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  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
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  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/18—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D209/20—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals substituted additionally by nitrogen atoms, e.g. tryptophane
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06139—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic
  • C07K5/06156—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic and Trp-amino acid; Derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
  • C07K5/0821—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic, e.g. His, Pro, Trp
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• agents modifying CCK receptor activity may have therapeutic value in conditions associated with disturbed function of central dopaminergic function suc as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
• CCK and gastrin peptides share a common carboxy termina pentapeptide sequence and CCK peptides can bind to the gastr receptor of the stomach mucosa and elicit acid secretion in many species including human (Konturek, Gastrointestinal Hormones. Ch. 23, pp 529-564, 1980, ed. G. B. J. Glass, Rave Press, NY). Antagonists of the CCK-B receptor would also be expected to be antagonists at the stomach gastrin receptor a this would also be of value for conditions involving excessive acid secretion.
• CCK and gastrin peptides have trophic effects on the pancreas and various tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (Johnson, ibid., pp 507-527), actions which are associated with increased DNA and RNA synthesis.
• gastrin secreting cells are associated with certain gastrointestinal tumors as in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (Stadil, ibid., pp 279-739), and some colorectal tumors may also be
• Antagonists of CCK/gastrin receptors could therefore be of therapeutic value as antitumor agents.
• the CCK peptides are widely distributed in various organs of the body including the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands, and the nerves of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
• Various biologically active forms have been
• the various CCK peptides are thought to be involved in the control of smooth muscle contractility, exocrine and endocrine gland secretion, sensory nerve transmission, and numerous brain functions. Administration of the native peptides cause gall bladder contraction, amylase secretion, excitation of central neurons, inhibition of feeding,
• appetite suppressant drugs either act peripherally, by increasing energy expenditure (such as thyroxine), or in some other manner (such as the biguanides), or act by exerting a central effect on appetite or satiety.
• Centrally acting appetite suppressants either potentiate central catecholamine pathways and tend to be stimulants (for example, amphetamine) , or influence serotonergic pathways (for example, fenfluramine).
• Other forms of drug therapy include bulking agents which act by filling the stomach, thereby inducing a "feeling" of satiety.
• CCK is known to be present in some cortical interneurones which also contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Agents that modify GABA action may have utility as anxiolytic or hypnotic agents (S. C. Harvey, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (7th ed.) 1985, pp 339-371, MacMillan).
• agents which modify CCK action may have parallel anxiolytic or hypnotic activities.
• the invention relates to novel compounds of the formula
• composition containing an effective amount of a compound according to formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in unit dosage form effective for appetite suppression.
• the compounds are also useful as anxiolytics,
• extrapyramidal motor system as agents for blocking the trophic and growth stimulating actions of CCK and gastrin, and as agents for treating gastrointestinal motility.
• Compounds of the invention are also useful as analgesics and potentiate the effect of morphine. They can be used as an adjunct to morphine and other opioids in the treatment of severe pain such as cancer pain and reduce the dose of morphine in treatment of pain where morphine is
• radiolabelled iodine-127 isotope gives an agent suitable for treatment of gastrin dependent tumors such as those found in colonic cancers.
• 1-125 radiolabelled compound of Example 26 can also be used as a diagnostic agent by localization of gastrin and CCK-B receptors in both peripheral and central tissue.
• the invention further relates to a method of appetite suppression in mammals which comprises administering an amount effective to suppress appetite of the composition described above to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical
• composition for reducing gastric acid secretion containing an effective amount of a compound of formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in unit dosage form effective for reducing gastric acid secretion.
• the invention also relates to a method for reducing gastric acid secretion in mammals which comprises
• the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical
• composition containing an effective amount of a compound of formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in unit dosage form effective for reducing anxiety.
• the invention also relates to a method for reducing anxiety in mammals which comprises administering an amount effective for anxiety reduction of the composition described above to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical
• the invention further relates to a method for treating gastrointestinal ulcers in mammals which comprises
• the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical
• composition containing an effective amount of a compound of formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in unit dosage form effective for treating psychosis, i.e., schizophrenia.
• the invention further relates to a method for treating psychosis in mammals which comprises administering an amount effective for treating psychoses of a composition as described above to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• receptors for altering the activity of brain neurons, for schizophrenia, for treating disorders of the extrapyramidal motor system, for blocking the trophic and growth stimulating actions of CCK and gastrin, and for treating gastrointestinal motility.
• the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical
• composition for preventing the withdrawal response produced by chronic treatment or abuse of drugs or alcohol.
• the invention further relates to a method for treating the withdrawal response produced by withdrawal from chronic treatment or withdrawal from abuse of drugs or alcohol.
• drugs include benzodiazepines, especially diazepam, cocaine, alcohol, and nicotine.
• Withdrawal symptoms are treated by administration of an effective withdrawal treating amount of a compound of the instant invention; especially useful are compounds (20) and (20A).
• the invention further relates to the use of the compounds of formula I to prepare pharmaceutical and diagnostic
• compositions for the treatment and diagnosis of the conditions described above are provided.
• the invention further provides processes for the
• the invention further provides novel intermediates useful in the preparation of compounds of formula I and also provides processes for the preparation of the intermediates.
• Fig. 1 shows inhibition of pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion on the Ghosh and Schild by compound 20,
• Fig. 2 shows anxiolytic activity of compound 20 dosed orally in the light/dark exploration test in the mouse.
• Fig. 3 shows antipsychotic activity of compound 20A by antagonism of intra-accumbens-dosed amphetamine.
• Fig. 4 shows antipsychotic activity of compound 20 by antagonism of intra-accumbens-dosed amphetamine.
• Fig. 5 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from nicotine; intervention with compound 20.
• Fig. 6 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from nicotine; intervention with compound 20A.
• Fig. 7 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from diazepam; intervention with compound 20.
• Fig. 8 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from diazepam; intervention with compound 20A.
• Fig. 9 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from alcohol; intervention with compound 20.
• Fig. 10 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from alcohol; intervention with compound 20A.
• Fig. 11 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from cocaine; intervention with compound 20.
• Fig. 12 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from cocaine; intervention with compound 20A.
• Fig. 13 shows the effect of compound 20 in the Rat Social Interaction Test for antianxiety agents.
• Fig. 14 shows the effect of compound 20 in the Rat
• Fig. 15 shows the effects of five compounds of the instant invention as compared to the vehicle and to compound 20 in the Rat Elevated X-Maze Test for antianxiety agents.
• Fig. 16 shows that compound 20 depresses the flexor response in a stimulated spinalized decerebrated rat
• the compounds of the present invention are formed by the condensation of two modified amino acids and are therefore not peptides. Rather they are “dipeptoids", synthetic peptiderelated compounds differing from natural dipeptides in that the substituent group R 2 is not hydrogen.
• R 1 is a cyclo- or polycycloalkyl hydrocarbon of from three to twelve carbon atoms with from zero to four
• substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of: a straight or branched alkyl of from one to six carbon atoms, halogen, CN, OR*, SR*, CO 2 R*, CF 3 , NR 5 R 6 , or
• R* is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl of from one to six carbon atoms, R 5 and R 6 are each
• n is an integer from zero to six;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, R 2 , and -(CH 2 ) n' -B-D, wherein
• n' is an integer of from zero to three;
• R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from
• R*, R 2 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined above;
• R 9 is H, or a straight or branched alkyl of from one to six carbon atoms, -(CH 2 ) n CO 2 R*, (CH 2 ) n OAr', (CH 2 ) n Ar', (CH 2 ) n NR 5 R 6 , wherein n, R * , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined above or taken from R 3 and Ar' is taken from Ar as defined below;
• R 12 and R 13 can each be independently hydrogen (in which case the carbon atom to which it is attached is a chiral center) or can each be taken with R 3 and R 4 respectively to form a moiety doubly bonded to the carbon atom (in which case the carbon atom is not chiral); and
• Ar is a mono- or polycyclic unsubstituted or substituted carbo- or heterocyclic aromatic or hydroaromatic moiety.
• Preferred Ar is 2 or 3-thienyl, 2 or 3-furanyl, 2, 3 or 4-pyridinyl or an unsubstituted or substituted benzene ring
• E and F are each independently hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl or nitro.
• Preferred cycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl substituents have from six to ten carbon atoms.
• Preferred compounds of the instant invention are those wherein cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted
• polycycloalkyl is selected from
• W, X, Y, and Z are each independently hydrogen, a straight or branched alkyl of from one to six carbon atoms, CF 3 , NR 5 R 6 , -(CH 2 ) n CO 2 R*, or CN, F, CI, Br, OR*, SR*, wherein R* is hydrogen or a straight or branched alkyl of from one to six carbon atoms and R 5 and R 6 are as defined above and n is an integer of from 1 to 3.
• R 1 is 2-adamantyl or l-(S)-2-endobornyl
• R 2 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CO 2 CH 3 or -CH 2 CsCH;
• R 3 is -CH 2 -B-D or H
• R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n ,-B-D or H.
• R 9 is hydrogen or methyl.
• R 1 is 2-adamantyl or 1-(S)-2-endobornyl
• R 2 is -CH 3 ;
• R 4 is H, -NHCOCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H ([D] configuration or
• R 2 is -CH 3 [D] configuration
• R 3 is -CH 2 OCOCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H or
• R 4 is -NHCOCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 H[D]
• benzeneheptanoic acid ⁇ -[[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-[[(tricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ]dec-2-yloxy)carbonyl]amino]-propyl]amino]-,[R-(R*,S*)]-, 62. methyl-( ⁇ )- ⁇ -[[(2-phenylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-1 ⁇ - [[(tricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ]dec-2-yloxy)carbonyl]amino]-1H-indole-3-butanoate,
• butanoic acid 4-[[2-[[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-methyl-2- [[[(2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl)oxy]carbonyl]amino]-1-oxopr-pyl] ⁇ amino]-1-phenylethyl]amino]-4-oxo-[IR-[1 ⁇ [R*(R*)]2 ⁇ ]]-((-)--somer),
• butanoic acid 4-[[2-[[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-methyl-2-[[[(2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl)oxy]carbonyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]-amino]-3-phenylpropyl]amino]-4-oxo-[1R-[lo[R*(S*)],2 ⁇ ]]-((-)-isomer), and
• TRP center is R, other center is RS
• TRP is R, other center is RS
• Ring centers are trans, trp center is D, other center is S)
• the compounds of the present invention include compounds of formula I wherein the indole moiety is a 2-indolyl.
• the compounds include solvates and hydrates and
• the compounds of the present invention can have multiple chiral centers including those designated in the above formula I by an * , ⁇ , ⁇ depending on their structures. For example, when R 3 taken with R 12 and R 4 taken with R 13 form double bonds to these carbon atoms they are no longer chiral. In addition, centers of asymmetry may exist on substituents R 1 , R 9 , R 3 , R 4 and/or Ar. In particular the compounds of the present
• invention may exist as diastereomers, mixtures of
• diastereomers or as the mixed or the individual optical enantiomers.
• the present invention contemplates all such forms of the compounds.
• the mixtures of diastereomers are typically obtained as a result of the reactions described more fully below.
• Individual diastereomers may be separated from mixtures of the diastereomers by conventional techniques such as column chromatography or repetitive recrystallizations.
• Individual enantiomers may be separated by convention method well known in the art such as conversion to a salt with an optically active compound, followed by separation by
• the preferred stereochemistry of the compounds of the invention is that exhibited by the compound of Example 20.
• the compounds of the present invention can be formed by coupling individual substituted ⁇ -amino acids by methods well known in the art. (See, for example, standard synthetic methods discussed in the multi-volume treatise "The Peptides, Analysis, Synthesis, Biology,” by Gross and Meienhofer,
• a key intermediate in the preparation of compounds of formula I is a compound of formula
• R is selected from R 1 , 9-fluorenylmethyl, Bz and other suitable N-blocking groups. These are useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of formula I.
• R is 1-adamantyl, 2-adamantyl, 4-protoadamantyl, exo-bornyl, endo-bornyl, exo-norbornyl, endonorborayl, 2-methylcyclohexyl, 2-chlorocyclohexyl, or
• camphoryl are novel and are preferred.
• ROH III wherein R is as defined above, with phosgene or a phosgene substitute to produce a corresponding compound of formula ROCOCl IV and then reacting a compound of formula IV with ⁇ -methyltryptophan to produce the desired compound of formula II above .
• Key intermediate (2) is prepared from the alcohol form of a radical selected from 1-adamantyl, 2-adamantyl, 4-protoadamantyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl, exo-bornyl, endo-bornyl, exo-norbornyl, endo-norbornyl, 2-methylcyclohexyl, 2-chlorocyclohexyl, and camphoryl.
• the alcohol is dissolved in a solvent such as methylene chloride. It is then converted to the corresponding chloroformate by reaction with
• the product is formed by condensation with an amine such as ⁇ -methyl-D-tryptophan methyl ester.
• the reaction is carried ou in a solvent such as THF to produce, for example, N-[(2- adamantyloxy) carbonyl]- ⁇ -methyl-D-tryptophan methyl ester.
• a chloroformate can be converted to (2) by reaction with an alkaline solution of ⁇ -methyl-DL-tryptophan.
• tert-butyloxycarbonyl-D-2-phenyl glycinol can be converted to the corresponding amine-substituted azide (10) using the above procedure.
• a solution of benzyl hydrogen succinate is reacted with an equimolar mixture of N,N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The reaction is carried out in ethyl acetate for about an hour. Subsequent addition of the free amine (10) to the reaction mixture yields an amide (11).
• the azide portion of (11) is hydrogenated over a Lindlar catalyst to form the amine (12).
• Scheme II illustrates processes for the preparation of compounds of formula I using key intermediate, compound (2) from the Scheme I.
• sequence 2, 13, 14 involves reacting 2-adamantyloxycarbonyl- ⁇ -methyl-D-tryptophan with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCI) and 1-hydroxybenzo-triazole (HOBT) in ethyl acetate solution.
• DCCI dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• HOBT 1-hydroxybenzo-triazole
• sequence 2 16, 17, and then 18, or 19 or 20, compound (12) is converted to compound, (16) (R is 9-fluorenylmethyl) as discussed above.
• the amide (16) is converted to a free amine (17) by reaction with 20% pyridine in DMF. A solution of the amine (17) is reacted with a
• Compound (26) may then be reacted with succinic anhydrid to form the free carboxylic acid (28).
• compound (26) is reacted with fumaryl dichloride to produce compound (27).
• Compound (27) or (28) may be converted, if desired, to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the indole ethyl 2-carboxylate is protected on the indole nitrogen by tosylation to give (6) which is reduces by Red-Al to the corresponding 2-hydroxymethyl compound (7).
• the alcohol (7) is converted into the corresponding bromide (8) using bromine and triphenylphosphene.
• the bromide (8) is used to alkylate the anion of the Schiff's base (8A) derived from the methyl ester of alanine to give the Schiff's base (9) as a racemate.
• intermediate (2) is also condensed with amines such as previously illustrated in Schemes I and V to produce final products, for example, condensation of (12) with
• Scheme V illustrates synthesis of preferred C-terminal side chains R 3 and R 4 used to prepare the final products illustrated in Scheme VI.
• the oxime ester intermediate (40) is prepared by
• Intermediate (42) is prepared from the alcohol (41) in the steps involving tosylation of the alcohol, displacement of the tosylate by sodium azide in DMF followed by catalytic reduction.
• the tetrazole carboxylic acid intermediate (44) is prepared from the nitrile (43) in three steps by addition of azide to form a tetrazole which is protected by benzylation followed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester to the free
• the intermediate ether (50) is prepared from the
• chlorohydroxy compound (48) involving displacement of the chloride with sodium azide followed by alkylation of the anion of the hydroxyl group with methyl iodoacetate to give the azido ether (49) which is then reduced under catalytic conditions.
• the ethyl ester (52) is prepared by catalytic reaction
• R is Methyl, when Ar is phenyl,
• R is 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl, when Ar is p-iodo phenyl
• Key intermediate (2) is converted into the O-ether-1inked side chain carboxylic acid (54) by condensation with the amine (50 of Scheme V) as described above, with subsequent
• the glycyl derivative (56) is prepared by condensation of the benzyl ester of glycine with the acid (55) followed by catalytic hydrogenation to remove the benzyl group.
• the acid (55) in turn is prepared from the flexible acid (2) by condensation with the amine (52 of Scheme V).
• the oxime ether carboxylic acid (57) is also prepared from the flexible acid intermediate (2) by condensation with intermediate (40) (Scheme V) followed by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester with aqueous lithium hydroxide in THF.
• the tetrazole (62) is prepared by condensation of the amine (60) with the benzylated tetrazole carboxylic acid (44 of Scheme V) followed by removal of the benzyl group by catalytic hydrogenation.
• the intermediate amine (60) is prepared from the flexible acid (2) by condensation of the amine (42) of Scheme V
• the ⁇ -glycinate derivative (59) is prepared by condensation of the ⁇ -acetic acid derivative (58) with ethylglycinate followed by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester with 1M NaOH in ethanol.
• the acid (58) is prepared from the key intermediate (2) by condensation with (37) of Scheme V (wherein R is methyl and Ar is phenyl) followed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester with aqueous lithium hydroxide in THF.
• the ⁇ -acetic acid (53) is prepared from the key acid (2) by condensation with (39) of Scheme V (wherein R is 2-(trimethylsilyl) ethyl and Ar is p-iodophenyl) followed by removal of the 2- (trrmethylsilyl) ethyl protecting group with tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in THF.
• the starting formyl tryptophan (66) is protected on the indole nitrogen by BOC and protected on the carboxylic acid as benzyl ester (67).
• the N-formyl group is then dehydrated with triphosgene to form the corresponding isonitrile of which the anion of which is formed on treatment with LDA and then alkylated with methyl bromoacetate to give (68).
• the isonitrile (68) is hydrolyzed using ethanolic HCl to the corresponding amine which is directly converted to (69) by acylationwith 2-adamantylchloroformate.
• the benzyl ester group of (69) is then selectively removed by hydrogenation using 10% palladium on carbon and the resulting free carboxylic acid (70) is then condensed with phenylethylamine to generate the final product (71).
• Reagents (i) PFP, DCC, L-(+)threo-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3- propanediol, EtOAc;
• the biological activity of compounds of the present invention was evaluated employing an initial screening test which rapidly and accurately measured the binding of the tested compound to known CCK receptor sites. Specific CCK receptors have been shown to exist in the central nervous system. (See Hays et al, Neuropeptides 1:53-62, 1980; and Satuer et al. Science. 208:1155-1156, 1980.
• the cerebral cortices taken from male CFLP mice weighing between 30-40 g were dissected on ice, weighed, and homogenized in 10 volumes of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4 at 0-4oC). The resulting suspension was centrifuged, the supernate was discarded, and the pellet was washed by resuspension in Tris-HCl buffer followed by
• cerebral cortical membranes were incubated at 23oC for 120 minutes in a final volume of
• membranes were incubate with a single concentration (2 nM) of ligand, together with increasing concentrations (10 -11 to 10 -14 M) of competitive test compound.
• the nonspecific binding was defined as that persisting in the presence of the unlabeled octapeptide CCK 26-33 (10 -6 M).
• the specific binding to CCK receptor sites was defined a the total bound tritiated-pentagastrin minus the amount of tritiated-pentagastrin bound in the presence of 10 -6
• IC 50 values were defined as the concentration of test compound required to produce 50%
• Compounds of the present invention are useful as appetite suppressants as based on the tests described hereinbelow.
• a palatable diet This diet consisted of Nestles sweetened condensed milk, powdered rat food and rat water which when blended together set to a firm consistency. Each rat was presented with 20-30 g of the palatable diet for 30 minutes per day during the light phase of the light-dark cycle over a training period of five days. The intake of palatable diet was measured by weighing the food container before and after the 30-minute access period (limits of accuracy 0.1 g). Care was taken to collect and correct for any spillage of the diet. Rats had free access to pellet food and water except during the 30-minute test period.
• the compounds of the instant invention are administered to the patient at dosage levels of from about 200 to about 2800 mg per day.
• MPE 50 value the dose of compound producing 50% of the maximum effect possible, which in these experiments would be zero food intake.
• the stomach was perfused continuously using a modification of the original method of Ghosh & Schild in "Continuous recording of acid secretion in the rat", Br. J. Pharmac. 13:54-61, 1956 as described by Parsons in "Quantitative studies of drug-induced gastric acid secretion". (Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1969).
• the cavity of the stomach was perfused at a rate of 3 ml/min with 5.4% w/v glucose solution through both the esophageal and body cannula.
• the fluid was propelled by a roller pump (Gilson, Minipuls 2), through heating coils to bring its temperature to 37 ⁇ 1oC.
• the perfusion fluid was collected by the fundic collecting funnel and passed to a pH electrode connected to a Jenway pH meter (PHM6). An output was taken from the pH meter to a Rikadenki chart recorder for the on-line recording of the pH of the gastric perfusate.
• Pentagastrin was stored as a frozen aliquot and diluted to the required concentrations with sterile 0.9% w/v NaCl.
• Novel compounds were dissolved in sterile 0.9% w/v NaCl on the day of the experiment. Drugs were administered IV through a cannulated jugular vein as a bolus in a dose volume of 1 ml/k washed in with 0.15 ml 0.9% w/v NaCl. Basal pH was allowed to stabilize before administration of compounds was begun.
• Compound (20) antagonized the stimulation of gastric aci secretion produced by a standard dose of 1 nmole/kg
• pentagastrin ( Figure 1) .
• Compound (16) also attenuated the amount of gastric acid secreted in response to a 1 nmole/kg dose of pentagastrin (initial pentagastrin response
• the compounds of the instant invention are also useful a antiulcer agents as discussed hereinbelow. Aspirin-induced gastric damage was assessed in groups of 10 rats each.
• CMC carboxymethylcellulose
• the mean ulcer score in the saline control group was 12.1 ⁇ 6.85 ( ⁇ SD). Treatment with ranitidine (15 mg/kg PO) inhibited ulcer formation by 74% giving an ulcer score of 3.2 ⁇ 2.35 (p ⁇ 0.001 compared with controls).
• the compounds of the instant invention are also useful as anxiolytic agents as described and discussed below.
• FIG 2 illustrates the effectiveness of orally
• the apparatus was an open-topped box, 45 cm long, 27 cm wide, and 27 cm high, divided into a small (2/5) area and a large (3/5) area by a partition that extended 20 cm, above the walls. There was a 7.5 ⁇ 7.5 cm opening in the partition at floor level.
• the small compartment was painted black and the large compartment white.
• the floor of each compartment was marked into 9 cm squares.
• the white compartment was
• mice showed 3% crossings into the dark area over five-minute measurement periods.
• Mice treated with 1 mg/kg (SC) of compound (20) showed 85 crossings into the light area and only 24 crossings into the dark area, a significant
• the compounds of the instant invention are useful as antipsychotic agents.
• Compound (20) (which is shown as compound (24) in Scheme III) and compound (20A) were tested for their ability to reduce the effects of intra-accumbens amphetamine in the rat as described hereinafter.
• Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg SC) and placed in a Kopf stereotaxic frame.
• Chronically indwelling guide cannulae (constructed of stainless steel tubing 0.65 mm diameter held bilaterally in Parspex holders) were implanted using standard stereotaxic techniques to terminate 3.5 mm above the center of the nucleus accumbens (Ant. 9.4, Vert. 0.0, Lat. 1.6) or 5.0 mm above the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ant. 5.8, Vert. -1.8, Lat. ⁇ 4.5)
• Rats were manually restrained and the stylets removed. Intracerebral injection cannulae, 0.3 mm diameter, were inserted and drugs delivered in a volume of 0.5 ⁇ l over
• Rats 30 minutes and 21 hours 30 minutes in a quiet room maintained at 22 ⁇ 2oC. Rats were taken from the holding room and allowed one hour to adapt to the new environment. Locomotor activity was assessed in individual screened Perspex cages (25 ⁇ 15 ⁇ 15 cm (high) (banked in groups of 30) each fitted with one photocell unit along the longer axis 3.5 cm from the side; this position has been found to minimize spurious activity counts due to, for example, preening and head
• Intraperitoneal injection of the rats with compound (20A) (20 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) or compound (20) (10 mg/kg) reduced the hyperactivity caused by the intra-accumbens injection of amphetamine ( Figures 3 and 4) .
• This test is known to be predictive of antipsychotic activity (Costal1, Domeney & Naylor & Tyers, Brit J Pharmac 92:881-894).
• Figure 3 shows the antagonism of intra-acccumbens amphetamine (20 ⁇ g) by compound (20A).
• the amphetamine control is shown by - ⁇ - , the vehicle by - ⁇ - , the - ⁇ - shows compound (20) at 1 mg/kg IP and -afc" shows the compound at 10 mg/kg IP.
• the number tested was five.
• the *P is ⁇ 0.05.
• the time in minutes is shown versus activity
• FIG. 4 shows the antagonism of intra-accumbens
• the compounds of the instant invention prevent and treat the withdrawal response produced when chronic treatment by a drug is stopped or when alcohol abuse is stopped. These compounds are therefore useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of chronic drug or alcohol abuse as discussed and described below.
• the effect of the compounds of the instant invention is illustrated, for example, in the mouse "light/dark box” test in Figures 5-12.
• Figure 6 illustrates the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from nicotine using compound (20A).
• Five mice were given nicotine at 0.1 mg/kg i.p. b.d. for 14 days. After a withdrawal period of 24 hours, compound (20A) was given at 10 mg/kg i.p. b.d. The effect of compound (20A) can be seen in the increase of time spent in the light area.
• Figure 7 illustrates the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from diazepam with intervention with
• compound (20) Five mice were given diazepam, at 10 mg/kg i.p. b.d. for seven days. Withdrawal was for a 24-hour period; compound 20 was given at 1.0 mg/kg i.p. b.d. The increased time spent in the light section shows the effect of compound (20).
• Figure 8 illustrates the effect of compound (20A) on the long-term treatment and withdrawal from diazepam. Five mice were given diazepam at 10 mg/kg i.p. b.d. for seven days.
• compound (20A) was given at 10 mg/kg i.p. b.d.
• Figure 9 illustrates the effect compound (20A) on the long-term treatment and withdrawal from alcohol. Five mice were given alcohol in drinking water 8% w/v for 14 days.
• compound (20) was given at 1.0 mg/kg i.p. b.d.
• the amount of time spent in the light section after the compound was administered demonstrates the effectiveness of the compound.
• Figure 10 shows the effect of compound (20A) on long-term treatment and withdrawal from alcohol.
• Five mice were given alcohol in drinking water, 8% w/v for 14 days. After a withdrawal period of 24 hours, compound (20A) was given at 10 mg/kg i.p. b.d. The increased time spent in the light section shows the effect of compound (20A) on the mice.
• Figure 11 illustrates the effectiveness in the long-term treatment and withdrawal from cocaine.
• Five mice were given cocaine as 1.0 mg/kg i.p. b.d. for 14 days.
• the increased time in the light section illustrates the effectiveness of compound (20) in the treatment.
• Figure 12 shows the effect of long-term treatment and withdrawal from cocaine with the intervention of
• compound (20A) Five mice were given cocaine at 1.0 mg/kg i.p. b.d. for 14 days after a withdrawal period of 24 hours, compound (20a) was given at 1.0 mg/kg i.p. b.d. The effect of intervention with compound 20A is shown by the increase in time spent in the light section.
• Figure 13 shows the anxiolytic effects of compound 20 in the Rat Social Interaction Test on a dose range of 0.001 to 1.0 mg/kg when paired rats are dosed s.c.
• the anxiolytic effect of compound 20 are indicated by the increase in time spent in social interaction compared with the control value C. (Costall, B., University of Bradford)
• Figure 14 shows the anxiolytic effects of compound 20 in the Rat Elevated X-Maze Test on a dose range of 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg s.c.
• the anxiolytic effect is indicated by the time spent in the open arm end section compared with control C.
• Figure 15 shows the anxiolytic effects of five compounds of the invention as compared to the vehicle alone and to compound 20 in the Rat Elevated X-Maze Test. The dose was equivalent to 0.1 mg/kg p.o. compound 20.
• Figure 16 shows that compound 20 depresses the flexor response in a stimulated spinalized decerebrated rat
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories.
• a solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers,
• disintegrating agents it can also be an encapsulating
• the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.
• the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
• a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
• the powders and tablets preferably contain 5 to about 70% of the active component.
• Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium
• carboxymethyl cellulose a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
• a preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salt is the N-methyl glucamine salt.
• Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
• Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
• Sterile water or water-propylene glycol solutions of the active compounds may be mentioned as an example of liquid preparations suitable for parenteral administration.
• Liquid preparations can also be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.
• Aqueous solutions for oral administration can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding
• Aqueous suspensions for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water together with a viscous material such as natural synthetic gums, resins, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and other suspending agents known to the pharmaceutical formulation art.
• a viscous material such as natural synthetic gums, resins, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and other suspending agents known to the pharmaceutical formulation art.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is in unit dosage form.
• the preparation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component.
• the unit dosage form can be a packaged
• the package containing discrete quantities of the preparation, for example, packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
• the unit dosage form can also be a capsule, cachet, or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these packaged forms.
• Examples A-I are illustrative of methods of preparing the precursors or intermediates of the final products which are illustrated in Examples 1-45 (corresponding to compounds 1-45 described in the figures and experimental) but not as numbers corresponding to the numbers given in the schemes.
• the dioxan was removed in vacuo and the aqueous phase extracted with three portions of ether (30 ml).
• the aqueous phase was cooled in ice and covered with ethyl acetate (30 ml) before acidifying to pH 2-3 with sodium hydrogen sulphate solution.
• the organic layers were combined, washed with water (30 ml), and dried over MgSO 4 .
• reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for two hours.
• the solvent was removed in vacuo at 30oC, taken up in ethyl acetate (30 ml) and stirred for 10 minutes.
• reaction mixture was filtered before removing the solvent in vacuo. and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate (30 ml) and washed with IM. citric acid solution (2 ⁇ 10 ml), saturated NaHCO 3 solution (3 ⁇ 10 ml), 1JJ NaOH solution
• Example 19 Step 5 (816 mg, 1.54 mmol) and left stirring for 18 h at room temp. The reaction mixture was then filtered, the filtrate evaporated in vacuo and the residue chromatographed over reverse phase silica gel using 75% MeOH in H 2 O as eluant to give the product as an amorphous white solid (867 mg, 88%); mp 161-166oC (MeOH/H 2 O) ; [ ⁇ ] 20 D + 13.3 .
• the resultant mixture was stirred at 0oC for 4.5 h and allowed to warm to room temperature and acidifed with 1M citric acid soln.
• the mixture was concentrated to one third of its original volume and the residue extracted with EtOAc (75 ml) and washed with H 2 O (75 ml).
• the organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated in vacuo.
• Step 4 Method was as described for Example 19, Step 3, but using the urethane prepared in Example 20, Step 2 (3.43 g, >100%) used without further purification in Step 4; IR (film) 3030 and 2104 cm -1 ; NMR (CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 3.37 (1H, dd, J 8 and 12Hz), 3.52 (1H, dd, 35 and 12Hz), 4.13 (1H, dd, 35 and 8 Hz), 7.20-7.40 (5H, m). Step 4
• reaction mixture was then filtered, the filtrate evaporated in vacuo and the residue purified by chromatography over silica gel using 50 to 75% EtOAc in n-hexane as eluant to yield the product as a white amorphous solid.
• Aqueous lithium hydroxide (12.16 ml of a 0.1M solution, 1.22 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of the methyl ester (726 mg, 1.16 mmol) in THF (73 ml) at 0oC over a 2-hour period. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and left stirring for 18 hours. After this time hydrochloric acid (1.34 ml of a 1M solution) was added and the mixture concentrated. Ethyl acetate (150 ml) and water were then added and the separated organic phase dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated to give a crude solid.
• Lithium hydroxide (8.3 ml of a 0.1M solution, 0.83 mmol) was added dropwise to a cooled solution of ester (487 mg, 0.752 mmol) in THF (45 ml). The mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, then hydrochloric acid (9.1 ml of 0.1M solution, 0.91 mmol) was added and the THF evaporated.
• N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (145 mg, 0.704 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-Adoc- ⁇ -Me- ⁇ -TrpOH (254 mg, 0.640 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (122 mg, 0.797 mmol), in ethyl acetate (10 ml).
• 4-dimethylaminopyridine (20 mg, 0.16 mmol) was added followed by a solution of the trifluoroacetate salt (59) 235 mg, 0.64 mmol) and triethylamine (152 mg, 1.50 mmol) in ethyl acetate (10 ml).
• the diazoketone obtained in Step 1 (1.07 g, 2.58 mmol) was suspended in 2-(trimethysilyl) ethanol and a solution of silver benzoate (0.10 g) in triethylamine (1 ml) was added dropwise. After nitrogen evolution had ceased, further silver benzoate (0.01 g) in triethylamine (0.10 ml) was added. After stirring for 15 min the mixture was diluted with EtOAc, treated with charcoal and filtered. The solution was washed with 1M NaHCO 3 soln, water, 1M hydrochloric acid, water, 1M NaHCO 3 solution and water. The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated.
• TRP center is R, other center is RS
• the EtOAc solution was washed with 5% citric acid solution (2 ⁇ 25 ml), saturated NaHCO 3 solution (2 ⁇ 25 ml), 5% citric acid solution (25 ml) and brine (25 ml).
• the EtOAc solution was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo.
• triphenylphosphine (6.55 g, 25 mmol) were heated together at 150oC for 25 min. Recrystallization of the brown residue from EtOH/Et 2 O gave the phosphonium salt (5.76 g, 52%) as an off white solid; mp 180-181oC.

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