EP0524786B1 - Compositions durcissables, gels aqueuses et procédé de leur préparation et applications de ces gels - Google Patents

Compositions durcissables, gels aqueuses et procédé de leur préparation et applications de ces gels Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0524786B1
EP0524786B1 EP92306603A EP92306603A EP0524786B1 EP 0524786 B1 EP0524786 B1 EP 0524786B1 EP 92306603 A EP92306603 A EP 92306603A EP 92306603 A EP92306603 A EP 92306603A EP 0524786 B1 EP0524786 B1 EP 0524786B1
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Prior art keywords
meth
gel
aqueous
acrylamide
hydrogen atom
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0524786A1 (fr
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Hiroshi Itoh
Takashi Abe
Hideo Kamio
Hitoshi Yamashita
Atsuhiko Nitta
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Mitsui Chemicals Inc
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Mitsui Chemicals Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/52—Amides or imides
    • C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/52—Amides or imides
    • C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F220/56—Acrylamide; Methacrylamide

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a hardenable composition, an aqueous gel and applications of said gel, and particularly to a hardenable compositon, a thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material, a fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material, a water-absorbable composition and processes for producing them.
  • the present invention relates to a hardenable composition
  • a hardenable composition comprising (meth)acrylamide or (meth)acrylamide derivative(s), particulate metal oxide(s) specified hereafter and an aqueous medium; an aqueous gel obtained by curing said composition and a process for producing the gel; a thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material and a fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material both comprising two or more transparent plates and an aqueous gel interposed between them, and processes for producing the composite materials; and a water-absorbable composition.
  • aqueous gels in various applications for their water-holding ability.
  • the applications have been virtually limited mostly to a sanitary field and the applications to other fields have been insufficient.
  • Various reasons account for that For example, when it is aimed to apply an aqueous gel as a fire-resistant material in view of the non-flammability and fire extinguishability of water, the gel has insufficient flame resistance; accordingly, the actual use of aqueous gel as such a material is not realized.
  • an aqueous gel as a water-absorbable material e.g. water-stopping agent
  • the gel itself has no elasticity and is fragile; therefore, the use of aqueous gel for such an application is limited to special fields.
  • Japanese Patent Publication No. 24063/1985 proposed a fire-resistant glass comprising glass plates and an aqueous gel consisting of a polymer of an acrylic acid derivative and a water-soluble silicate (e.g. soluble glass), interposed between the glass plates.
  • the aqueous gel can exhibit an intended fire-resistant property in a required thickness; however, the thickness must be large because the fire resistance of the aqueous gel is exhibited by the water boiling caused by heating and consequent foaming of gel. This large thickness poses a big restriction when the aqueous gel is used for applications other than fire walls.
  • the above aqueous gel uses a water-soluble silicate and is strongly alkaline; hence, for example, when the glass plates are broken, there occurs the leakage of a strongly alkaline substance, bringing about a highly dangerous state.
  • the strongly alkaline substance acts on the polymer of an acrylamide derivative which is a constituent of the gel, causing deterioration of the polymer.
  • Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 91446/1987 proposed adding a corrosion-resistant substance to a water-soluble salt.
  • Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 264942/1989 proposed the combined use of a polyvinyl alcohol gel and a water-solbule salt.
  • aqueous gels of high elasticity for example, a gel of a vinyl alcohol/acrylic acid copolymer which is a saponification product between methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate and a gel of an isobutylene-maleic anhydride copolymer. These aqueous gels of high elasticity, did not give acceptable results.
  • a resin is known from US Patent No. 4,828,710 , for adsorption of water or useful substances, consisting of a polymer of an N-alkyl or N-alkylene-substituted (meth)acrylamide or a copolymer of said monomer with other monomer copolymerizable therewith.
  • a material comprising a carrier (e.g. silica) and the above resin supported thereon.
  • EP-A-0 406 432 a spherical (bead-like) polymer obtained by polymerizing the above mentioned monomer in a concentrated aqueous inorganic salt solution containing fine inorganic particles in a suspended form and then precipitating the resulting polymer by salting out, is useful for concentration of easily degrading substances (e.g. amino acids, proteins) or as a substrate capable of slowly releasing medicines etc.
  • easily degrading substances e.g. amino acids, proteins
  • the present invention is intended to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art.
  • an aqueous gel comprising a polymer of (meth)acrylamide or particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s), particulate silicon dioxide or aluminium oxide and an aqueous medium can have transparency, can stop the spreading of flames and can have a high elasticity. It was further found that said transparent gel, when heated or cooled, becomes cloudy and is useful for shielding heat rays or cold radiation.
  • an aqueous gel and a transparent aqueous gel as set out in claims 1 and 4.
  • Also according to the present invention are processes of making an aqueous gel, a transparent aqueous gel and an aqueous gel of high elasticity, as set out in claims 4, 5 and 7.
  • the particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s) used in the present invention is (are) N-alkyl- or N-alkylene-substituted or unsubstituted (meth)acrylamides represented by the above general formula (I) or (II).
  • acrylamide methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-methylmethacrylamide, N-ethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, N-ethylmethacrylamide, N-methyl-N-ethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-n-propylacrylamide, N-isopropylmethacrylamide, N-n-propylmethacrylamide, N-acryloylpyrrolidine, N-methacryloylpyrrolidine, N-acryloylpiperidine, N-methacryloylpiperidine, N-acryloylhexahydroazepine, N-acryloylmorpholine and N-methacryloylmorpholine.
  • the monomer useful as a material for an aqueous gel used in production of a fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material is a monomer containing at least one monomer capable of giving a polymer showing thermosensitivity in an aqueous solution.
  • the monomer constituting the composition of the present invention must contain at least one of the above-mentioned monomers.
  • the present composition may contain, besides said monomer(s), at least one monomer selected from crosslinkable monomers, hydrophilic monomers and hydrophobic monomers, examples thereof being shown below.
  • the crosslinkable monomers can be monomers having two or more unsaturated bonds in the molecule, and monomers such as N-alkoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide derivatives which, after being subjected to polymerization, can form a crosslinked structure by a post-treatment such as heating.
  • crosslinkable monomers belonging to the former group are N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, N,N-diallylacrylamide, triacrylformal, N,N-diacryloylimide, N,N-dimethacryloylimide, ethylene glycol acrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacryalte, polyethylene glycol diacrylates, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylates, propylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylates, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylates, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane tri
  • N-alkoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide derivatives belonging to the latter group are N-methylol-(meth)acrylamide, N-methoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide and N-tert-butoxymethyl(meth)acrylamide and include even N-hydroxymethyl-(meth)acrylamide.
  • hydrophilic monomers examples include diacetoneacrylamide, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, methoxypolyethylene glycol (meth)acrylates and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. It is possible to use vinyl acetate, glycidyl methacrylate or the like as a copolymerizable monomer and hydrolyze the resulting copolymer to impart hydrophilicity.
  • hydrophobic monomers are N-alkyl-(meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N,N-di-n-propylacrylamide, N-n-butylacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-n-hexylacrylamide, N-n-hexylmethacrylamide, N-n-octylacrylamide, N-n-octylmethacrylamide, N-tert-octylacrylamide, N-dodecylacrylamide, and N-n-dodecylmethacrylamide; N-( ⁇ -glycidoxyalkyl)(meth)acrylamide derivatives such as N,N-diglycidylacrylamide, N,N-diglycidylmethacrylamide, N-(4-glycidoxybutyl)acrylamide, N-(4-glycidoxybutyl)methacrylamide, N-(5-glycidoxypentyl)acrylamide, and N-( ⁇ -
  • the amount of the crosslinkable monomer in the total monomers is generally 10% by weight or less, preferably 5% by weight or less, more preferably 3% by weight or less, the amount of the hydrophilic monomer in the total monomers is 90% by weight or less, preferably 80% by weight or less, more preferably 70% by weight or less, and the amount of the hydrophobic monomer in the total monomers is 40% by weight or less, preferably 20% by weight or less, more preferably 10% by weight or less.
  • the combination of monomers used differ depending upon the application of the gel to be produced.
  • a hydrophilic monomer such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide or the like and the ionic monomer mentioned above, whereby higher water absorbability can be obtained.
  • a hydrophobic monomer there can be used a hydrophobic monomer, or there can be used a crosslinkable monomer at a higher proportion, whereby lower water absorbability can be obtained.
  • particulate oxide(s) which is (are) another constituent of the aqueous gel of the present invention.
  • the term "particulate” refers to such a particle diameter as the oxide is dispersed in an aqueous solution and is in a colloidal state. Such a particle diameter differs depending upon the type of the oxide(s) used but is generally 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.001-5 ⁇ m.
  • the particle diameter of the particulate oxide(s) is a very important factor and is required to be 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.001-0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the particulate oxide(s) consist of or are selected from silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide, and is or are water-insoluble.
  • the particulate oxide(s) preferably has (have), in an aqueous solution, such a surface as to take at least partially the form of a hydroxyl group.
  • the particulate oxide(s) may have, in an aqueous solution, surface parts covered with hydroxyl groups.
  • silicon dioxide there can be employed, for example, a dry process which comprises pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride; a wet process which comprises precipitation by double decomposition of sodium silicate e.g. with an acid, carbon dioxide, and an ammonium salt; and an aerogel process which comprises heating an organic liquid (e.g. alcohol) and silica gel in an autoclave.
  • a dry process which comprises pyrolysis of silicon tetrachloride
  • a wet process which comprises precipitation by double decomposition of sodium silicate e.g. with an acid, carbon dioxide, and an ammonium salt
  • an aerogel process which comprises heating an organic liquid (e.g. alcohol) and silica gel in an autoclave.
  • silicon dioxide When silicon dioxide is used as the particulate oxide, it can be used as an aqueous suspension or as a dry powder.
  • the aqueous suspension may be an acidic suspension or an alkaline suspension, but an alkaline suspension is preferred.
  • aluminum oxide there can be used various processes such as heating and dehydration of hydroxide, reaction of sodium aluminate with carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, addition of alkaline substance to aqueous aluminum salt solution and dehydration of the resulting alumina hydrate, high-temperature burning of aluminum salt, hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxide, and hydrolysis of alkylaluminum. Any of the aluminum oxides produced by these processes can be used as the particulate oxide.
  • silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide can be used singly or in combination.
  • the suspension of the particulate oxide(s) is generally translucent white even when the oxide(s) has (have) small particle diameters.
  • the suspension has been found to become transparent when mixed with the above-mentioned particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s), making it possible to produce a transparent aqueous gel. This is one of the unexpected effects of the present invention.
  • the aqueous medium is water.
  • water there can be used any of ion-exchanged water, distilled water, underground water, tap water and industrial water.
  • aqueous medium there can also be used a combination of water with a solvent miscible with water.
  • the miscible solvent includes a lower alcohol, a glycol, a ketone, an amide, a saccharide and urea, and is useful for the prevention of freezing of the aqueous medium.
  • the lower alcohol there can be mentioned methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and propyl alcohol.
  • glycol there can be mentioned ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyglycerine, and copolymers thereof.
  • ketone there can be mentioned actone and methyl ethyl ketone.
  • amide there can be mentioned formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide.
  • saccharide there can be mentioned monosaccharides such as glyceraldehyde, erythritol, xylose, ribose, arabitose, galactose, glucose, sorbose, and mannose; disaccharides such as saccharose, maltose, and lactose; and polysaccharides such as cyclodextrin, raffinose, agarose, glycogen, and dextran.
  • the proportion of the miscible solvent in the aqueous medium is 70% by weight or less, preferably 60% by weight or less, more preferably 50% by weight or less.
  • the proportion of the particular (meth)-acrylamide derivative polymer is 3-30% by weight.
  • the proportion of the particulate oxide(s) is 8-35% by weight.
  • the proportion of the aqueous medium is the remainder.
  • the content of water has a large influence on the fire resitance of said material.
  • a high content of water makes the fire resistance low.
  • the water content differs depending upon the ratio of the (meth)acrylamide derivative polymer and the particulate oxide(s), but is preferably about 60% by weight or less.
  • the surfactant can be any of an anionic type, a nonionic type, a cationic type and an amphoteric type. Of these, an anionic or nonionic type surfactant is particularly preferred.
  • the aqueous gel can be produced by polymerizing particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s) in the presence of a suspension of the particulate oxide(s), or by mixing an aqueous solution of said polymer with a suspension of the particulate oxide(s).
  • the former production is preferable because the suspension of the said oxide(s) is uniform and the polymerization is easy.
  • the polymerization can be initiated, for example, by the application of high-energy rays, the use of a polymerization initiator, or the application of high-energy rays in the presence of a polymerization initiator.
  • the high-energy rays there can be used various rays such as ultraviolet light, visible light, electron rays, and X-rays ( ⁇ rays). Of these, ultraviolet light or electron rays are preferable. Ultraviolet light is particularly preferable because it has no restriction for the apparatus used.
  • the photopolymerization initiator has no particular restriction. Specific examples thereof are dimethylaminobenzoic acid and alkyl ester derivatives thereof (e.g. methyl dimethylaminobenzoate); acetophenone derivatives (e.g. 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone); ketal derivatives (e.g. benzenedimethylketal) and acetal derivatives; diazide derivatives (e.g. 4,4'-diazido-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid); pyrene derivatives (e.g.
  • photopolymerization initiators may be used sngly or in combination of two or more. They may be used in combination with a photosensitizer, for example, an amine derivative such as aromatic amine, aliphatic amine, ethyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate, isoamyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate or the like.
  • a photosensitizer for example, an amine derivative such as aromatic amine, aliphatic amine, ethyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate, isoamyl p-dimethylaminobenzoate or the like.
  • the addition of a photosensitizer can accelerate the curing rate.
  • the amount of the photopolymerization initiator used is generally 0.05-10% by weight, preferably 0.07-6% by weight, more preferably 0.1-4% by weight based on the particular (meth) acrylamide derivative(s). Two or more photopolymerization initiators may be used.
  • the ultraviolet-light-generating lamp has no particular restriction and can be any as long as it can generate ultraviolet light.
  • a mercury lamp can be used generally.
  • An ultra-high-pressure mercury lamp or a high-pressure mercury lamp is preferrable.
  • a mercury lamp of standard type, ozoneless type, metal halide type or water cooling type can be used.
  • the appropriate output of the lamp is 0.1-500 w/cm.
  • the appropriate energy applied to the target material is 10-10,000 mJ/cm 2 , preferably 50-5,000 mJ/cm 2 .
  • the application of the ultraviolet light to the target material can be conducted by fixing the target material or by transferring the material on a belt conveyor or the like.
  • the atmosphere in a reaction system when the polymerization is conducted may be air or an atmosphere containing less oxygen than air, for example, an atmosphere purged with an inert gas such as nitrogen gas.
  • the application of ultraviolet light to the suspension is preferably conducted by wrapping the suspension in a film, a sheet or plates, all having transparency, or by interposing the suspension between said films, sheets or plates, or by shielding the suspension with said film, sheet or plates.
  • the fluidity problem of said suspension can also be solved by increasing the viscosity of the suspension.
  • aqueous gels having different shapes can be produced by appropriately designing the shape of the material for holding the suspension. For example, aqueous gels of film shape, plate shape, block shape, spherical shape, etc. can be produced. In this case, it is preferable to remove, in advance, the oxygen dissolved in the suspension because the removal enables rapid polymerization.
  • the removal of dissolved oxygen can be conducted by various methods such as vacuum degassing, blowing of inert gas and the like. Vacuum degassing is preferable in view of the suppression of foam generation in aqueous gel produced.
  • the polymerization is photopolymerization, it can be conducted at an atmospheric temperature and no heating is necessary.
  • the polymerization temperature is about 0-50°C.
  • the polymerization time corresponds to the time in which ultraviolet light is applied, and differs depending upon the composition of monomers polymerized, the amount of polymerization initiator added, the intensity of ultraviolet light applied; hence, the polymerization time cannot be specified but is approximetaly 1 second to 30 minutes.
  • the polymerization initiator In initiating the polymerization by using a polymerization initiator, the polymerization initiator has no restriction as long as it can initiate radical polymerization. It includes inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides, combinations of these oxides and reducing agents, and azo compounds. Specific examples of the peroxides are ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate and butyl perbenzoate.
  • reducing agents used in combination with the peroxides are sulfites; hydrogensulfites; salts of lower ionic values of iron, copper, cobalt; organic amines such as aniline; and reducing sugars such as aldose and ketose
  • azo compounds are azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane hydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile and 4,4'-azobis-4-cyanovaleic acid.
  • These polymerization initiators can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
  • the amount of the polymerization initiator used is sufficiently the level used ordinarily, and is, for example, 0.01-5% by weight, preferably 0.05-2% by weight based on the monomers.
  • the atmosphere in a reaction system when the polymerization is conducted may be air or an atmosphere containing less oxygen than air, for example, an atmosphere purged with an inert gas such as nitrogen gas. In this case, it is preferable to remove, in advance, the oxygen dissolved in the suspension because the removal enables rapid polymerization.
  • the removal of dissolved oxygen can be conducted by various methods such as vacuum degassing, and purging with inert gas. Vacuum degassing is preferable in view of the suppression of foam generation in aqueous gel produced.
  • the above two polymerization initiation methods are combined. That is, high-energy rays are applied in the presence of a polymerization initiator.
  • the polymerization initiator used is preferably a photopolymerization initiator.
  • the said particular oxide(s) is (are) suspended in an aqueous medium; thereto is (are) added particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s) to prepare a composition to be subjected to polymerization; to the composition is added, as necessary, a (photo)polymerization initiator; then, the resulting composition is degassed under vacuum.
  • the composition is returned to atmospheric pressure, and the gas used for the return to atmospheric pressure may be an oxygen-containing gas (eg air) or an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen gas).
  • the addition of the polymerization initiator may be conducted after the degassing.
  • the application can be conducted by fixing the target material or by transferring the material on a belt conveyor or the like.
  • the target material preferably has a flat structure such as film, sheet, plate or the like.
  • the suspension of a composition to be polymerized is fed at one end of a conveyor and is exposed to high-energy rays on the conveyor to give rise to polymerization and produce an aqueous gel, and the aqueous gel is recovered at the other end of the conveyor.
  • the continuous production of an aqueous gel is possible.
  • the polymerization When the polymerization is initiated in the presence of a polymerization initiator, the polymerization can be conducted by the above-mentioned belt conveyor method; or by feeding the said particulate oxide(s), and particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s), into an ordinary reactor, as necessary conducting degassing, adding a polymerization initiator, and effecting polymerization to produce an aqueous gel.
  • the thus produced aqueous gel contains the particulate oxide(s) uniformly dispersed therein.
  • a transparent aqueous gel by using particulate oxide(s) having relatively small particle diameters of, for example, 1 ⁇ m or less and controlling the pH of said suspension to 7-13, there can be produced a transparent aqueous gel.
  • alkaline substance such as alkali metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxide (e.g. calcium hydroxide), ammonia, organic amine compound (e.g. trimethylamine) or the like.
  • alkali metal hydroxide e.g. sodium hydroxide
  • alkaline earth metal hydroxide e.g. calcium hydroxide
  • ammonia organic amine compound (e.g. trimethylamine) or the like.
  • an aqueous gel of high elasticity can be produced.
  • High elasticity cannot be specified generally but it refers to improved elasticity (e.g. improved tensile strength) as compared with that of an aqueous gel containing no particulate oxide.
  • High elasticity when the elasticity is expressed by tensile strength, is approximately 1-100 kg/cm 2 although it varies largely depending upon the water content in the suspension. Elasticity is improved about 1.1- to 100-fold in terms of tensile strength when particulate oxide(s) is (are) present.
  • polymerization can be conducted without making any pH adjustment.
  • an acidic pH range is preferable and, for example, a pH range of 2 to less than 7 is more preferable.
  • an acidic substance such as inorganic acid (e.g. sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid), saturated aliphatic acid (e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid), unsaturated fatty acid (e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid), sulfonic acid (e.g.
  • inorganic acid e.g. sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid
  • saturated aliphatic acid e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid
  • unsaturated fatty acid e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid
  • sulfonic acid e.g.
  • the acidic substance may be neutralized partially and added as a mixture with the resulting salt.
  • An aqueous gel of high elasticity can also be produced by adding the above acidic substance to an aqueous gel obtained by polymerization.
  • the addition is conducted so as to give the above pH range, preferably an acidic range, for example, a pH range of 2-6.
  • a film-shaped water-absorbable composition can be produced by drying a film-shaped aqueous gel as it is; and a powdery water-absorbable composition can be produced by breaking an aqueous gel into small pieces, followed by drying and grinding.
  • the drying can be conducted by hot air drying, infrared drying, etc.
  • the grinding can be conducted by using a roll crusher, a hammer mill, a rotary crusher, a ball mill, a bantam mill, a rod mill, etc.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material By interposing the aqueous gel between transparent plates, there can be produced a thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material or a fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material.
  • transparent plates there can be used any of organic plates and inorganic plates.
  • organic plates there are mentioned those made of a polymethyl methacrylate, a polyallyl diglycol carbonate, a polystyrene, a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, a polycarbonate, a polypropylene, a polyethylene, an unsaturated polyester resin, a diallyl phthalate resin, a polyethyl itaconate-lead salt, a polymethyl acrylate, triacetylcellulose, acetylbutylcellulose, etc.
  • the inorganic plates there are mentioned those made of glass, light-transmitting ceramic (e.g. light-transmitting alumina), etc.
  • the sides of the plates which come in contact with the aqueous gel may be subjected to a plasma treatment, a flame treatment, a sputtering treatment with a metal or a metal oxide (e.g. ITO), or the like in order to endow said sides with improved adhesion to the gel, improved protection from heat rays, and other properties.
  • a plasma treatment e.g. a flame treatment, a sputtering treatment with a metal or a metal oxide (e.g. ITO), or the like in order to endow said sides with improved adhesion to the gel, improved protection from heat rays, and other properties.
  • a metal or a metal oxide e.g. ITO
  • Endowing said sides of the plates with improved adhesion to the gel can also be done by subjecting said sides to a treatment with a silane coupling agent.
  • a silane coupling agent there are mentioned vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -(methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, ⁇ -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, N- ⁇ (aminoethyl)- ⁇ -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-phenyl- ⁇ -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ -chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, etc.
  • the surface treatment with a silane coupling agent can be conducted by an ordinary method. That is, a solution of 0.1-5% by weight of a silane coupling agent dissolved in water, acetic acid, an alcohol or a mixed solvent thereof, is coated on plates, and the coated plates are dried at 80-160°C for 5-60 minutes.
  • the sealing of an aqueous gel in between the transparent plates can be made by interposing an aqueous gel between plates, or by sealing monomers to be polymerized, in between transparent plates and polymerizing the monomers therein.
  • the latter approach is preferred.
  • the polymerization can be conducted in the same manner as described previously. Specifically, the space between the plates is purged with an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen gas).
  • the aqueous monomer solution to be sealed is preferably degassed beforehand.
  • the sealing of the solution is preferably conducted under vacuum because it enables further degassing.
  • the polymerization after sealing brings about shrinkage and there may occur separation between the plates and the gel; hence, in order to prevent it, the polymerization may be conducted under pressure.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material or a fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material is produced.
  • the plate thickness in the thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material is about 0.1-10 mm and that in the fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material is about 1-20 mm.
  • the gel thickness in the former composite material is about 0.1-10 mm and that in the latter composite material is about 1-100 mm.
  • the aqueous gel produced by polymerization in an acidic to neutral range is translucent to translucent white, and the gel produced by polymerization in a suspension of a metal oxide of relatively small particle diameters in a neutral to alkaline range is colorless and transparent.
  • the aqueous gel produced by polymerization in an acidic to neutral range has higher elasticity than the aqueous gel produced by polymerization in a neutral to alkaline range.
  • the former gel has a tensile strength of about 1-100 kg/cm 2 (this varies largely depending upon the water content in the gel) and its tensile elongation at breakage is 1.5-10 times the length under no load.
  • the aqueous gel of the present invention can absorb water when dipped in water.
  • the aqueous gel produced in a neutral to alkaline range can absorb water over a wide pH range from acidity to alkalinity.
  • the aqueous gel produced in an acidic to neutral range has a very unique property by showing high water absorption in a strongly alkaline range while showing low water absorption in an acidic to weakly alkaline range.
  • the water-absorbable composition of the present invention which is obtained by drying the present aqueous gel (this aqueous gel may be one produced in an acidic range or one produced in an alkaline range), can show high swelling particularly in a strongly alkaline aqueous solution. Such a water-absorbing property is not observed in ordinary water-absorbing resins and is brought about by containing particulate oxide(s).
  • the aqueous gel and the water-absorbable composition obtained by drying said gel show about the same water absorption level per solid content, and their water absorptions are about 1-1,000 times the solid content.
  • the gel contains a thermosensitive polymer, the water absorption varies with the change in temperature and is higher at lower temperatures and lower at higher temperatures; that is, the gel is a thermosensitive gel.
  • thermosensitive gel contains a water-insoluble polymer having a crosslinked structure. While an aqueous gel containing a polymer produced using no crosslinking agent is water-soluble, the thermosensitive gel gets cloudy (i.e. shows a cloud point) when heated. Hence, by interposing the thermosensitive gel between inorganic or organic transparent plates, there can be produced a thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material which gets whitish and opaque at a certain temperature or above and which gets transparent below said temperature. This thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material has various applications.
  • thermosensitive polymer In the conventional aqueous gel containing a thermosensitive polymer alone, when the gel is allowed to stand at a high temperature for a long time, it occurs in some cases that the polymer precipitates first (the gel gets cloudy) and then shows agglomeration (the gel loses the cloudiness and gets transparent). By adding the particulate oxide(s), the agglomeration can be prevented and the resulting thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material can have improved durability.
  • the transparent plates are preferably inorganic plates in view of the fire resistance, and various flat glasses are generally used as such plates.
  • the fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material of the present invention can be used as a fire-resistant glass.
  • the surface temperature of the gel increases; the gel becomes whitish; water in the gel begins to separate from the gel, and the gel appears to sweat.
  • the plates e.g. flat glass
  • a polymer of particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s) and the particulate oxide(s) in the gel form a composite material and, as the vaporization of water proceeds, the gel becomes a white porous plate-shaped material.
  • the water vaporization from the gel surface is complete, and the gel becomes a dense porous layer and forms a fire-resistant layer of high heat insulation.
  • the polymer of particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s) at the surface of the dense porous layer is burnt, decomposed and carbonized and finally disappears, whereby a porous structure consisting of the said oxide(s) is formed and very high fire resistance is obtained. That is, this porous structure prevents flames from penetrating inside and suppresses the transfer of heat. Hence, even a small gel thickness can exhibit high fire resistance.
  • the fire-resistant plate-shaped composite material of the present invention is made to be transparent and, when in contact with flames, exhibits shielding from heat rays owing to whitening, high heat insulation and fire resistance owing to formation of porous material and non-flammability owing to the presence of the particulate oxide (s). Therefore, it can find wide applications as a fire-resistant material incomparable with conventional products.
  • the aqueous gel of the present invention is useful as a coating for fire-resistant, flame-resistant or heat-insulating purposes. That is, the aqueous gel is, as necessary, mixed with various additives such as film-smoothening agent, anti-foaming agent, diluent and the like to prepare a coating; the coating is coated on a material which requires fire resistance.
  • a material there are mentioned wood, plastics, metals, etc. of various shapes such as plate, sheet, tape, fiber and the like.
  • the aqueous gel is diluted with a diluent so as to have appropriate fluidity, then coated, and dried.
  • a diluent so as to have appropriate fluidity
  • heat or high-energy rays e.g. ultraviolet light
  • the aqueous gel of the present invention comprising a polymer of particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s) and the said particulate oxide(s) forms a composite structure by the interaction (hydrogen bond) between the hydroxyl group on the surfaces of the oxide particles and the amide group of the polymer of particular (meth)acrylamide derivative(s); has the following features unobtainable with said respective components; and is usable in various applications
  • the present aqueous gel is usable as a water-absorbing material (resin, film, tape) for construction and civil engineering fields, particularly for cement and mortar.
  • the present gel is usable as a water-stopping agent and a fire-resistant material.
  • the present aqeuous gel can be used as various sensors, for example, a water sensor of repeated use type.
  • the present aqueous gel when used as a thermosensitive plate-shaped composite material, can be used as a light-shielding plate, a sun-shielding panel, a partition (in bathroom and shower room), etc.
  • the present aqueous gel when used as a fire-resistant plate-shaped composite materail, can be used as a fire-resistant glass, a fire-resistant panel, a fire-resistant partition, a fire-resistant tape, a fire-resistant film, etc.
  • the present aqueous gel can be used to applications other than the above, such as heat-insulating material (plate, wall, film, gel) and sound-insulating material (plate, wall, film, gel).
  • the present aqueous gel being weakly alkaline, is safe even when it is made into a plate-shaped material and broken to cause fluid leakage. Further, having good adhesion to flat glass, the aqueous gel is suprior in prevention of dropping of broken glass. When exposed to flames, the present aqueous gel can prevent the spreading of the flames and, moreover, gets whitish and thereby can shied itself from the heat rays emitted from the flames and prevent the fire spreading caused by heat radiation.
  • the solution was poured into a pTFE -made laboratory dish of 14.5 cm in diameter and irradiated with 400 mJ/cm 2 of ultraviolet light in a nitrogen atmosphere to conduct polymerization to obtain a sheet-shaped transparent aqueous gel of polyacrylamide.
  • This aqueous gel had a water content of 52.7% and a total light transmittance of 84.4%.
  • the aqueous gel was subjected to the following tests. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • test piece From an aqueous gel sheet of 2-3 mm in thickness was punched a test piece of 24 mm in width and 100 mm in length (the width and length of measuring portion were 5 mm and 20 mm, respectively). The test piece was measured for tensile strength and elongation using a tensile tester [TENSILON UTM-111-100 of TOYO BALDWIN CO., LTD.].
  • aqueous gel sheet of 2.5 mm in thickness were punched square test pieces of 25 mm x 25 mm.
  • the test piece was dried at 110°C and the swelling degrees of the gel in the above liquids were determined.
  • a transparent aqueous gel of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that N,N-dimethylacrylamide was used in place of acrylamide.
  • the aqueous gel had a water content of 53.8% and a total light transmittance of 82.4%.
  • the gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • a transparent aqueous gel of poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that N-acryloylpyrrolidine was used in place of acrylamide.
  • the aqueous gel had a water content of 58.7% and a total light transmittance of 84.9%.
  • the gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • the solution was poured into a PTFE laboratory dish of 14.5 cm in diameter and irradiated with 400 mJ/cm 2 of ultraviolet light in a nitrogen atmosphere to conduct polymerization to obtain a sheet-shaped white aqueous gel of polyacrylamide.
  • This aqueous gel had a water content of 55.3% and a total light transmittance of 0.7%.
  • the aqueous gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • a white aqueous gel of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that N,N-dimethylacrylamide was used in place of acrylamide.
  • the aqueous gel had a water content of 54.7% and a total light transmittance of 0.6%.
  • the gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • a white aqueous gel of poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that N-acryloylpyrrolidine was used in place of acrylamide.
  • the aqueous gel had a water content of 54.8% and a total light transmittance of 0.2%.
  • the gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • a transparent aqueous gel of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that N,N-dimethylacrylamide was used in place of acrylamide.
  • the aqueous gel had a water content of 49.4% and a total light transmittance of 84.5%.
  • the gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • a transparent aqueous gel of poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine) was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that N-acryloylpyrrolidine was used in place of acrylamide.
  • the aqueous gel had a water content of 53.1% and a total light transmittance of 84.9%.
  • the gel was tested in the same manner as in Example 1. The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
  • transparent aqueous gels could be synthesized by polymerizing a hardenable composition comprising a particular (meth)acrylamide derivative and a particulate oxide, in an alkaline pH range. These transparent aqueous gels had high elasticity as compared with aqueous gels obtained by polymerizing a particular (meth)acrylamide derivative alone.
  • the white aqueous gels obtained by polymerization in an acidic pH range had higher elasticities than the above transparent aqueous gels obtained by polymerization in an alkaline pH range. These white aqueous gels did not show noticeable swelling in a neutral to weakly alkaline pH range but showed distinct swelling in a strongly alkaline pH range.
  • Example 7 A powdery gel was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that no acetic acid was added. The powdery gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 7. The test results are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Gel volume (ml/g) Solvent 0 hr 3 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 72 hr H 2 O 1.5 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 Na 2 CO 3 1.3 5.7 6.0 7.0 8.2 8.8 NaOH 1.5 18.2 22.3 23.0 23.8 24.9
  • the powdery gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 7.
  • the test results are shown in Table 5.
  • Table 5 Gel volume (ml/g) Solvent 0 hr 3 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 72 hr H 2 O 1.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 Na 2 CO 3 1.4 4.5 5.7 7.6 7.6 7.8 NaOH 1.4 15.1 17.3 17.6 19.5 20.8
  • the resulting solution was degassed under vacuum and then poured in between two glass plates each of 150 mm x 100 mm x 2 mm (thickness) which were kept parallel to each other at a distance of 5 mm with a spacer member attached to the peripheries of the plates using an epoxy adhesive. Then, the glass plates were stoppered.
  • the sealed glass plates containing the above solution were irradiated with 4,000 mJ/cm 2 of ultraviolet light in air to conduct polymerization to prepare a transparent fire-resistant glass.
  • the fire-resistant glass was evaluated for fire resistance according to the following test method.
  • a Bunsen burner was set at a place 8 cm apart from a fire-resistant glass, and a flame of the burner was applied to the fire-resistant glass for 20 minutes. The conditions of glass surfaces and gel were observed.
  • a transparent fire-resistant glass containing an aqueous gel of polyacrylamide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 12 except that acrylamide was used in place of N-acryloylpyridine.
  • the fire-resistant glass was subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • a transparent fire-resistant glass containing an aqueous gel of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 14 except that N,N-dimethylacrylamide was used in place of N-acryloylpyridine.
  • the fire-resistant glass was subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • the resulting solution was poured in between two glass plates each of 150 mm x 100 mm x 2 mm (thickness) which were kept parallel to each other at a distance of 5 mm with a spacer member attached to the peripheries of the plates using an epoxy adhesive. Then, the glass plates were stoppered. The sealed glass plates containing the above solution were subjected to polymerization at room temperature for 3 hours to prepare a transparent fire-resistant glass. The fire-resistant glass was subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • a fire-resistant glass was prepared in the same manner as in Example 12 except that there were used glass plates of the same dimensions as in Example 12 which had been subjected to a silane coupling treatment by coating a methanol solution containing 1% of ⁇ -(methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, on each one side of the glass plates before said treatment and drying the coated plates at 110°C for 10 minutes.
  • the fire-resistant glass was subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • a slightly transluent white fire-resistant glass was obtained in the same manner as in Example 13 except that N,N-diethylacrylamide was used in place of N-acryloylpyrrolidine.
  • the fire-resistant glass was subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • the resulting solution was degassed under vacuum and then poured in between two glass plates (they had been subjected to the same silane coupling treatment as in Example 24) each of 150 mm x 100 mm x 2 mm (thickness) which were kept parallel to each other at a distance of 5 mm with a spacer member attached to the peripheries of the plates using an epoxy adhesive. Then, the glass plates were stoppered.
  • the sealed glass plates containing the above solution were irradiated with 4,000 mJ/cm 2 of ultraviolet light in air to conduct polymerization to prepare a transparent fire-resistant glass.
  • the fire-resistant glass was kept at -15°C for 2 hour but remained transparent without freezing.
  • the fire-resistant glass was further subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • a transparent fire-resistant glass was obtained in the same manner as in Example 27 except that there were used, as the monomers, 7.4 g of N-acryloylpyrrolidine and 2.5 g of N,N-dimethylacrylamide.
  • the fire-resistant glass was kept at -20°C for 2 hours but remained transparent without freezing.
  • the fire-resistant glass was further subjected to the same fire resistance test as in Example 11.
  • the gel got cloudy.
  • the glass plate to which the flame was applied broke, and steam came out of the surface of the broken glass plate.
  • the gel became whitish.
  • the gel portion to which the flame was applied scorched in a black color, burnt and collapsed.
  • the glass plate at the back side broke, steam came out of the broken glass plate at the back side, and the flame spread through the fire-resistant glass.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped materials [Production of thermosensitive plate-shaped materials and their testing]
  • the polycarbonate plates were stoppered.
  • the sealed polycarbonate plates containing the above solution were irradiated with 4,000 mJ/cm 2 of ultraviolet light in air to conduct polymerization to obtain a thermosensitive plate-shaped aqueous gel.
  • the plate-shaped aqueous gel was dipped in water and subjected to gradual temperature elevation by heating, to measure a temperature at which the plate-shaped aqueous gel became completely cloudy, i.e. a cloud point.
  • the result is shown in Table 8.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped aqueous gel was obtained in the same manner as in Example 29 except that 80.0 g of N-acryloylpiperidine was used in place of N-acryloylpyrrolidine.
  • the aqueous gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 29. The result is shown in Table 8.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped aqueous gel was obtained in the same manner as in Example 29 except that 40.0 g of N-acryloylpiperidine and 40.0 g of N,N-dimethylacrylamide were used in place of N-acryloylpyrrolidine.
  • the aqueous gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 29. The result is shown in Table 8.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped aqueous gel was obtained in the same manner as in Example 29 except that 40.0 g of N-acryloylpyrrolidine and 40.0 g of N-acryloylpiperidine were used in place of 19.8 g of N-acryloylpyrrolidine.
  • the aqueous gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 29. The result is shown in Table 8.
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped aqueous gel was obtained in the same manner as in Example 29 except that 20.0 g of N-acryloylpyrrolidine and 60.0 g of N-acryloylpiperidine were used in place of 19.8 g of N-acryloylpyrrolidine.
  • the aqueous gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 29. The result is shown in Table 8.
  • Example 29 A temperature-sensitive plate-shaped aqueous gel was obtained in the same manner as in Example 29 except that 40 g of N,N-diethylacrylamide and 40 g of N,N-dimethylacrylamide were used in place of 19.8 g of N-acryloylpyrrolidine.
  • the aqueous gel was subjected to the same testing as in Example 29. The result is shown in Table 8. Table 8 Cloud point (°C) Example 29 51 Example 30 5 Example 31 58 Example 32 24 Example 33 20 Example 34 53
  • thermosensitive plate-shaped aqueous gels having different cloud points. Incidentally, each of the above cloud points showed no change in ten repeated measurements.
  • a transparent aqueous gel sheet of poly(N-acryloylpyrrolidine), having flexibility was obtained in the same manner as in Example 35 except that N-acryloylpyrrolidine was used in place of acrylamide.

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Claims (17)

  1. Gel aqueux comprenant (1) un polymère du (méth)acrylamide ou d'un ou plusieurs dérivés du (méth)acrylamide représentés chacun par la formule générale (I) ou (II) suivante
    Figure imgb0021
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle, R2 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle ou un groupe éthyle et R3 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle, un groupe éthyle ou un groupe propyle,
    Figure imgb0022
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle et A représente -(CH2)n- (n est 4 à 6) ou -(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-, (2) un ou des oxydes particulaires choisis parmi le dioxyde de silicium et l'oxyde d'aluminium et (3) un milieu aqueux, où les proportions du (méth)acrylamide ou du ou des dérivés du (méth)acrylamide, du ou des oxydes particulaires et du milieu aqueux sont 3-30 % en masse, 8-35 % en masse et 89-35 % en masse, respectivement, et les diamètres de particule du ou des oxydes particulaires sont dans la plage de 0,001 - 20 µm.
  2. Gel aqueux selon la revendication 1 où le ou les oxydes particulaires sont dispersés dans une solution aqueuse à l'état colloïdal.
  3. Gel aqueux selon la revendication 1 ou 2 où les diamètres de particule du dioxyde de silicium ou de l'oxyde d'aluminium particulaire sont dans la plage de 0,001 -10 µm, de préférence dans la plage de 0,001 - 5 µm,
  4. Procédé pour produire un gel aqueux qui comprend la polymérisation du (méth)acrylamide ou d'un ou plusieurs dérivés du (méth)acrylamide représentés chacun par la formule générale (I) ou (II) suivante
    Figure imgb0023
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle, R2 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle ou un groupe éthyle et R3 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle, un groupe éthyle ou un groupe propyle,
    Figure imgb0024
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle et A représente -(CH2)n- (n est 4 à 6) ou -(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-, dans un milieu aqueux contenant un ou des oxydes particulaires choisis parmi le dioxyde de silicium et l'oxyde d'aluminium sous une forme en suspension où les proportions du (méth)acrylamide ou du ou des dérivés du (méth)acrylamide, du ou des oxydes particulaires et du milieu aqueux sont 3-30 % en masse, 8-35 % en masse et 89-35 % en masse, respectivement, et les diamètres de particule du ou des oxydes particulaires sont dans la plage de 0,001 - 20 µm.
  5. Gel aqueux transparent comprenant (1) un polymère du (méth)acrylamide ou d'un ou plusieurs dérivés du (méth)acrylamide représentés chacun par la formule générale (I) ou (II) suivante
    Figure imgb0025
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle, R2 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle ou un groupe éthyle et R3 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle, un groupe éthyle ou un groupe propyle,
    Figure imgb0026
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle et A représente -(CH2)n- (n est 4 à 6) ou -(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-, (2) un ou des oxydes métalliques particulaires et (3) un milieu aqueux, où les proportions du (méth)acrylamide ou des dérivés du (méth)acrylamide, du ou des oxydes particulaires et du milieu aqueux sont 3-30 % en masse, 8-35 % en masse et 89-35 % en masse, respectivement.
  6. Gel aqueux transparent selon la revendication 5 où les diamètres de particule du ou des oxydes métalliques particulaires sont dans la plage de 0,001 - 1 µm, de préférence dans la plage de 0,001 - 0,5 µm et de préférence encore dans la plage de 0,001 - 0,1 µm.
  7. Procédé pour produire un gel aqueux transparent qui comprend la polymérisation du (méth)acrylamide ou d'un ou plusieurs dérivés du (méth)acrylamide représentés chacun par la formule générale (I) ou (II) suivante
    Figure imgb0027
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle, R2 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle ou un groupe éthyle et R3 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle, un groupe éthyle ou un groupe propyle,
    Figure imgb0028
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle et A représente -(CH2)n- (n est 4 à 6) ou -(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-, dans un milieu aqueux de pH 7 - 13 contenant un ou des oxydes particulaires choisis parmi le dioxyde de silicium et l'oxyde d'aluminium sous une forme en suspension où les proportions du (méth)acrylamide ou du ou des dérivés du (méth)acrylamide, du ou des oxydes particulaires et du milieu aqueux sont 3-30 % en masse, 8-35 % en masse et 89-35 % en masse, respectivement.
  8. Procédé pour produire un gel aqueux de haute élasticité qui comprend la polymérisation du (méth)acrylamide ou d'un ou plusieurs dérivés du (méth)acrylamide représentés chacun par la formule générale (I) ou (II) suivante
    Figure imgb0029
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle, R2 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle ou un groupe éthyle et R3 représente un atome d'hydrogène, un groupe méthyle, un groupe éthyle ou un groupe propyle,
    Figure imgb0030
     où R1 représente un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe méthyle et A représente -(CH2)n (n est 4 à 6) ou -(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-, dans un milieu aqueux de pH 1 - 8 contenant un ou des oxydes particulaires choisis parmi le dioxyde de silicium et l'oxyde d'aluminium sous une forme en suspension où les proportions du (méth)acrylamide ou du ou des dérivés du (méth)acrylamide, du ou des oxydes particulaires et du milieu aqueux sont 3-30 % en masse, 8-35 % en masse et 89-35 % en masse, respectivement.
  9. Procédé pour produire un gel aqueux de haute élasticité qui comprend l'addition d'une substance acide à un gel aqueux produit par le procédé selon la revendication 4 pour permettre au gel aqueux d'avoir un pH de 1-8.
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 4, la revendication 7 ou la revendication 8 où la polymérisation est initiée par application de rayons de haute énergie, ou est initiée en présence d'un initiateur de polymérisation, ou est initiée par application de rayons de haute énergie en présence d'un initiateur de polymérisation.
  11. Composition capable d'absorber de l'eau obtenue par séchage d'un gel aqueux produit par le procédé selon la revendication 4.
  12. Composition capable d'absorber de l'eau selon la revendication 11 où le ou les dérivés du (méth)acrylamide utilisé(s) comme monomère(s) contient (contiennent) au moins un monomère hydrophile.
  13. Matériau composite en forme de plaque sensible à la température comprenant deux ou plusieurs plaques transparentes avec un gel aqueux selon la revendication 1 disposé entre elles.
  14. Matériau composite en forme de plaque résistant au feu comprenant deux ou plusieurs plaques transparentes avec un gel aqueux selon la revendication 1 disposé entre elles et par exemple la proportion du milieu aqueux dans le gel aqueux est 60 % en masse ou moins.
  15. Matériau composite en forme de plaque selon la revendication 13 ou la revendication 14 où le ou les dérivés du (méth)acrylamide contient (contiennent) au moins un monomère capable de donner un polymère présentant une sensibilité à la température dans une solution aqueuse.
  16. Procédé pour produire un matériau composite en forme de plaque thermosensible ou résistant au feu qui comprend la production d'un gel aqueux transparent entre deux ou plusieurs plaques transparentes, selon le procédé selon la revendication 4.
  17. Procédé selon la revendication 16 où les surfaces des plaques qui viennent en contact avec le gel sont soumises à un prétraitement avec un agent de couplage de type silane.
EP92306603A 1991-07-18 1992-07-17 Compositions durcissables, gels aqueuses et procédé de leur préparation et applications de ces gels Expired - Lifetime EP0524786B1 (fr)

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EP0524786A1 (fr) 1993-01-27
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US5624998A (en) 1997-04-29
CA2074235C (fr) 2000-02-08
US5519088A (en) 1996-05-21

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