EP0575211B1 - Strahlerelement einer Antenne mit breitbandigem Durchlassbereich und aus derartigen Elementen bestehende Gruppenantenne - Google Patents

Strahlerelement einer Antenne mit breitbandigem Durchlassbereich und aus derartigen Elementen bestehende Gruppenantenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0575211B1
EP0575211B1 EP93401371A EP93401371A EP0575211B1 EP 0575211 B1 EP0575211 B1 EP 0575211B1 EP 93401371 A EP93401371 A EP 93401371A EP 93401371 A EP93401371 A EP 93401371A EP 0575211 B1 EP0575211 B1 EP 0575211B1
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Prior art keywords
antenna
elementary
antenna according
pattern
patch
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EP93401371A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0575211A1 (de
Inventor
Bernard Buralli
Lucien Jouve
Marcel Sauvan
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Airbus Group SAS
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Airbus Group SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0464—Annular ring patch
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/005—Patch antenna using one or more coplanar parasitic elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a micro-ribbon type antenna with a small thickness but a large passband.
  • An antenna can be considered as an interface between these two types of medium, allowing the transfer, total or partial, of electromagnetic energy from one to the other.
  • the transmitting antenna passes this energy from a guided propagation medium to a free propagation medium and the receiving antenna reverses the direction of the energy transfer between the media.
  • Called circuit (s) or antenna feed device the set of components of all or part of the medium with guided propagation, directing or collecting the electromagnetic energy to be transferred and comprising passive or active elements, reciprocal or not.
  • phase center a geometrical point, from which the electromagnetic wave seems to come, for a given direction, in the case of an antenna considered as working on the emission.
  • the resonance of the antenna is manifested at the frequency (s) for which the transfer of the energy transmitted from the supply line to space via the antenna is optimal, which results mathematically by the fact that, at the resonance frequency fr the complex impedance Z at the input of the antenna has a zero imaginary part and a maximum real part.
  • microwave we are used to representing the place of the impedances Z (as a function of frequency) on an abacus called SMITH abacus where each resonance manifests itself in the form of a loop.
  • this resonance is “seen” through the adaptation which characterizes the transfer of energy from the supply line to the antenna.
  • This vision of the behavior of the antenna can be called the response of the antenna and is quantified using the losses by mismatch or the Stationary Wave Rate (TOS) in English Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) - defined above. below.
  • TOS Stationary Wave Rate
  • VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
  • the radiation diagram is represented in a frame of reference centered at a point on the antenna (if possible its phase center), and supplied in the form of "sections" in a standard spherical coordinate system ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • a so-called “constant coupe” cut is the variation curve of the E field, projected onto a given polarization (either (E ⁇ , or E ⁇ ), ⁇ varying from 0 to 180 ° (or from -180 to + 180 °).
  • a so-called “constant coupe” cut is the variation curve of the E field, projected on a given polarization (either E ⁇ , or E ⁇ ), ⁇ ) varying from 0 to 360 °.
  • antenna array An association of elementary antennas is called antenna array when these have common parts in their supply circuits or when a coupling exists between these elementary antennas rendering the overall radiation pattern of the array, in a frequency range data, dependent on that of each of the antennas or radiating elements.
  • the network obtained by the distribution of antennas similar to one or more given elementary antennas, on a given surface, is often called array antenna, generally implying a notion of geometric repetition of the elementary antennas.
  • They are generally used to obtain a radiation pattern with high directivity in a given direction relative to the network.
  • the spacing ⁇ between the phase centers of the elementary antennae of the array, related to the wavelength ⁇ o in air or vacuum, is often a critical parameter.
  • micro-ribbon technology it consists of stacking several layers of conductive or dielectric materials such as for example a layer of dielectric substrate (glass - PTFE for example) coated on its underside (or side I) with a conductive sheet (copper, gold, etc.) called a ground plane and carrying on its upper face (or side S) a conductive sheet partially cut according to a given geometric design (we commonly speak of patterns, aerials or "patches").
  • conductive or dielectric materials such as for example a layer of dielectric substrate (glass - PTFE for example) coated on its underside (or side I) with a conductive sheet (copper, gold, etc.) called a ground plane and carrying on its upper face (or side S) a conductive sheet partially cut according to a given geometric design (we commonly speak of patterns, aerials or "patches").
  • a rectangular micro-ribbon pattern can be compared to a certain extent to two parallel slits coinciding with two edges of the so-called radiating rectangle.
  • the selection of those of the edges of a rectangular pattern which must radiate (and a contrario of those which must not radiate) is done by an appropriate choice of the area of the rectangle which is connected to the supply circuit.
  • connection can be made through the dielectric substrate, or on the periphery of the pattern, by a microstrip line carried by the side S (we sometimes speak of coplanar supply) as described in particular in document FR-2.226 .760.
  • the choice of the width W will to a good extent condition the quality of the radiation, namely its efficiency and its shape (radiation diagram).
  • the micro-ribbon antenna is in fact an electronic resonator which, by construction, has a high quality factor Q. Therefore, the antennas developed in this technology always have a low bandwidth, that is to say that the resonance occurs only punctually, that is to say at the frequency for which the antenna was sized and at frequencies very close to the latter.
  • the most common concept is to stack non-powered radiating elements (with their associated dielectric layer) on the powered element. These elements are called “parasitic elements”. Each of these elements i is dimensioned to resonate at a frequency Fi close to the frequency Fa of the element supplied. The electromagnetic coupling between these elements and the powered element ensures the transfer of energy to the "parasites".
  • the frequency response of the set is the envelope of the responses of each of the elements.
  • the parasitic patterns of dimensions at least close to those of the central pattern, are four in number.
  • the networking of such antennas consists in reproducing periodically, in one or even two directions of a plane, groups of three (preferably five) patterns of which only one is supplied, which poses problems of congestion : it is difficult to satisfy for example a spacing constraint of the type ⁇ ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ o , since between two fed patterns there are two parasitic patterns separated by a substantial space; in addition, the supply can only be done by a line in an underlayer located under the ground plane (see in particular document WO-89/07838 which is the only one of the two aforementioned documents to expressly provide for such placing network). We therefore find the geometric or mechanical drawbacks inherent in the multi-layer technique.
  • Document US-A-4,987,421 likewise proposes a micro-ribbon antenna comprising a radiative ring situated on a dielectric opposite to a ground conducting plane, with a supply opening through the dielectric, inside of the ring, and a microwave circuit also located inside the ring and connecting the power supply to the internal edge of the ring; there may be an upper dielectric separated by an intermediate blade of air or dielectric, with a parasitic pattern placed opposite the ring.
  • the microwave circuit preferably includes an adaptation circuit and an amplifier.
  • twin antenna patterns that is to say pairs of identical patterns arranged on either side of a dielectric support, so that each motif serve as a ground plan to the other.
  • a large number of shapes are proposed, and when a rectangular pattern is proposed inside another rectangular pattern, it is presented as equivalent to connect them to each other or to keep them without contact. None is planned to increase the bandwidth.
  • the invention proposes for this purpose an elementary micro-ribbon antenna comprising a dielectric substrate of constant thickness along, on one side by a conductive metal layer forming ground plane and on its other side by a radiating pattern electrically connected to a line d feed, this pattern being formed of a conductive loop of constant width l , this antenna being characterized in that this loop surrounds an internal parasitic pattern which is not supplied by being separated from this internal parasitic pattern by a slot continuous closed on itself of constant width e suitable for ensuring a coupling between the loop and the internal parasitic pattern.
  • this document implements a completely particular mode of supply since it is to the ground plane that the signals having the radio frequencies envisaged are applied, which is completely incompatible with the principle of coplanar feeding.
  • this document teaches to make slots in the patterns, generally in combination with pins crossing the dielectric in very precise locations for the short-circuiting of these patterns with the ground plane (which again prevents a coplanar feeding).
  • the special case of a C-shaped slot is provided with the formation of a rectangular pattern (no other shape is envisaged) connected to a conductive line which surrounds it.
  • This pattern and this line are connected in parallel goes completely against the invention which distinguishes a powered band and a non-powered pattern surrounded by this band by simply being electromagnetically coupled. It may be noted in this connection that this document aims to be able to neglect the coupling effect.
  • the invention lends itself very well to construction by printed circuit, since it allows all of the supply lines, supplied strips and solid non-supplied (or parasitic) patterns to be manufactured on one side. , without any crossing of the dielectric. This is very advantageous when several patterns of the aforementioned type are mounted in a network.
  • the invention also provides a network antenna formed of a plurality of elementary patterns formed by a powered strip surrounding a solid pattern, being separated by a closed loop slot, whether these patterns are mounted in series, in parallel or according to a mixed serial / parallel configuration.
  • a network antenna formed of a plurality of elementary patterns formed by a powered strip surrounding a solid pattern, being separated by a closed loop slot, whether these patterns are mounted in series, in parallel or according to a mixed serial / parallel configuration.
  • Such an antenna lends itself very well to a severe space constraint such as ⁇ / ⁇ o of less than 1 or even 0.5.
  • FIG. 1 The block diagram of an antenna element according to the invention is given in FIG. 1.
  • This antenna element comprises a dielectric substrate 2 bordered, on its lower face (or I) by a conductive metal layer 3 forming a ground plane and, on its upper face (or S) of a pattern 4 produced in micro-ribbon technology of conductive material and connected to a supply line 5 preferably coplanar with pattern 4.
  • the substrate 2 is in practice homogeneous of constant thickness.
  • this pattern can be supplied by direct contact with a cable passing through the substrate while being isolated with respect to the ground plane 3.
  • the pattern 4 is formed of a conductive loop 6 of constant width l surrounding a solid internal pattern 7 isolated (that is to say not connected) from the loop, the outer edge of which follows the inner edge of the loop at a non-zero constant distance e so as to form a continuous slit 9 closed on itself of constant thickness e .
  • the internal pattern 7 is not directly supplied, and is only coupled to the internal loop: it therefore behaves like an internal parasite.
  • this internal parasite is completely arbitrary in Figure 1. In practice, this outline has a shape simple geometric (circle, square, rectangle, polygon with possibly rounded corners, ellipse, oval ).
  • This pattern 4 for its dimensioning can be analyzed as being a conventional pattern adapted to resonate at a desired frequency (when powered) surrounded by a conductive loop which degrades the quality factor, that is to say which widens the peak, that is to say which widens the bandwidth.
  • the central frequency of the antenna element (or elementary antenna) 1 is defined by the shape and the dimensions of the internal parasite 7 using the conventional rules (equations or abacuses) of dimensioning, for example those mentioned above, given by the aforementioned work "Microstrip Antennas" by BAHL and BARTHIA.
  • the width e of the slot is chosen so as to ensure a strong coupling between the loop 6 supplied and the parasitic pattern 7.
  • the width l of the conductive loop is chosen in particular so as to allow good coupling through the slot while along it.
  • the frequency response of the pattern 4 depends of course on the exact choice of the dimensions of the internal parasite, of the slot and of the loop. Depending on the specifications imposed on the antenna element (or of a network antenna independently of the individual performance of the antenna elements) the final dimensioning is done for example by iteration from an arbitrary starting dimensioning .
  • the power supply mode of the loop influences the behavior of the elementary antenna, mainly on its main polarization (which is in practice parallel to a fictitious line connecting the feed point to a central point of the parasite internal 7).
  • the optimization process with a view to satisfying a given TOS coefficient (for example 2 or even 1.5) leads those skilled in the art to adjust the dimensions so as to bring about, in a abacus known as SMITH abacus, the largest possible part of the impedance curve, for a given frequency range (f 1 , f 2 ), of the antenna element (or of the antenna -network if necessary) in a circle of radius the smaller the required TOS is low. The larger the part of the curve contained in the circle, the wider the bandwidth.
  • the optimization process will lead to passing from curve A in FIG. 2, which barely intercepts the circle C representative of the targeted TOS, to curve B in FIG. 3, a whole loop of which is contained in the circle C (it is recalled in this connection that in the abacus of SMITH each loop corresponds to a resonance).
  • FIG. 4 shows a pattern 14, in accordance with pattern 4 of FIG. 1, but for a circular shape: this pattern 14 includes an internal parasite 17 of diameter D separated from a surrounding circular loop 16 by a circular slot 18.
  • the loop 16 is supplied by a coplanar line 15.
  • the optimization of the dimensioning depends, as has been said, on the targeted performances, for example of a constraint concerning the TOS.
  • FIG. 5 shows the impedance curve thus obtained between the points F1 and F2 corresponding respectively to 2.3 GHz and 2.4 GHz, after adaptation using a quarter wave device of any suitable known type not shown, such as for example a widening over a distance of ⁇ o / (4. ⁇ e ) from the supply line near its connection to the conductive loop.
  • FIG. 8 represents a pattern comparable to that of FIG. 1, but of square shape: this pattern, marked 24 as a whole, includes an internal parasite 27 on side L separated from a square conducting loop 26 which surrounds it, width l , through a slot 28 of thickness e .
  • a circular shape may seem preferable to a rectangular or square shape (see polygonal) insofar as, during an emission at high power, the corners present a predisposition to the formation of an arc electric capable of locally destroying the antenna element.
  • the invention is generalized to other forms of internal parasite such as polygons with possibly rounded corners, ellipses, ovals in particular.
  • the bandwidth of the entire network will be a function of the bandwidth of the element, but will not necessarily be the same.
  • the response of the network will be different from the response of each element taken individually. It is generally observed that the network resonance loop is smaller than that of the isolated element. In this case, it makes sense to use an element with a slightly oversized resonance loop (like loop A in Figure 2).
  • FIGS. 9 to 12B present the final application of the concept of elementary antenna presented above to a networking of the optimized element.
  • the network of FIG. 9 is of the parallel type with only one dimension.
  • this application being shown by way of nonlimiting example, it is very possible to use the element which is the subject of the invention on a network of series type or a two-dimensional network, flat or shaped.
  • FIG. 9 represents an array antenna 50 formed of 24 optimized elements 14 in accordance with FIG. 4.
  • These 24 elements are supplied from a point O by an at least partly coplanar network comprising a divider by 2, marked 51, supplying two other dividers by 2, marked 51A and each supplying two dividers by 2, marked 52 - same supplying each two dividers by 3 marked 53.
  • This arrangement makes it possible to obtain a very omnidirectional radiation pattern, which is the objective in most telemetric applications.
  • a calculation of the optimal number of elements can be performed by software. In general, this calculation leads to a result close to that mentioned above, namely a distance between successive elements at most close to half the wavelength in air ( ⁇ / ⁇ o , ⁇ 0.5).
  • the number of elements must also take into account the supply network and the constraints associated with it (power dividers, etc.).
  • the dividing stages making it possible to distribute the signal to the four sub-networks are of the coaxial type.
  • the other stages internal to the sub-networks are of the micro-ribbon type, included in the coplanar supply as shown in FIG. 9.
  • each of the branches of the divider has the same length to within ⁇ o .
  • ⁇ o is the wavelength in air at the central frequency of the useful band (here: 2350 MHz).
  • the "equi-phase" nature of food is no longer strictly respected. We admit an error of +/- 12 ° over the entire useful band.

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  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Mikroband-Einzelantenne (1), aufweisend ein dielektrisches Substrat (2) konstanter Dicke, auf dessen einer Seite sich eine metallische Leiterschicht (3) erstreckt, welche eine Masseebene bildet, und auf dessen anderer Seite sich ein Strahlerelement (4, 14, 24) erstreckt, das elektrisch mit einer Speiseleitung (5) verbunden ist, wobei dieses Element (4, 14, 24) von einer Leiterschleife (6, 16, 26) konstanter Breite l gebildet wird, wobei diese Antenne dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß diese Schleife ein inneres, nicht gespeistes parasitäres Element (7, 17, 27) umgibt, wobei sie von diesem inneren parasitären Element durch einen kontinuierlichen, in sich geschlossenen Spalt (8, 18, 28) konstanter Breite e getrennt ist, welcher geeignet ist, eine Kopplung zwischen der Schleife und dem inneren parasitären Element zu gewährleisten.
  2. Einzelantenne nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verhältnis l/e zwischen 1/5 und 5 beträgt, wobei mindestens eine der Größen l oder e etwa zwischen 0,001 und 0,1 mal das Verhältnis λo/ ε e
    Figure imgb0023
     ist, wenn λo die Länge der zur Betriebsfrequenz der Antenne gehörenden Welle und εe die effektive Dielektrizitätskonstante des Ausbreitungsmediums, das vom Substrat und dem Element gebildet wird, ist.
  3. Einzelantenne nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens eine der Größen l oder e mindestens etwa zwischen 0,003 und 0,05 mal das Verhältnis λo/ ε e
    Figure imgb0024
     ist.
  4. Einzelantenne nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das innere parasitäre Element (14) kreisförmig ist, wobei die Leiterschleife (16) und der Spalt (18) zu ihm konzentrisch sind.
  5. Einzelantenne nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Durchmesser des inneren parasitären Elements (14) mindestens etwa 0,5 mal das Verhältnis λo/ ε e
    Figure imgb0025
     ist.
  6. Einzelantenne nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das innere parasitäre Element (24) von polygonaler Form ist.
  7. Einzelantenne nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das innere parasitäre Element viereckig ist.
  8. Einzelantenne nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Seite des inneren parasitären Elements (24) mindestens etwa 0,5 mal das Verhältnis λo/ ε e
    Figure imgb0026
     ist.
  9. Einzelantenne nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Speiseleitung (5, 15, 25) zu diesem Element koplanar ist.
  10. Antenne (50), die in mindestens einer Richtung aus einem Netz von Einzelantennen (14) nach Anspruch 1 gebildet ist, die in Serie und/oder parallel gespeist werden.
  11. Antenne nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Einzelantennen durch ein Speisenetz, das zumindest teilweise koplanar zu den Elementen ist, gespeist werden.
  12. Antenne nach Anspruch 10 oder Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Einzelantennen mit der gleichen Phase und der gleichen Amplitude gespeist werden.
  13. Antenne nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie aus einer ringförmigen Serie äquidistanter Einzelantennen auf einem Zylinder gebildet ist, die in einer transversalen Ebene dieses Zylinders angeordnet ist.
EP93401371A 1992-06-16 1993-05-28 Strahlerelement einer Antenne mit breitbandigem Durchlassbereich und aus derartigen Elementen bestehende Gruppenantenne Expired - Lifetime EP0575211B1 (de)

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FR9207274 1992-06-16
FR929207274A FR2692404B1 (fr) 1992-06-16 1992-06-16 Motif élémentaire d'antenne à large bande passante et antenne-réseau le comportant.

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EP0575211A1 EP0575211A1 (de) 1993-12-22
EP0575211B1 true EP0575211B1 (de) 1997-12-10

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US5565875A (en) 1996-10-15
FR2692404B1 (fr) 1994-09-16
DE69315624D1 (de) 1998-01-22
EP0575211A1 (de) 1993-12-22
FR2692404A1 (fr) 1993-12-17
DE69315624T2 (de) 1998-04-09

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