EP0714322B1 - Material crushing process and device - Google Patents

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/EP94/02741 Sec. 371 Date Mar. 25, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Mar. 25, 1996 PCT Filed Aug. 18, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/05898 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 2, 1995A material comminution device has a housing. Cutters extend within the housing and move toward each other in a scissor-like manner. The cutters extend parallel to each other along a bottom portion and diverge along a top portion, and consist of comb-like rows of spaced blades that mesh with each other. The blades carry out at the same time a shearing movement and a swivelling movement around an axis by means of a crank mechanism.

Description

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for comminuting materials such as industrial or private materials that can be comminuted. In particular, the present invention relates to the shredding of hard-to-process waste, such as that from machining, e.g. B. chips, check cards, tapes and the like.

Turning chips are a problem insofar as they are large in volume and therefore during disposal, i.e. H. the return to steel production take up considerable transport space.

Attempts have therefore already been made to shred the wool-like chips, e.g. B. to tear with rotating knives, which does not lead to the desired success, because the feed into the area of action of the knife makes difficulties because the material springs back strongly, but also clamp the high-speed knife through the metal chips.

Tapes or similar film-like objects tend to wrap around the crushing organs, which leads to frequent interruptions.

Similar problems occur with the shredding of household waste, which is why functional small devices are not on the market.

For comminuting materials, devices are known with rows of knives or bars which intermesh like a comb, extend from top to bottom and form a wedge-shaped cutting gap, see, for example, DE-A 24 20 913 and US-A 33 46 202. However, the cutting elements perform an oscillating movement off, ie back and forth movement of the scissor-like cutting movement take place on exactly the same path. The aforementioned materials cannot be crushed satisfactorily.

The present invention has therefore set itself the task of creating a device with the help of comminuted industrial and material from the home can be crushed in a very simple and reliable manner, while also ensuring that the cleaning of the device, for. B. when changing the supplied material to be crushed, is possible in a very convenient manner.

This object is achieved according to the invention with a device having the features of the main claim, advantageous embodiments can be found in the subclaims.

The shredding process takes place as follows: The interdigitated cutting strips are moved towards one another at a relatively low frequency like scissors, whereby the material in the upper area of the V-shaped insertion wedge is compacted. Compacted material takes up less space and therefore gets into the lower part of the insertion wedge until it is gripped and cut or broken by the cutting strips. Since the process can be relatively slow, no excessive forces are required for the pivoting movement, so that this can basically be done by hand.

Simultaneously with the scissors movement, the cutter bar also moves up and down due to the crank mechanism, the angle between the cutter bars decreasing during the downward movement and thereby pulling the material to be shredded into the cutting area.

The cutting movement and the swiveling movement generated simultaneously according to the invention can basically be effected in two ways. On the one hand, the cutter bars can be combined via a frame and each rigidly connected to one another, the frame being articulated on a shaft via one or more lower webs, so that when they are moved towards one another, the web is forcibly rotated around the shaft and the cutter bar is also on a circular path be pivoted to the radius of the web length. In this solution, it is advantageous to connect the frame (rigidly) to the web via a to close the lower leg and to allow the knife bars of the opposite frame to reach through like the comb and to rest on the lower leg.

Another very significant advantage of the solution according to the invention is that the cutting tool can be removed very conveniently from the device, which considerably simplifies tool changing or cleaning of the device. Since the cutting bar combs reach through each other openly downwards, they can simply be pulled out after loosening its upper bearing.

Wipers protruding into the spaces between them can be assigned to the cutter bars, e.g. are attached to the opposite housing walls.

The invention is not limited to opposite, flat cutting elements, the elements can be formed along the cutting line at an angle or rounded, z. B. the cutting area also has a deepest point in the center. All that is required is to mount the cutter bars of the second element so that they can move individually. In addition to the low working frequency, a relatively short swiveling movement for the comminution is sufficient in most cases, so that the devices can be made small. Because e.g. B. the chips are produced continuously during turning, and small individual quantities are also to be shredded when using such a device in the household, and short-term processing of large volumes is not required, even small single-user solutions can be achieved inexpensively.

Likewise, there is no high requirement for the engine power, since very high gear ratios are possible. The motor advantageously drives an eccentric with which the upper edge of the frame of the first cutting element is preferably connected at both ends, and preferably both cutting elements are moved towards one another. Such a drive is structurally inexpensive and extremely durable.

The above-mentioned springing back of the material to be shredded can further be reduced according to the invention by barbed tooth rows arranged above the cutting strips with horizontal tooth flanks which hold down the material when compacting and at the same time additionally deform it.

The second cutting element which can be inserted through the first is advantageously detachably connected to the housing wall in order to remove it for cleaning purposes. This can be done at the end of the upper bracket of the second cutting element z. B. spring-loaded bolts can be provided which engage in corresponding blind holes provided at the end of the holder, or the second element is simply plugged onto the holder.

The first cutting element can also be releasably connected to its mounting and its drive.

A second possibility of superimposing the cutting movement and the swiveling movement generated by the crank is to mount the cutter bars on a crankshaft and to support the former instead of against the arms which rest against the rotatably mounted web or the leg connecting a cutting comb against the mutually adjacent cutting engagement from outside . Eccentrics can be provided on the crankshaft for each cutter bar, so that e.g. with an offset of 90 ° only every fourth knife (e.g. of about 20) runs with identical movement.

The arms can be supported against the housing by means of gas pressure springs so that they back away in the event of an overload and prevent the knives from being destroyed.

Preferably, as in the embodiment described above, the knives can have a saw shape and / or can be bulged toward the cutting space.

Furthermore, there is a further substantial improvement of the present invention in saw disks to be arranged between the cutter bars. These reach through the gaps between the knives to accommodate the opposite gaps and are dimensioned and mounted so that the teeth of the saw discs protrude from the cutter bars when they move back, scrape off adhering parts, if necessary. crush against the cutter bars and down into the Remove the cutting area, ie the direction of rotation of the toothed disks is opposite on the opposite side.

When the cutter bars are brought together and swiveled inwards and downwards, the cutter bars move again beyond the saw disks and, if necessary, wipe off any material adhering to the disks, so that the cutter bars and the saw disks alternately clean one another.

A drawer is provided underneath the cutter bar to catch the small items that come out. Several drawers can be arranged one above the other, so that when the material to be shredded is changed (change from plastic to food scraps or cardboard etc.), different drawers can also be inserted in which the goods can be collected.

The motor for the knife drive is preferably equipped with an overload protection device which switches it off when the power consumption is too high, which is necessary if parts which cannot be shredded are accidentally entered in order to protect the knife bar from destruction.

In addition, the fuse is designed so that after stopping the cutting movement, the cutting elements in the starting position, i. H. the largest opening angle.

The knife bar can be assigned in the spaces protruding scrapers z. B. are attached to the opposite housing walls.

It is proposed to close the housing with a pivotable cover, which can be connected to the motor, or its housing and the eccentric drive, and is pivotably mounted such that when the cover is opened, the first cutting element is moved back into the largest opening angle. This connection can be released so that the space behind the cutting element is accessible for cleaning purposes.

Inside the device, nozzles for dispensing cleaning liquid can be provided which, for. B. free the above-mentioned turnings from adhering drilling milk residues, so that the shredded chips can be worked up directly.

Figur 1

zeigt diese in dreidimensionaler Darstellung

Figur 2

zeigt ein Funktionsschema

Figur 3

zeigt eine Ausführungsform mit beidseitigem Kurbeltrieb

The present invention is explained in more detail using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the accompanying figures.

Figure 1

shows this in three-dimensional representation

Figure 2

shows a functional diagram

Figure 3

shows an embodiment with bilateral crank mechanism

The device consists of a housing 1 with the two cutting elements 2, 3 arranged therein. The cutting elements each have rows of cutter bars 4 which reach through in the lower region and thus form a series of scissors.

The first cutting element 2 shown on the left in FIG. 1 has a frame 5 to which the cutter bars are fastened, the cutter bars of the second cutting element 3 shown on the right resting on the lower leg 6 of the frame 5 or being pressed against the latter during the cutting process.

The first cutting element 2 has webs 7 fastened to the frame on both sides, which are supported by a shaft 16 and shift the axis of rotation relative to the lower edge of the frame 5 backwards to the housing wall, so that the first element tilts around the shaft 16 at the same time the change in angle, causing an upward or downward movement.

The second cutting element 3 is open at the bottom and can be inserted between the cutter bars 4 of the first cutting element 2 or pulled out of the latter.

The second cutting element 3 is pivotally mounted at the upper end on the opposite housing walls via a shaft 17, the connection with the housing wall, for. B. by externally engaging in blind holes spring pins (not shown) in order to be able to pull out the second cutting element 3 after opening the cover 14 for cleaning the cutter bars and / or the interior. In a particularly preferred manner, the shaft 17 (together with the cutting element 3) is inserted into the housing or a holder attached to it. Above the cutting elements 2, 3 are co-moving tooth rows 11 with horizontal tooth flanks 15, which are inclined downward and hold good filled in like a barb.

The teeth can in particular be closer to each other than shown and can also interlock to compact and shape the material to be shredded before being gripped by the cutter bars.

The first cutting element 2 can be pivoted about the axis 16 via an eccentric drive 10, which is connected to the axis 19 via a connecting rod 18 and set in motion by a motor drive 9.

The motor 9 can be located in its own motor box 20.

The cover 14 is pivotally mounted on the housing in bearings 22. The motor box 20 is also pivotable through bearings 22. This motor box 20 is connected via the eccentric drive 10 to the first cutting element 2 in such a way that when the cover 14 is pivoted back, the pins 21 bring the first cutting element 2 out of the vertical position into a illustrated rearward position in order to form the largest possible filling space.

For cleaning purposes, the pins 21 can be withdrawn and the motor housing 20 and thus the cutting element 2 can be placed downwards or vertically.

Collection containers in the form of drawers 12, into which the comminuted material falls, can be provided below the cutting elements, wherein the different materials, interchangeable drawers, are also possible. Movable or rigid wipers 13 can be assigned to the cutter bars 4 via their own brackets 21.

Figure 2 shows the two interlocking cutting elements 2 and 3, the first being rotatable about the point P ₁ , which lies outside the plane of the element, so that all points of the element describe circular paths K ₁ around P ₁ , which are next to the horizontal have a clear vertical movement.

The element 3 can be pivoted about P ₂ , all points describe circular paths K ₂ with a predominantly horizontal component when the cutting angle α is changed, the knives of the element resting on the leg 6 of the first element, ie being pressed against it by the material to be cut. In principle, a circular path K ₂ 'can also be generated if the pivot point P _{2 is} moved to P ₂ ' via an additional lever in order to also impart a larger downward component to the second cutting element 3. P ₂ and P ₂ 'can in principle also be lower than shown in order to, for. B. to strengthen the compacting before cutting.

The force A applied for crushing acts on the top of the first cutting element A (eccentric drive). An additional drive A 'of the second element is possible, but requires its disassembly before pulling out.

It is also possible to set both rows of knives in rotation at their upper ends and to continue to provide them individually with lower systems, which opens up the possibility of the systems evading when a predetermined force is exceeded. When such a case occurs, the rows of knives with the systems also move outside and open the cutting gap, so that comminuted material (for example with hardnesses close to or greater than the knife hardness) can exit downwards without damaging the knife bars.

Fig. 3 shows a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the opposite, interlocking rows of cutter bars 4 (only the left row is shown for the sake of clarity) are mounted on the head side in an eccentric shaft 23, each of which is connected by a chain 28 through the Motors 29 are driven. The eccentrics can, for example, be arranged offset from one another by 90 °.

Furthermore, the knives 4 can be curved as shown, i.e. be bulged inwards and provided with teeth 24.

The cutter bars each lie against the outer swivel arms 25, which are supported by gas springs 30, the spring pressure being matched to the strength of the cutter bars, so that they can retreat in the event of an overload.

Saw blades 26 are arranged between the knives 4, which lie in the gaps formed by the intermeshing of the knives and whose diameter and arrangement of the axes 32 are selected such that they cover the knife beams 4 when they move downward and protrude into the cutting space 27 when they are pulled out and in this way shred even against the cutter bar 4 adhering to this good and on the other hand clean it and convey good down.

The saw discs 26 can also be supported by the gas springs, they are driven by chains 28, 28 'via the eccentric shaft 23. Furthermore, as shown, the arm 25 and the saw disc axes 32 can rest on a pivotable support pair 33 arranged on both sides of the cutter bars 4 and the saw discs 26 can additionally be connected to a slip clutch 31 so that they stop briefly and after stripping by the cutter bars 4 again be operated.

Reference list

1

casing

2, 3

Cutting elements

4th

Knife bar

5

frame

6

leg

7

Walkways

8th

joint

9

Motor drive

10th

Eccentric drive

11

Rows of teeth

12th

Drawers

13

Wipers

14

cover

15

Tooth flanks

16, 17

waves

18th

connecting rod

19th

Axle (bolt)

20th

Engine box

21

Driver pin

22

Bearing for cover 14 and motor box 20 (with ratchet)

23

Eccentric shaft

24th

teeth

25th

Swivel arms

26

Saw discs

27

Cutting area

28, 28 '

Chain

29

Engines

30th

Gas springs

31

Slip clutch

32

Saw disc axes

33

carrier

Claims (18)

1. Device for the comminution of materials, consisting of a housing (1), as well as interacting cutting elements (2, 3) housed therein, whereby the cutting elements consist of rows of knife bars (4) spaced apart and engaging with one another in a comb like manner at an angle widening upwardly, characterised in that the knives are drivable in such a manner that they simultaneously carry out a scissor-like movement and also with the help of a crank drive (7, 16, 23) a swivelling movement around an axis (16, 23), whereby the knives (4) at least of one cutting element are pivotally mounted to upper eccentric shafts (23) and whereby either the knife bars (4) of one cutting element (3) are supported against a lower shank (6) connected with a knife bar (4) of the opposite cutting element (2) or whereby the knife bars (4) lie against lower swivel arms (25).
2. Device according to claim 1, characterised in that the knife bars (4) of the first cutting element (2) are tiltable around a joint (8) positioned near the wall of the housing by means of bridges (7) extending backwardly from a frame (5)
3. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the first cutting element (2) is pivotable by a motor drive (9).
4. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the motor drive (9) is an eccentric drive (10).
5. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that opposing downwardly inclined teeth rows (11) with horizontal flanks (15) are positioned above the cutting elements (2, 3).
6. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the downwardly open second cutting element (3) is detachably fixed to the housing (1) and removable therefrom.
7. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that drawers (12) for the reception of the comminuted material are provided below the cutting elements (2, 3).
8. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that wipers (13) lie adjacent to the knife bars (4).
9. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the knife bars (4) are provided with teeth (24).
10. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that the knife bars (4) are curved.
11. Device according to at least one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that saw discs (26) are positioned in the gaps between the knife bars (4) in such a manner that they overlap into the cutting region when the knife bars (4) are moved to an outward position and are covered by the knife bars in their inwardly turned position.
12. Device according to one or more of claims 1 to 11, characterised in that the motor (9) driving the cutting elements (2, 3) is provided with an overload safety device which stops the cutting movement in the case of overloading and returns the elements to the largest angle.
13. Device according to one or more of claims 1 to 12, characterised in that the cover (14) of the housing (1) upon opening brings the motor housing (20) by means of pins (21) and thus, via a connecting rod (18), the cutting element (2) into the greatest possible backward position.
14. Device according to one or more of claims 1 to 13, characterised in that the motor housing (20) is turned downwardly by removing the pins (21) when the cover (14) is open and thus the cutting element (2) is brought into a vertical position.
15. Process for the comminution of material with the help of shears-like interacting rows of knife bars to be moved towards one another with formation of cutting gaps, whereby one impinges the knife bars hanging in V-form and converging downwardly with material to be comminuted coming from above and supports the knives below during the comminution, characterised in that one rotates the upper ends of at least one row, whereby the lower ends of the knife bars slide up and down on the support.
16. Process according to claim 15, characterised in that one rotates saw tooth discs between the knife bars which engage periodically in the cutting region during the turning movement and thereby wipes off adhering material from the knife bars and conveys comminution material downwards into the cutting gaps.
17. Device according to one or more of claims 15 to 16, characterised in that the knife bars are supported on their lower ends with a predetermined force and moved aside in the case of exceeding this force.
18. Device according to one or more of claims 15 to 17, characterised in that the knife bars are driven asynchronically and are successively brought into a cutting position.

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