• administration into muscles of the upper limbs makes it possible to transfer a gene into the motor neurons at the cervical level; administration in thoracic (pectoral) muscles makes it possible to transfer a gene in the motor neurons at the thoracic level; or administration in muscles of the lower limbs (gastrocnemius) makes it possible to transfer a gene in the motor neurons at the lumbar and sacral levels.
• Other muscles can of course be used for administration at the level of these motor neurons, and other motor neurons can also be targeted. To this end, it is possible to use precise maps of the neuromuscular junctions in order to determine, as a function of the targeted spinal stage, the muscle or muscles most suitable for administration.
• Intramuscular administration of adenovirus can be accomplished in different ways. According to a first embodiment, it is performed by injection at several points of the same muscle so as to concern a very large number of motor plates. This embodiment is particularly effective when the point of insertion of the nerve into the muscle in question cannot be identified. When the nerve insertion point is identifiable, the administration is advantageously carried out by one or more injections at or near said point. According to this embodiment, the efficiency of the transfer is greater because a high proportion of administered vector is absorbed at the neuromuscular junction.
• the intramuscular administration is carried out by injections at several points of the same muscle.
• the intramuscular administration is carried out by injection (s) at or near the point of insertion of the nerve.
• the invention relates to the use of a recombinanf adenovirus comprising in its genome a nucleic acid of interest for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the transfer of said nucleic acid into the cervical spinal motor neurons by administration in the muscles of the upper limbs (example: biceps, triceps).
• the invention relates to the use of a recombinant adenovirus comprising in its genome a nucleic acid of interest for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the transfer of said nucleic acid into the thoracic spinal motor neurons by administration in the chest muscles (e.g. pectoral).
• the invention relates to the use of a recombinant adenovirus comprising in its genome a nucleic acid of interest for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the transfer of said nucleic acid into the lumbar medullary motor neurons and / or sacred by administration in the muscles of the lower limbs (gastrocnemius for example).
• the method according to the invention can be implemented using adenoviruses of various origins. Different serotypes of adeno virus, whose structure and properties vary somewhat, have indeed been characterized.
• adenoviruses of type 2 or 5 Ad 2 or Ad 5
• Ad 2 or Ad 5 adenoviruses of animal origin
• adenoviruses of animal origin which can be used in the context of the present invention, mention may be made of adenoviruses of canine, bovine, murine origin (example: Mavl, Beard et al., Nirology 75 (1990) 81), ovine, porcine , avian or even simian (example: SAN).
• the adenovirus of animal origin is a canine adenovirus, more preferably a CAN2 adenovirus [manhattan or A26 / 61 strain (ATCC NR-800) for example].
• the adenovirus used is an adenovirus of human origin.
• the adenovirus is an adenovirus of animal origin.
• the adenovirus genome includes in particular a repeated inverted sequence (ITR) at each end, an encapsidation sequence (Psi), early genes and late genes.
• ITR inverted sequence
• Psi encapsidation sequence
• the main early genes are contained in the E1, E2, E3 and E4 regions.
• the genes contained in the El region are necessary for viral replication.
• the E4 and L5 regions are involved in viral propagation.
• the main late genes are contained in regions L1 to L5.
• the genome of the Ad5 adenovirus has been fully sequenced and is accessible on the database (see in particular Genebank M73260).
• adenoviral vectors used for the implementation of the present invention comprise ITRs, a sequence allowing the encapsidation and the nucleic acid of interest.
• the genome of the adenovirus used is devoid of all or part of the E1 region.
• the E1 region is indeed essential for viral replication and its inactivation leads to the formation of defective viruses for replication, i.e. unable to replicate autonomously in infected cells.
• the E1 region, or any other viral region considered can be made non-functional by any technique known to a person skilled in the art, and in particular by total removal, substitution, partial deletion, or addition of one or more several bases in the genes considered. Such modifications can be obtained in vitro (on isolated DNA) or in situ, for example, by means of genetic engineering techniques, or by treatment with mutagenic agents.
• the genome of the adenovirus used is devoid of a part of the E1 region corresponding to residues 454 to 3328 (fragment PvuII-BglII) or 382 to 3446 (fragment HinfII-Sau3A).
• the genome of the adenovirus used is also devoid of all or part of the E3 and or E4 region.
• the Applicant has now shown that it is possible to construct vectors carrying these different types of deletions. These additional deletions make it possible to increase the safety of the vector and to increase its capacity.
• the nucleic acid of interest can be inserted at different sites in the adenovirus genome.
• it is inserted at the level of the region E1, E3 or E4.
• the defective recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention can be prepared by any technique known to those skilled in the art (Levrero et al., Gene 101 (1991) 195, EP 185 573; Graham, EMBO J. 3 (1984) 2917).
• Us can be prepared by homologous recombination between an adenovirus and a plasmid carrying inter alia the DNA sequence of interest. Homologous recombination occurs after co-transfection of said adenovirus and plasmid in an appropriate cell line.
• the cell line used must preferably (i) be transformable by said elements, and (ii), contain the sequences capable of complementing the part of the genome of the defective adenovirus, preferably in integrated form to avoid the risks of recombination.
• a line mention may be made of the human embryonic kidney line 293 (Graham et al., J. Gen. Virol. 36 (1977) 59) which contains in particular, integrated into its genome, the left part of the genome an Ad5 adenovirus (12%).
• a first method consists in transfecting the DNA of the recombinant (defective) virus prepared in vitro in a competent cell line, that is to say carrying in trans all the functions necessary for the complementation of the defective virus. These functions are preferably integrated into the genome of the cell, which reduces the risks of recombination, and confers increased stability on the cell line.
• the preferred line is line 293.
• a second approach consists in co-transfecting into a suitable cell line the DNA of the defective recombinant virus prepared in vitro and the DNA of one or more viruses or helper plasmids. According to this method, it is not necessary to have a competent cell line capable of complementing all the defective functions of the recombinant adenovirus. Part of these functions is in fact complemented by the helper virus or viruses. This or these helper viruses are themselves defective.
• the adenoviruses which have multiplied are recovered and purified according to conventional techniques of molecular biology, as illustrated in the examples.
• the adenoviruses are preferably associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles for an injectable formulation.
• pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles for an injectable formulation can be in particular saline solutions (monosodium phosphate, disodium, sodium chloride, potassium, calcium or magnesium, etc. or mixtures of such salts), sterile, isotonic, or dry compositions, in particular lyophilized, which, by addition, as appropriate, of sterilized water or physiological saline, allow the constitution of injectable solutes.
• the doses of virus used for administration can be adapted according to different parameters, and in particular according to the site (muscle) of administration considered, the number of injections, the gene to be expressed, or even the duration of the treatment. wanted.
• the recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention are formulated and administered in the form of doses of between 10 ⁇ and 10- ⁇ pfu, and preferably 10 ⁇ to 10 ⁇ -O pfu.
• pfu plaque forming unit
• plaque forming unit corresponds to the infectious power of a virus solution, and is determined by infection of an appropriate cell culture, and measures, generally after 15 days, the number of plaques of infected cells. The techniques for determining the pfu titer of a viral solution are well documented in the literature.
• the method according to the present invention is particularly advantageous for the treatment of spinal cord injuries or motor neuron degeneration diseases.
• Spinal cord injuries correspond more particularly to sections at the level of the motor neurons which deprive them of their afferents from higher centers and cause their degeneration.
• the transfer of genes coding for growth factors into sub-lesional motor neurons by retrograde transport according to the invention now offers the possibility of reducing or even preventing this degeneration.
• motor neuron neuropathies there may be mentioned, for example, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, type I spinal muscular atrophies (Werdnig Hoffman disease) type II or III (Kugelberg-Welander disease), bulbar spinal muscular atrophies (such as Kennedy disease).
• the transfer of genes coding for growth factors or other molecules known to exert a neurotrophic effect on the degenerating motor neuron according to the present invention also offers a new path for the treatment of this type of pathology.
• the effectiveness of the process of the invention can in particular be demonstrated on an animal model: model of partial or complete section of the spinal cord, Wobbler mouse (animal model for studying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Leestma JE, Am. J.
• mice (“motoneurone degeneration”: animal model for the study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Messer et al., 1992, Genomics, 18, 797-802)) or pmn mice (“progressive motoneurone neuropathy”: animal model for study motor neuron degeneration during development), as illustrated in the examples. Incorporation, tolerance and safety for humans can be tested on in vitro culture models of human embryonic medullary neurons.
• the nucleic acid of interest incorporated into the adenoviral vectors according to the invention preferably codes for a neuroactive substance, that is to say capable of exerting a beneficial effect on nerve cells. It can be a substance capable of compensating for a deficit in or reducing an excess of an endogenous substance, or also a substance which confers on cells new properties. It may more particularly be a growth factor, a neurotrophic factor, a cytokine, a neurotransmitter or even an enzyme, or a neurotr ansmitter or hormone receptor.
• G-CSF colony stimulating factors
• GM-CSF GM-CSF
• M-CSF M-CSF
• CSF fibroblast growth factors
• NEGF cells vascular
• the preferred factors are in particular the ciliary neurotrophic factor (C ⁇ TF), the glial cell maturation factors (GMFa.b) GD ⁇ F, BD ⁇ F, ⁇ T3, NT5, etc.
• the preferred cytokines are interleukins and interferons and, among the enzymes, use is preferably made of the enzymes for biosynthesis of neurotransmitters (tyrosine hydroxylase, acetyl choline transferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase), lysosomal enzymes (hexosaminidases, arylsulfatase, glucocerebrosidase, HGPRT), the enzymes involved in the detoxification of free radicals (superoxide dismutase I, II or III, catalase, gluthation peroxidase).
• the androgen receptors (implicated in Kennedy's disease) will be used, among others.
• the nucleic acid can be of natural or artificial origin. It may especially be genomic DNA (gDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), hybrid sequences or synthetic or semi-synthetic sequences. It can be of human, animal, plant, bacterial, viral, etc. origin. It can be obtained by any technique known to those skilled in the art, and in particular by screening of banks, by chemical synthesis, or also by mixed methods including chemical or enzymatic modification of sequences obtained by screening of banks. They are preferably cDNA or gDNA.
• the nucleic acid also comprises a promoter region for functional transcription in motor neurons, as well as a region located 3 ′ of the gene of interest, and which specifies a transcriptional end signal and a polyadenylation site. All of these elements constitute the expression cassette.
• the promoter region it may be a promoter region naturally responsible for the expression of the gene considered when it is capable of functioning in the infected cell. They can also be regions of different origin (responsible for the expression of other proteins, or even synthetic).
• they may be promoter sequences of eukaryotic or viral genes. For example, they may be promoter sequences originating from the genome of the cell which it is desired to infect.
• the heterologous nucleic acid may be inserted into the genome of the virus downstream of such a sequence.
• the present invention also relates to a method for the transfer of nucleic acids into motor neurons comprising. Muscular administration of an adenoviral vector incorporating said nucleic acid into its genome.
• the method according to the invention is carried out by injection (s) at several points of the same muscle or, when the insertion point of the nerve is detectable, by one or more injections at or near said point (s)
• FIGURE 1 (PHOTO A):
• ⁇ diffuse labeling of many motoneuronal cell bodies
• A highlighting the typical morphology of motoneurons
• FIGURE 2 (PHOTO B): idem A, higher magnification.
• FIGURE 3 (PHOTO C):
• CGRP Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide
• the study was carried out on a model of partial or complete section of the rat spinal cord practiced at the lower thoracic level having the effect of paralyzing the animal for one or both of its lower limbs.
• Such a section deprives the motor neurons of their afferents from the upper centers and causes their degeneration.
• the adn ⁇ ustration was carried out in such a way as to infect the sub-lesional motor neurons by retrograde transport.
• the viral adeno vector used in this example is the vector Ad.RSV. ⁇ gal.
• This vector lacks the sequences necessary for its replication, but nevertheless comprises the sequences necessary to penetrate into the cells which can be infected with it as well as all of the essential sequences necessary for the packaging of this adenovirus. It also carries, under the control of the RSV promoter, the ⁇ galactosidase gene from E. coli.
• the construction of the defective recombinant adenovirus Ad.RSV ⁇ gal has been described in the literature (Stratford-Perricaudet et al., J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 626).
• the adenovirus Ad.RSVbGal is a defective recombinant adenovirus (deleted from regions E1 and E3) obtained by homologous recombination in vivo between the mutant adenovirus Ad-dl324 (Thimmappaya et al., Cell 31 (1982) 543) and the plasmid pAd.RSVbGal (Akli et al. 1993).
• the plasmid pAd.RSVbGal contains, in the 5 '-> 3' orientation,
• the PvuII fragment corresponding to the left end of the Ad5 adenovirus comprising: the ITR sequence, the origin of replication, the packaging signals and the E1A amplifier; - the gene coding for b-galactosidase under the control of the RSN promoter
• Ad5 adenovirus A second fragment of the genome of the Ad5 adenovirus, which allows homologous recombination between the plasmid pAd.RSVbGal and the adenovirus dl324.
• the plasmid pAd.RSVbGal and the adenovirus dl324 are co-transfected in Ugnea 293 in the presence of calcium phosphate to allow homologous recombination.
• the recombinant adenoviruses thus generated are selected by plaque purification.
• the AD ⁇ of the recombinant adenovirus is amplified in the cell line 293, which leads to a culture supernatant containing the non-purified recombinant defective adenovirus having a titer of approximately 10O pfu / ml.
• the viral particles are then purified by centrifugation on a gradient. cesium chloride according to known techniques (see in particular Graham et al., Virology 52 (1973) 456).
• the adenovirus was then used in purified form in a saline phosphate solution (PBS).
• Ad-RSV-b-Gal adenovirus 10 ⁇ pfu per injection
• 9 ⁇ l of adenovirus are injected per injection site with the Hamilton syringe.
• the animals were sacrificed (4% paraformaldehyde infusion) four days after injection, minimum time for retrograde transport to take place from muscle to spinal cord.
• Three blocks of spinal cord were cut longitudinally at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels, in sections 50 mM thick.
• the sections were treated for the revelation of ⁇ -Galactosidase making it possible to highlight the cells having been infected by the virus.
• Certain sections have also undergone an anti-"Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide” immunocytochemistry (CGRP), making it possible to specifically mark the motor neurons.
• CGRP Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide
• ⁇ -Galactosidase has been revealed from its substrate, X-Gal, and the reaction product gives a blue color.
• CGRP Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide
• the anti-CGRP immunocytochemistry coupled with the revelation b-Galactosidase made it possible to demonstrate by a double staining that almost all of the CGRP positive cell bodies (i.e. motor neurons) were infected by the virus (photo C).

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