EP0575993B1 - Optical fiber functional device - Google Patents

Optical fiber functional device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0575993B1
EP0575993B1 EP93110042A EP93110042A EP0575993B1 EP 0575993 B1 EP0575993 B1 EP 0575993B1 EP 93110042 A EP93110042 A EP 93110042A EP 93110042 A EP93110042 A EP 93110042A EP 0575993 B1 EP0575993 B1 EP 0575993B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
optical fiber
graded index
fiber
graded
fibers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93110042A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0575993A2 (en
EP0575993A3 (nl
Inventor
Shigeru C/O Yokohama Works Sumitomo Elec. Hirai
Toshiaki c/o Yokohama Works Sumitomo Elec. Kakii
Shinji c/o Yokohama Works Sumitomo Elec Ishikawa
Hiroo c/o Yokohama Works Sumitomo Elec. Kanamori
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Publication of EP0575993A2 publication Critical patent/EP0575993A2/en
Publication of EP0575993A3 publication Critical patent/EP0575993A3/xx
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
    • G02B6/2746—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means comprising non-reciprocal devices, e.g. isolators, FRM, circulators, quasi-isolators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/0087—Simple or compound lenses with index gradient
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4202—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details for coupling an active element with fibres without intermediate optical elements, e.g. fibres with plane ends, fibres with shaped ends, bundles
    • G02B6/4203—Optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
    • G02F1/095—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect in an optical waveguide structure
    • G02F1/0955—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect in an optical waveguide structure used as non-reciprocal devices, e.g. optical isolators, circulators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical fiber collimating device according to the preamble of claim 1, and to an optical fiber complying device employing such collimating devices. It further relates to methods of manufacturing the latter.
  • An optical fiber collimation device according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from WO-A-86/04 156.
  • a semiconductor laser unit which is a main light source for optical fiber communication, optical disk input and output or the like, receives reflected light back from the end of an optical fiber connected to the laser unit, the point of connection of optical fibers, or an optical system such as a coupling lens and an optical connector, the oscillation of the unit becomes so unstable that it undergoes a large operational deterioration such as an increase in noise and a fluctuation in output. Therefore, various optical isolators have been developed to prevent the oscillation of the semiconductor laser unit from becoming unstable due to the reception of the reflected light, to make the unit be a stable light source for optical communication.
  • an optical isolator including a Rochon's prism as a polarizer or an analyzer, a Faraday-effect rotator made of a single crystal of YIG (yttrium-iron garnet), bismuth-substituted yttrium-iron garnet or the like, and a holed permanent magnet made of SmCo or the like to magnetize the rotator in the forward direction
  • the isolator is only effective for a certain plane of polarization, and has a problem that if light not coincident with the direction of polarization of the isolator enters into it, the light undergoes a large loss in passing through the isolator.
  • an optical isolator with no dependence on polarization has been desired because a light beam, which is transmitted through the optical fibers, has generally the changed plane of polarization.
  • FIG. 1 shows a conventional optical isolator disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 28561/83 and including a lens 10, two flat plates 11 and 12 of double-refraction rutile crystals, a Faraday-effect rotator 13 which is a magnetooptic member, and an optically rotatory plate 14 of optically rotatory or anisotropic crystal such as quartz.
  • FIG. 2 shows another conventional optical isolator disclosed in the Japanese Patent Publication No. 58809/86 and including lenses (a) and (b), two double-refraction crystal plates 11, and a Faraday-effect rotator 13.
  • Each of the plates 11 is shaped as a wedge.
  • the oblique sides of the plates 11 face each other across the Faraday-effect rotator 13.
  • Shown at 1 and 4 in FIG. 6 are optical fibers as light passages.
  • the isolator functions nearly in the same manner as that shown in FIG. 1.
  • each of the lenses provided in the above-mentioned conventional optical isolators in order to cause each of them to function as a fiber collimator to transmit the light from one of the optical fibers to the other is much larger than that of the fiber, the entire size of the isolator is large. This is a problem. Since the distance from the light outlet end of one of the optical fibers to the nearby lens of the optical isolator and that from the other lens thereof to the light inlet end of the other of the fibers need to be optimized while the state of the optical path for the light transmitted through the lens and the intensity of the light are monitored, it takes much time and trouble to assemble the fiber collimator. This is also problem.
  • FIG. 3 shows a conventional optical fiber collimator in which spherical lenses 23 and 24 are connected to the mutually opposed ends of optical fibers 21 and 22 so that the rays of light transmitted through one of the fibers are made parallel with each other.
  • FIG. 4 shows another conventional optical fiber collimator in which rod lenses 25 and 26 of the refractive index distribution type are connected to the mutually opposed ends of optical fibers 21 and 22 so that the rays of light transmitted through one of the fibers are made parallel with each other.
  • the conventional optical fiber collimators have problems that the locations of the optical fibers and the lenses need to be modulated and fixed with the accuracy of the micron order, and anti-reflection coatings need to be provided on the lenses to prevent the light from being reflected due to the difference between the refractive indices of each components.
  • the present invention was made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an optical fiber collimating device having an improved collimation characteristic particularly useful for an optical fiber collimator or the like.
  • An optical fiber complying component is provided to process a light beam between optical fibers, and is characterized in that single-mode optical fibers for processing the light beam are concentrically connected at the mutually opposed ends thereof to convergence-type rod lenses each having a prescribed length and made of a graded-index optical fiber of a diameter not less than that of the single-mode optical fiber but not more than two times of the latter diameter.
  • each of the latter fibers is cut off to such a prescribed length as to maximize the diameter of the light beam.
  • a compact fiber collimator of low cost can be constituted by the device.
  • An optical fiber collimator of the present invention is characterized in that two graded-index optical fibers each having a prescribed length are connected to two single-mode optical fibers at the mutually opposed ends thereof, respectively, and opposed to each other.
  • the graded-index optical fiber (GI fiber) of each of the optical fiber collimators provided in accordance with the present invention functions as a lens because of the radial distribution of the refractive index of the fiber, it is connected to the single-mode optical fiber (SM fiber) to form the collimator.
  • the graded-index fiber is manufactured in the vapor axial deposition (VAD) method.
  • VAD vapor axial deposition
  • the refractive index of the graded-index optical fiber does not decrease at the center of the fiber, which makes the lens to have the little loss of light.
  • MCVD method chemical vapor deposition method
  • OVD method OVD method
  • PCVD method etc. the refractive index of the graded-index optical fiber does not decrease at the center of the fiber, which makes the lens to have the little loss of light.
  • the difference between the relative refractivities of the center and periphery of the graded-index optical fiber is 0.2% or more, it functions as a lens.
  • the diameter of the graded-index optical fiber is made larger than that of the single-mode optical fiber. If the former diameter is larger than the latter, more of light transmitted through the latter fiber can be entered into the former or a larger-diameter beam of mutually parallel rays can be obtained and it is easier to confirm a reference point for setting the length of the former fiber at the cutoff thereof. After the cutoff, the cut-off end of the former fiber can be subjected to polishing or electric discharge processing, to remove a cutoff-caused defect or the like from the end to reduce the loss of light in the fiber.
  • a rod lens having a diameter not largely different from an outer diameter of an optical fiber is integrally connected to the optical fiber in a fiber collimator mechanism.
  • FIG. 5(A) shows the basic constitution of an optical fiber functional device which is one of the embodiments.
  • the device includes an optical fiber 1 having a core 1-1 and a cladding 1-2 surrounding the core, and a convergence-type rod lens 2A connected to the fiber.
  • the fiber 1 is a single-mode optical fiber.
  • the refractive indices n of the core 1-1 and cladding 1-2 of the fiber 1 are distributed stepwise as shown in FIG. 5(B).
  • Symbol ⁇ n shown in FIG. 5(B) denotes the relative refractive index difference of the fiber 1.
  • the rod lens 2A is made of a graded-index optical fiber and is connected to the single-mode optical fiber 1.
  • the relative refractive difference index ⁇ n of the lens 2A is distributed as shown in FIG. 5(C).
  • the diameter of the core 1-1 of the fiber 1 is about 10 ⁇ m, while the outside diameter of the cladding 1-2 thereof is 125 ⁇ m.
  • the diameter of the core of the graded-index optical fiber 2, from which the rod lens 2A is made, is 125 ⁇ m to 250 ⁇ m, while the outside diameter of the cladding is 250 ⁇ m or less.
  • the optical fibers 1 and 2 are first aligned to each other as shown in FIG. 6(B), and are then connected to each other through melting as shown in FIG. 6(B). Since the diameters of the fibers 1 and 2 do not have such a large difference between themselves that one of the diameter is two times larger than the other or is equal to or less than a half of the latter, arc discharge or the like can be used for the melting to make it easy and high in reliability.
  • the graded-index optical fiber 2 to be formed into the rod lens is cut off with an allowance by a cutter 3, as shown in FIG. 6(C), so that a fiber collimator of appropriate length can be constituted.
  • the assembly of the fibers 1 and 2 is thereafter held in a ferrule 4 which is made of a transparent glass, as shown in FIG. 6(D).
  • the cut-off end of the fiber 2 is then polished so that it has a prescribed length as the rod lens 2A. Since the ferrule is made of a transparent glass, the length of the lens can be measured from the outside by using a microscope or a projector. If the collimator is used to form an optical isolator described hereinafter, the polished end is provided with a coating for preventing the reflection of light on the end under air.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n of the fiber 2 is 0.5% or more but is less than 1.5%. If the difference is less than 0.5%, the diameter of the light beam in the rod lens 2A becomes larger to make the beam likely to undergo abnormal scattering under the influence of the spatial irregularity of the refractive index distribution of the outer portion of the rod lens 2A. If the difference is 1.5% or more, the spatial irregularity of the refractive index distribution of the rod lens 2A becomes larger even at the center thereof due to the process of manufacturing of the lens to increase the scattering of the light beam in the lens.
  • Fig. 16 shows the relation between the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n and the scattering loss.
  • the ferrule 4 has an inlet 5 through which an adhesive for securing the fiber 1 and the rod lens 2A to the ferrule 4 is introduced. It is preferable that the ferrule 4 is made of a transparent glass which makes it possible to measure the length of the rod lens 2A while polishing the cut-off end thereof.
  • a reflection preventive coating 6 is provided on the end of the rod lens 2A made of the graded-index optical fiber 2 and connected to the end of the single-mode optical fiber 1, and the coatings 6 of a pair of such assemblies are opposed to each other to form the fiber collimator, as shown in FIG. 7 which conceptually indicates the transmission of light through the collimator. Since the refractive index of the rod lens 2A of the light sending assembly is continuously decreased from the center of the lens toward the periphery thereof, the light transmitted through the core 1-1 of the optical fiber 1 of the assembly is curved in the rod lens so that the rays of the light go out in parallel with each other from the assembly at the reflection-prevented end thereof.
  • the parallel rays of the light are thereafter received by the light receiving assembly at the end of the rod lens 2A thereof through a functional optical element disposed between the assemblies but not shown in FIG. 7, and are transmitted to the optical fiber 1 of the light receiving assembly through the rod lens 2A.
  • FIG. 8 shows the constitution of the optical isolator employing such assemblies of optical fibers 1 and rod lenses 2A.
  • the optical fibers 1 have the same dimensions as that shown in FIG. 6 and are connected to the rod lenses 2A.
  • Each of the rod lenses 2A is 125 ⁇ m in diameter, 1% in relative refractive index difference, and 0.77 mm in length.
  • Two parallel flat plates 7 of rutile crystals, a half-wavelength plate 18 and a Faraday-effect rotator 19 are disposed between the assemblies as shown in FIG. 8.
  • the mutually opposed ends of the rod lenses 2A and both the sides of each of the optical elements 7, 18 and 19 are provided with to-air reflection preventive coatings for a wavelength of 1.55 ⁇ m.
  • optical isolator is described above as an example of application of the embodiment, it is not confined thereto but may be applied to the parallel-ray beam converters of various optical-fiber communication appliances or the like.
  • FIG. 9 shows an optical fiber collimator according to the present invention.
  • the collimator includes single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212, and graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214 manufactured in the VAD method.
  • the lenses 213 and 214 are virtually concentrically connected to the fibers 211 and 212 through melting, respectively, and opposed to each other.
  • the length of each of the lenses 213 and 214 is such that the rays of light transmitted through the fiber 211 or 212 connected to the lens are made parallel with each other.
  • FIG. 10(A) shows the radial distribution of the relative refractive index difference of a graded-index optical fiber manufactured in the VAD method.
  • FIG. 10(B) shows the radial distribution of the relative refractive index difference of a graded-index optical fiber manufactured in the MCVD (modified chemical vapor deposition) method.
  • the difference of the latter fiber decreases at the center of the core of the fiber.
  • the difference of the former fiber makes a change expressed by a function of nearly the square of the radius of the fiber. For that reason, the former fiber effectively operates as a lens.
  • the difference has a distribution expressed by a function of 1.7-th to 2.5-th power of the radius of the fiber, because it is relatively easy to generate collimated light with the distribution.
  • the difference has a distribution expressed by a function of less than 1.7-th power of the radius of the fiber, collimated light is likely to diverge. If the difference has a distribution expressed by a function of more than 2.5-th power of the radius of the fiber, the collimated light is likely to converge.
  • a single-mode optical fiber which consisted of a core of 8 ⁇ m in diameter and an outer portion of 125 ⁇ m in outside diameter and had a relative refractive index difference of 0.35% between the core and the cladding, and a graded-index optical fiber which was manufactured by the VAD method and had a diameter of 130 ⁇ m, a relative refractive index difference of 0.7% between the center and periphery of the fiber, and a relative refractive index distribution expressed by the square of the radius of the fiber were concentrically connected to each other through melting under electric discharge heating.
  • the graded-index optical fiber was thereafter cut off to a length of 0.9 mm plus/minus 10 ⁇ m.
  • the cut-off end of the fiber was cleaned by electric discharge heating so that the fiber operated as a graded-index optical fiber lens.
  • a pair of the assembly of the single-mode optical fiber and the graded-index optical fiber lens were opposed to each other to form an optical fiber collimator of the same constitution as that shown in FIG. 9.
  • the loss of light in the collimator was 0.2 dB.
  • FIG. 11 is a plan view of an optical fiber collimator which is example 2 and includes single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212, graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214, silicon bases 215 and 216, spacers 217 and 218, and alignment pins 219 and 220.
  • the silicon bases 215 and 216 have V-grooves shaped so that the axes of the single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212 and graded-index optical fibers coincide with each other when they are put in the V-grooves.
  • the bases 215 and 216 have other grooves provided at both the sides of the V-grooves so that graded-index optical fibers secured in the latter grooves are concentrically opposed to each other when the alignment pins 219 and 220 are put in the former grooves to combine the bases together.
  • the graded-index optical fibers which were the same as those in Example 1, were secured in the V-grooves of the silicon bases 215 and 216, and then each was cut off to a thickness of 1.0 mm by a precision cutting machine. Both the ends of the fibers were thereafter polished so that they constituted the graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214 each having a thickness of 0.9 mm plus/minus 3 ⁇ m.
  • the single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212 were then secured in the other V-grooves of the silicon bases 215 and 216 concentrically to the lenses 213 and 214.
  • the alignment pins 219 and 220 were put in the grooves of the bases 215 and 216 at both the sides of the V-grooves thereof so that the bases were secured to each other with the spacers 217 and 218 each having a length of 2.5 mm and disposed between the bases, and the fibers 211 and 212 and the lenses 213 and 214 were concentric to each other.
  • the loss of light in the collimator with the lenses 213 and 214 opposed to each other across an air gap of 2.5 mm was 0.2 dB.
  • FIG. 12 shows an optical fiber collimator which is example 3 and includes single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212, and graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214.
  • the single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212 were concentrically connected to both the ends of a graded-index optical fiber 221 of 4.3 mm in length through melting, as shown in FIG. 12(A).
  • the fibers 211, 212 and 221 were then put in the V-grooves of a silicon base 222, and secured by a securing member 223 and an adhesive 224, as shown in FIG. 12(B).
  • the length of the securing member 223 was made equal to that of the fiber 221 so that the points of cutoff thereof after the securing can be confirmed.
  • the 2.5-mm-length intermediate portion of the fiber 221 was thereafter removed by the cutoff thereof.
  • the length of the fiber 221 was equal to the sum of two times of the length of the lens and the collimate length.
  • the length of the removed intermediate portion of the fiber is the collimation length.
  • the graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214 connected to the single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212 through the melting were thus made of the remaining portions of the cut-off fiber 221, as shown in FIG. 12(C).
  • the loss of light in the collimator with the lenses 213 and 214 opposed to each other across an air gap of 2.5 mm was 0.2 dB.
  • graded-index optical fiber and single-mode optical fiber of each of the collimators of examples 1, 2 and 3 were connected to each other through melting, the fibers might not be connected to each other through the melting but by an optical connector as described from now on.
  • FIG. 13 shows an optical fiber collimator which includes single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212, graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214 concentrically opposed to each other, and optical connectors 225 and 226.
  • the fiber 211 and the lens 213 were connected to each other by the optical connector 225 composed of portions 225A and 225B.
  • the other fiber 212 and the other lens 214 were connected to each other by the other optical connector 226 composed of portions 226A and 226B.
  • FIG. 14 shows an optical fiber collimator which includes single-mode optical fibers 211 and 212, and graded-index optical fiber lenses 213 and 214 concentrically opposed to each other, and an optical connector 227 composed of portions 227A, 227B and 227C and connecting the fiber 211 and the lens 213 to each other and the other fiber 212 and the other lens 214 to each other.
  • the constitution of the collimator corresponds to that of the collimator shown in FIG. 12.
  • FIG. 15 is a plan view of a multi-line optical fiber collimator which is a modification of that shown in FIG. 11, and includes single-mode optical fibers 211A, 211B, 211C, 211D, 212A, 212B, 212C and 212D, graded-index optical fiber lenses 213A, 213B, 213C, 213D, 214A, 214B, 214C and 214D, spacers 217 and 218, alignment pins 219 and 220, and silicon bases 228 and 229.
  • the fibers 211A, 211B, 211C and 211D were concentrically connected to the lenses 213A, 213B, 213C and 213D, respectively.
  • the other fibers 212A, 212B, 212C and 212D were concentrically connected to the other lenses 214A, 214B, 214C and 214D, respectively.
  • the alignment pins 219 and 220 were put in the V-grooves of the bases 228 and 229 so that they were coupled to each other with the spacers 217 and 218, and the former lenses were opposed to the latter lenses across a prescribed gap.
  • single-mode optical fibers for processing a light beam are concentrically connected at the mutually opposed ends of the fibers to convergence-type rod lenses each having a prescribed length and made of a graded-index optical fiber of a diameter not less than that of the former fiber but not more than two times of the latter diameter, so that the component is simple and compact in constitution and high in reliability.
  • the invention can be effectively applied to the optical isolator of an optical fiber amplifier in particular.
  • graded-index optical fibers manufactured in the VAD method are concentrically connected as convergence-type rod lenses to the mutually opposed ends of single-mode optical fibers for processing a light beam, so that the collimator is constituted to be simple and compact.
  • the construction of the collimator can be applied to an optical isolator or the like, in which a component is disposed between optical fibers.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
EP93110042A 1992-06-24 1993-06-23 Optical fiber functional device Expired - Lifetime EP0575993B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP16639592 1992-06-24
JP16639592 1992-06-24
JP166395/92 1992-06-24
JP24479592 1992-09-14
JP24479592 1992-09-14
JP244795/92 1992-09-14

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0575993A2 EP0575993A2 (en) 1993-12-29
EP0575993A3 EP0575993A3 (nl) 1994-01-26
EP0575993B1 true EP0575993B1 (en) 2001-12-05

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EP93110042A Expired - Lifetime EP0575993B1 (en) 1992-06-24 1993-06-23 Optical fiber functional device

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US (1) US5384874A (nl)
EP (1) EP0575993B1 (nl)
KR (1) KR0132579B1 (nl)
AU (1) AU662984B2 (nl)
CA (1) CA2098903C (nl)
DE (1) DE69331250T2 (nl)

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EP0575993A2 (en) 1993-12-29
DE69331250D1 (de) 2002-01-17
AU662984B2 (en) 1995-09-21
KR940005962A (ko) 1994-03-22
CA2098903C (en) 1999-02-16
US5384874A (en) 1995-01-24
CA2098903A1 (en) 1993-12-25
AU4146993A (en) 1994-01-06
EP0575993A3 (nl) 1994-01-26
KR0132579B1 (ko) 1998-04-20
DE69331250T2 (de) 2002-06-13

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