EP0660342A1 - Dispositif d'absorption du bruit - Google Patents

Dispositif d'absorption du bruit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0660342A1
EP0660342A1 EP94919876A EP94919876A EP0660342A1 EP 0660342 A1 EP0660342 A1 EP 0660342A1 EP 94919876 A EP94919876 A EP 94919876A EP 94919876 A EP94919876 A EP 94919876A EP 0660342 A1 EP0660342 A1 EP 0660342A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
pieces
pair
core pieces
elastic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94919876A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0660342A4 (fr
EP0660342B1 (fr
Inventor
Takayuki Osada
Fumishiro Tsuda
Norio Saito
Takeji Ihara
Yoshio Wagatsuma
Hitoshi Moriya
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tokin Corp
Original Assignee
Tokin Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tokin Corp filed Critical Tokin Corp
Publication of EP0660342A1 publication Critical patent/EP0660342A1/fr
Publication of EP0660342A4 publication Critical patent/EP0660342A4/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0660342B1 publication Critical patent/EP0660342B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/24—Magnetic cores
    • H01F27/26—Fastening parts of the core together; Fastening or mounting the core on casing or support
    • H01F27/266—Fastening or mounting the core on casing or support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F17/00—Fixed inductances of the signal type 
    • H01F17/04—Fixed inductances of the signal type  with magnetic core
    • H01F17/06—Fixed inductances of the signal type  with magnetic core with core substantially closed in itself, e.g. toroid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/33—Arrangements for noise damping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F17/00—Fixed inductances of the signal type 
    • H01F17/04—Fixed inductances of the signal type  with magnetic core
    • H01F17/06—Fixed inductances of the signal type  with magnetic core with core substantially closed in itself, e.g. toroid
    • H01F2017/065—Core mounted around conductor to absorb noise, e.g. EMI filter

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a noise absorbing device having a cylindrical magnetic core, for preventing radiation noise or induction noise from a cable connected to an electronic apparatus.
  • noise absorbing devices each comprising a split-type cylindrical magnetic core and a core holder receiving the magnetic core therein are attached to such cables.
  • the split-type cylindrical magnetic core comprises a pair of core pieces formed by dividing a cylindrical magnetic core into halves along a cylindrical center axis, the core being for receiving a cable to extend therethrough.
  • the core holder has a structure such that the pair of core pieces are received therein and the pair of core pieces received therein are brought into tight contact with each other.
  • the core holder is made of an insulating material having elasticity, such as nylon.
  • Fig. 1 is an exploded perspective view of one example of a conventional noise absorbing device of the type described.
  • a core holder 10 comprises a pair of holder segments 11 and 12 with receiving recesses.
  • the holder segments 11 and 12 receive a pair of core pieces 20 (only one being illustrated in Fig. 1) with their inner concave surfaces 21 of a semicircular section turned upward, respectively.
  • the pair of core pieces 20 are formed by dividing a cylindrical magnetic core into halves along a cylindrical center axis.
  • Each of the holder segments 11 and 12 has a configuration and a size such that the core piece 20 is received therein with its lip portions 23 outwardly exposed.
  • Each holder segment has four opening edges two of which extend in parallel to the center axis of the magnetic core.
  • the holder segments 11 and 12 are integrally coupled to each other by hinge portions 19 to be foldable.
  • Semicircular notches 13 in conformity with the shape of the inner concave surface 21 of the core piece 20 are formed in the opening edges perpendicular to the center axis of the magnetic core.
  • Two engaging projections 14 project from a side wall of the holder segment 12.
  • two engaging tabs 15 project from a side wall of the holder segment 11 in correspondence to the engaging projections 14.
  • Protruding pieces 16 are formed on inner walls of the holder segments 11 and 12 at positions slightly below the semicircular notches 13.
  • the protruding pieces 16 have inclined surfaces. End faces of the core pieces 20 slide along the inclined surfaces of the protruding pieces 16 to be easily received in the holder segments 11 and 12.
  • Two cantilever springs 17 (only one being illustrated in Fig. 1) having projections at their top ends are formed in a bottom of each of the holder segments 11 and 12.
  • the core holder 10 of the above-mentioned structure is attached to a power supply cable (not shown) in the following manner.
  • the signal cable or the power supply cable is extended on the inner concave surfaces 21 of the core pieces 20 and the semicircular notches 13, and opening faces of the holder segments 11 and 12 are butted against each other, then, the engaging tabs 15 being engaged with the engaging projections 14.
  • Fig. 2 is a vertical sectional view of the core holder 10 after assembled.
  • the signal cable or the power supply cable is not illustrated.
  • the core pieces 20 are fixed to the holder segments 11 and 12 by bringing the protruding pieces 16 into contact with the end faces of the core pieces 20.
  • the lip portions 23 of the pair of core pieces 20 are kept in tight contact with each other by cooperation of the four cantilever springs 17.
  • the holder segments 11 and 12 are provided with vertical grooves 18 formed at both sides of each of the protruding pieces 16. Those portions including the protruding pieces 16 are rendered movable so that a freedom is given to the distance between the protruding pieces 16 opposite to each other.
  • the size of the protruding pieces 16 must be selected small so that a clamping force required to clamp the core pieces 20 is smaller than a pressing force of the cantilever springs 17 and that the core pieces 20 are easily loaded into the holder segments 11 and 12. As a consequence, when the core pieces 20 are inserted into the holder segments 11 and 12, the protruding pieces 16 can not bear the pressing force during insertion and is damaged. Because of a complicated structure including the protruding pieces 16 and the cantilever springs 17, injection molding of the holder 10 often suffers from molding failure such as short mold.
  • a noise absorbing device comprising a pair of core pieces formed by dividing a cylindrical magnetic core into halves along a cylindrical center axis, the core being for receiving therethrough an extension of a cable connected to an electronic apparatus, and a pair of holder segments receiving the pair of core pieces in receiving recesses thereof, respectively, and coupled to enable butt contact with each other so that the pair of core pieces form a cylindrical body with the cable extending therethrough, wherein elastic pieces are interposed between the pair of core pieces and the pair of holder segments receiving the core pieces, respectively, the elastic pieces being for applying an elastic force to the core pieces so that the core pieces are slightly protruded from opening edges of the holder segments, the pair of core pieces being brought into press contact with each other by the elastic force of the elastic pieces when the pair of holder segments are brought into butt contact, assemblies of the core pieces and the elastic pieces being press fitted in the receiving recesses so as to avoid release from the holder segments.
  • a noise absorbing device comprising a pair of core pieces formed by dividing a cylindrical magnetic core into halves along a cylindrical center axis, the core being for receiving therethrough an extension of a cable connected to an electronic apparatus, and a pair of holder segments receiving the pair of core pieces in receiving recesses thereof, respectively, and coupled to enable butt contact with each other so that the pair of core pieces form a cylindrical body with the cable extending therethrough, wherein elastic pieces are interposed between the pair of core pieces and the pair of holder segments receiving the core pieces, respectively, the elastic pieces being for applying an elastic force to the core pieces so that the core pieces are slightly protruded from opening edges of the holder segments, the pair of core pieces being brought into press contact with each other by the elastic force of the elastic pieces when the pair of holder segments are brought into butt contact, assemblies of the core pieces and the elastic pieces being engaged with engaging holes formed at opposite ends perpendicular to the center axis so as to avoid release from the holder segments.
  • Fig. 1 is an exploded perspective view of one example of a conventional noise absorbing device.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional side view of the conventional noise absorbing device in a used state, taken along a line A'-A' in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a noise absorbing device according to one embodiment of this invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional side view of a provisional assembly of the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 3 which is fixedly press fitted into a holder segment, taken along a line A-A in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 5 is a transversal sectional view of the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 3 which is in an assembled condition, taken along a line B-B in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 1 is an exploded perspective view of one example of a conventional noise absorbing device.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional side view of the conventional noise absorbing device in a used state, taken along a line A'-A'
  • FIG. 6 shows another example of an elastic piece used in the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 7 shows a modification of the elastic piece used in the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 8 shows still another example of the elastic piece used in the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 9 is an exploded perspective view of a noise absorbing device according to another embodiment of this invention.
  • Fig. 10 is a partial sectional side view of a provisional assembly of the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 9 which is fixedly press fitted into a holder segment, taken along a line A-A in Fig. 9.
  • Fig. 11 is a side view of the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 9 in an assembled state, as viewed in an axial direction.
  • Fig. 12 shows another example of an elastic piece used in the noise absorbing device illustrated in Fig. 9.
  • a core holder 10 comprises a pair of holder segments 11 and 12 made of insulating resin and having receiving recesses 111 and 121, like the conventional device illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • the holder segments 11 and 12 receive a pair of core pieces 20 (only one being illustrated in Fig. 3) with their inner concave surfaces 21 of a semicircular section turned upward, respectively.
  • the pair of core pieces 20 are formed by dividing a cylindrical magnetic core into halves along a cylindrical center axis.
  • Each of the holder segments 11 and 12 has a configuration and a size such that the core piece 20 is received with its lip portions 23 outwardly exposed.
  • Holder segments 11 and 12 have opening edges and are integrally coupled by hinge portions 19 at their opening edges 24 extending in parallel to the center axis of the magnetic core, so as to be put into butt contact with each other.
  • Semicircular notches 13 in conformity with the shape of the inner concave surface 21 of the core piece 20 are formed in the opening edges perpendicular to the center axis of the magnetic core.
  • Two engaging projections 14 project from a side wall of the holder segment 12.
  • two engaging tabs 15 corresponding to the engaging projections 14 project from a side wall of the holder segment 11.
  • An elastic piece 31 made of plastic, rubber, elastic metal, a foaming material, or the like is attached to each core piece 20.
  • the elastic piece 31 comprises a strip body 32 and engaging portions formed at opposite ends thereof.
  • Each engaging portion comprises an upwardly extending portion and an engaging piece 33 inwardly extending therefrom.
  • the strip body 32 has a length equal to or slightly greater than the axial length of the core piece 20 and is arcuately curved upwards to provide elasticity. Thus, it serves as a spring plate.
  • the elastic piece 31 is attached so that the engaging portions at the opposite ends thereof are engaged with opposite end portions of the core piece 20.
  • the engaging pieces 33 are engaged with engaging recesses 22 formed at the inner peripheries of the opposite end portions of the core piece 20.
  • the core piece 20 is clamped, at inner and outer peripheral surfaces thereof, by the engaging portions at the opposite ends of the elastic piece 31.
  • the elastic piece 31 exerts an elastic force such that the core piece 20 is pushed up by the strip body 32 outwardly from each of the holder segments 11 and 12.
  • the core piece 20 is subjected to the elastic force to slightly protrude from the opening edges of each of the holder segments 11 and 12.
  • the engaging portions at the opposite ends of the elastic piece 31 are outwardly expanded as they extend upwardly from the strip body 32.
  • This structure serves to give a spring property to the engaging portions also.
  • the core piece 20 is manufactured to be smaller than each of the receiving recesses 111 and 121 of the holder segments 11 and 12. It is assumed here that, during an assembling process, the elastic piece 31 in the assembly of the core piece 20 and the elastic piece 31 attached thereto is not press fitted into each of the receiving recesses 111 and 121 of the holder segments 11 and 12. In this event, the assembly is dropped when the holder segment is turned upside down. On the contrary, the engaging portions at the opposite ends of the elastic piece 31 in the assembly are outwardly expanded within each of the receiving recesses 111 and 121 to be brought into press contact with the internal walls of each of the receiving recesses 111 and 121.
  • the assemblies are prevented from being dropped from the receiving recesses 111 and 121.
  • the assembly of the core piece 20 and the elastic piece 31 attached thereto is fixed, by press fit, to each of the receiving recesses 111 and 121 of the holder segments 11 and 12. If such press fit is slightly tightened, the engaging portions at the opposite ends of the elastic piece 31 may be formed perpendicular to the strip body 32.
  • Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view of the assembly of the core piece 20 and the elastic piece 31 attached thereto which is fixedly press fitted into the holder segment 11 (the holder segment 12 being omitted).
  • Fig. 5 is a transversal sectional view of the noise absorbing device according to this invention in an assembled state.
  • the core piece 20 is held by the elastic piece 31 within each of the holder segments 11 and 12 and slightly projects from the opening edges of each of the holder segments 11 and 12.
  • the holder segments 11 and 12 are closed by rotation around the hinge portions 19.
  • the engaging projections 14 are engaged with the engaging tabs 15, the core pieces 20 forced by the elastic pieces 31 to slightly project are pushed down against the elastic force of the elastic pieces 31.
  • the pair of core pieces 20 are brought into press contact with each other by the elastic force against such push-down force.
  • Fig. 6 shows an elastic piece according to another embodiment.
  • an elastic piece 31' has a strip body 32' of a corrugated shape. This shape provides a spring property greater than that of the arcuate shape in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 7 shows a modification of the elastic piece 31 illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • the modification of the elastic piece 31 has a protrusion 34 formed at an intermediate portion of the strip body 32.
  • a hole adapted for insertion of the protrusion 34 is formed at the outer periphery of the core piece 20.
  • Fig. 8 shows an elastic piece according to still another embodiment.
  • the elastic piece has, at one end of the strip body 35 alone, an engaging portion to be engaged with the core piece 20.
  • a corrugated projection 36 is formed on the outer surface of the engaging portion.
  • An engaging piece 37 has a length longer than that of the engaging piece 33 illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • Figs. 9, 10, and 11 are an exploded perspective view, a partial vertical sectional view, and an axial side view of a noise absorbing device according to another embodiment of this invention, respectively.
  • same or similar parts as those of the foregoing embodiment are designated by like reference numerals in Figs. 3 through 5 and description thereof will be omitted.
  • notches 13' of a semi-elliptical shape slightly smaller than the inner concave surface 21 of the core piece 20 are formed at longitudinal opposite ends of each of the holder segments 11 and 12.
  • engaging holes 51 are formed to be engaged with end portions 62 of elastic pieces 60 which will be described below.
  • Each elastic piece 60 made of a material similar to that of the elastic piece 31 mentioned above comprises a strip body 61, opposite end portions 62, and engaging portions including upwardly extending portions upwardly extending from the end portions 62 and engaging pieces 63 inwardly extending from the upwardly extending portions.
  • the end portions 62 of the elastic pieces 60 are engaged with the engaging holes 51 of the holder segments 11 and 12. This prevents drop-off of the assembly of the core piece 20 and the elastic piece 60 from each of the holder segments 11 and 12 and dislocation of contact surfaces of the pair of core pieces 20.
  • disassembling is easily carried out by inserting a penpoint or the like into each engaging hole 51 of the pair of holder segments 11 and 12 in an opened state.
  • Each engaging hole 51 may have any shape engageable with the end portion 62 of the elastic piece 60, for example, a depression instead of a through hole.
  • Fig. 12 is another example of an elastic piece used in the noise absorbing device illustrated in Figs. 9 through 11.
  • an elastic piece 60' has a strip body 61' of a convex shape. Accordingly, a spring property is greater than that of the elastic piece 60 of an arcuate shape illustrated in Fig. 9.
  • a noise absorbing device has a structure in which the elastic piece is interposed between the core piece of the magnetic core and the holder segment. Because the holder segment itself has no complicated structure such as the protruding piece and the cantilever spring, it is possible to avoid a manufacturing failure and a damage of the holder during assembly and use.
  • the holder segment may be provided with the engaging holes formed at the opposite ends perpendicular to the center axis of the magnetic core.
  • the opposite end portions of the elastic piece clamping the core by clamping portions are engaged with the engaging holes.
  • the core piece Since the engagement by the above-mentioned engaging structure is strong, the core piece is free from possibility of dropping out of the holder segment.
  • the condition of the contact surfaces of the pair of core pieces is kept constant so that dislocation of the core pieces is avoided. It is therefore possible to prevent deterioration of the characteristic of the core that is important as the noise absorbing device.
  • the engagement of engaged parts is strong, it is possible to easily remove the core piece by pressing the elastic piece through the engaging hole by the use of a pen or the like. Thus, handling is easy.
  • the notches having a semi-elliptical shape smaller than the inner concave surface or the inner cylindrical surface of the core piece may be formed at the opening edges of the holder segment that are perpendicular to the center axis of the magnetic core. With this structure, it is possible for the holder segment to reliably hold a cable having various diameters.
  • the noise absorbing device is adapted to prevent radiation noise or induction noise from a cable connected to an electronic apparatus.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
  • Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
EP94919876A 1993-07-08 1994-07-08 Dispositif d'absorption du bruit Expired - Lifetime EP0660342B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP16927693 1993-07-08
JP169276/93 1993-07-08
JP16927693 1993-07-08
JP21746393 1993-09-01
JP21746393 1993-09-01
JP217463/93 1993-09-01
JP23523593 1993-09-21
JP235235/93 1993-09-21
JP23523593A JP3654304B2 (ja) 1993-07-08 1993-09-21 ノイズ吸収装置
PCT/JP1994/001121 WO1995002253A1 (fr) 1993-07-08 1994-07-08 Dispositif d'absorption du bruit

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0660342A1 true EP0660342A1 (fr) 1995-06-28
EP0660342A4 EP0660342A4 (fr) 1995-11-29
EP0660342B1 EP0660342B1 (fr) 2002-11-27

Family

ID=27323150

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94919876A Expired - Lifetime EP0660342B1 (fr) 1993-07-08 1994-07-08 Dispositif d'absorption du bruit

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0660342B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3654304B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100321234B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1052097C (fr)
DE (1) DE69431785T2 (fr)
HK (1) HK1001661A1 (fr)
SG (1) SG47449A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995002253A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3018666A3 (fr) * 2014-11-06 2016-06-01 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Support et absorbeur de courant parasite
EP3531434A1 (fr) * 2018-02-26 2019-08-28 Honeywell International Inc. Support d'aimant et ensemble de support d'aimant

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5687531B2 (ja) * 2011-03-09 2015-03-18 トヨタ自動車株式会社 ノイズ低減装置およびバスバーモジュール
JP6111439B2 (ja) * 2012-07-11 2017-04-12 北川工業株式会社 ノイズ対策部品
JP2016012586A (ja) * 2014-06-27 2016-01-21 長野日本無線株式会社 巻線部品
JP2017220493A (ja) * 2016-06-03 2017-12-14 田淵電機株式会社 電磁誘導器及び電磁誘導器の製造方法
JP6757972B2 (ja) * 2016-11-11 2020-09-23 北川工業株式会社 雑音電流吸収具
CN106935378B (zh) * 2017-05-08 2018-03-30 中变集团上海变压器有限公司 一种非晶合金变压器的卷铁芯

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4004211A1 (de) * 1989-02-17 1990-08-23 Kitagawa Ind Co Ltd Elektrischer rauschabsorber
GB2252876A (en) * 1991-01-24 1992-08-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp A signal discriminator
JPH04330705A (ja) * 1991-01-25 1992-11-18 Nikko Kogyo Kk ノイズフィルタ

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2511548Y2 (ja) * 1991-12-10 1996-09-25 株式会社トーキン 雑音吸収装置

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4004211A1 (de) * 1989-02-17 1990-08-23 Kitagawa Ind Co Ltd Elektrischer rauschabsorber
GB2252876A (en) * 1991-01-24 1992-08-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp A signal discriminator
JPH04330705A (ja) * 1991-01-25 1992-11-18 Nikko Kogyo Kk ノイズフィルタ

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 017 no. 174 (E-1346) ,5 April 1993 & JP-A-04 330705 (NITSUKOU KOUGIYOU KK;OTHERS: 01) 18 November 1992, *
See also references of WO9502253A1 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3018666A3 (fr) * 2014-11-06 2016-06-01 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Support et absorbeur de courant parasite
EP3531434A1 (fr) * 2018-02-26 2019-08-28 Honeywell International Inc. Support d'aimant et ensemble de support d'aimant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH07122433A (ja) 1995-05-12
JP3654304B2 (ja) 2005-06-02
SG47449A1 (en) 1998-04-17
EP0660342A4 (fr) 1995-11-29
DE69431785D1 (de) 2003-01-09
KR100321234B1 (ko) 2002-06-20
CN1112381A (zh) 1995-11-22
KR950703199A (ko) 1995-08-23
WO1995002253A1 (fr) 1995-01-19
EP0660342B1 (fr) 2002-11-27
CN1052097C (zh) 2000-05-03
HK1001661A1 (en) 1998-07-03
DE69431785T2 (de) 2003-07-03

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