EP0364874B1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un fil assemblé - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'un fil assemblé Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0364874B1
EP0364874B1 EP89118903A EP89118903A EP0364874B1 EP 0364874 B1 EP0364874 B1 EP 0364874B1 EP 89118903 A EP89118903 A EP 89118903A EP 89118903 A EP89118903 A EP 89118903A EP 0364874 B1 EP0364874 B1 EP 0364874B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
yarn
thread
treatment
air jet
low
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89118903A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0364874A2 (fr
EP0364874A3 (en
Inventor
Bernd Gehrmann
Heinz Treptow
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oerlikon Barmag AG
Original Assignee
Barmag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Barmag AG filed Critical Barmag AG
Publication of EP0364874A2 publication Critical patent/EP0364874A2/fr
Publication of EP0364874A3 publication Critical patent/EP0364874A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0364874B1 publication Critical patent/EP0364874B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
    • D02G1/20—Combinations of two or more of the above-mentioned operations or devices; After-treatments for fixing crimp or curl
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G1/00—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics
    • D02G1/02—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics by twisting, fixing the twist and backtwisting, i.e. by imparting false twist
    • D02G1/0206—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics by twisting, fixing the twist and backtwisting, i.e. by imparting false twist by false-twisting
    • D02G1/0266—Producing crimped or curled fibres, filaments, yarns, or threads, giving them latent characteristics by twisting, fixing the twist and backtwisting, i.e. by imparting false twist by false-twisting false-twisting machines
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
    • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
    • D02G3/22—Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
    • D02G3/32—Elastic yarns or threads ; Production of plied or cored yarns, one of which is elastic
    • D02G3/328—Elastic yarns or threads ; Production of plied or cored yarns, one of which is elastic containing elastane
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02J—FINISHING OR DRESSING OF FILAMENTS, YARNS, THREADS, CORDS, ROPES OR THE LIKE
    • D02J1/00—Modifying the structure or properties resulting from a particular structure; Modifying, retaining, or restoring the physical form or cross-sectional shape, e.g. by use of dies or squeeze rollers
    • D02J1/08—Interlacing constituent filaments without breakage thereof, e.g. by use of turbulent air streams

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1. Such a method is known from EP-A-0 269 184.
  • thermoplastic i.e. a relatively low-stretch thread together with an elastane thread, which has a relatively high extensibility of e.g. has more than ten times the initial length
  • elastane thread which has a relatively high extensibility of e.g. has more than ten times the initial length
  • the air jet treatment can only result in an intensive and even connection of the two threads if the merged threads are passed through the air jet treatment at low speed or if a particularly intensive air jet treatment is carried out at high air pressure and high air throughput.
  • a low-stretch thread is likewise passed through a blowing nozzle together with an elastane thread of relatively high extensibility and is subjected to an air jet treatment in the blowing nozzle.
  • the low-stretch thread is subjected to a spreading treatment in order to facilitate the connection of the two threads.
  • the object of the invention is to further develop the method known from EP-A-0 269 184 and to design it in such a way that a high-quality composite yarn with intensive interweaving of the individual components is produced at high thread speeds and with an air jet treatment associated with low energy input.
  • the object is achieved in a generic method by the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • the spreading treatment provided in particular for the low-stretch thread can also be provided for both threads, and in particular if the spreading treatment is carried out only after the two threads provided for forming the composite thread have been brought together.
  • the spreading treatment means that the air can attack better in the air jet treatment, so that there is more intensive interweaving. Contrary to expectations, the mean distance between the interweaving zone is also shortened and equalized, so that even at high yarn speeds there is no danger that inadmissibly long pieces of yarn without interweaving zones will occur.
  • a favorable spreading treatment with regard to the course of the process and the capital expenditure is pulling the tensioned thread over an edge or cutting edge.
  • thermoplastic thread is subjected to a false twist treatment before being connected to the elastane thread, the merging with the elastane thread taking place at or immediately after the false twist has been released.
  • the dissolution of the false twist if the false twist is also associated with a promotion of the thread, leads to the individual filaments separating from one another and the thread becoming more voluminous, the spreading of the individual filaments being brought about (claim 3). It is therefore possible to integrate the method according to the invention into the method of false twist texturing of the thermoplastic thread.
  • the false twist texturing usually takes place at thread speeds which are above 600 m / min and also above 800 m / min. It has been shown that the dissolution of the false twist causes the thermoplastic thread to spread, which is necessary for the production of a composite thread provides very favorable preconditions and allows the manufacture of the composite thread to be integrated into the texturing process of the thermoplastic thread. As suggested by claim 4, the thermoplastic thread is drawn from the false twist zone with a thread tension between 0.2 and 0.6 cN / dtex from the false twist unit.
  • the types of spreading treatment described above are based on mechanical action on the thread. Where this is not desired for reasons of textile technology or is in conflict with the achievement of high thread speeds in the production of the composite thread, the thread can be spread by a suitable fluid nozzle. Such is e.g. described in the unpublished DE-A-38 35 169. However, it cannot be ruled out that other fluid nozzles, in particular air nozzles, also lead to a sufficient spreading of the individual filaments.
  • the nozzle mentioned above has the advantage that the spreading takes place essentially in one plane and that the effort in terms of pressure and air volume is low.
  • the spreading treatment can optionally be carried out only on the thermoplastic thread or after being combined with the elastane thread (claim 5).
  • the elastane thread is combined with the low-stretch thread in the tensioned state (claim 8).
  • the thread tension is preferably applied by predetermined constant supply (claim 11) It is particularly important that the composite thread of the air jet treatment is supplied with tradition (claim 7), and that the thread tension is kept constant during the air jet treatment by a supply unit upstream of the winding.
  • the relaxation in the air treatment zone gives the composite thread high elasticity and bulk (crimp) with good coverage and great comfort, but above all an intensive mixing and knotting (tangling) of the previously spread filaments.
  • the measure according to claim 10 contributes to this, for example.
  • the bobbin can be produced with the desired hardness on the one hand, without the thread properties to be achieved by the air jet treatment being impaired thereby. On the other hand, thread tension fluctuations caused by the winding cannot have a disturbing effect in the air jet treatment.
  • the elastane thread is drawn off from the supply spool 14 overhead.
  • the head package is preceded coaxially by a head thread guide 27.
  • the elastane thread is drawn off by the delivery mechanism 28 and then guided to the withdrawal mechanism 12.
  • the thermoplastic thread is drawn off from the supply spool 1 by the thread guide 4 by means of take-off mechanism 5.
  • the thread is then passed over a drafting pin 29 with a wrap angle of 360 °, drawn off from the drafting zone by the drafting device 30 and then also led to the draw-off device 12.
  • the threads are pulled off together by the take-off mechanism 12, but are preferably guided separately, as shown in FIG. 1 / 2A.
  • the threads are guided through a tangel nozzle 19 and drawn off from it by the take-off unit 31.
  • the threads are then wound on the take-up spool 24, for which purpose the take-up spool 24 is driven on its circumference by the drive roller 25.
  • the location of a traversing device, not shown, is indicated schematically between the delivery mechanism 31 and the drive roller 25.
  • thermoplastic thread is drawn between the take-off unit 5 and the drafting unit 30.
  • the stretching point or the stretching zone is formed on or behind the stretching pin 29.
  • the peripheral speed of the take-off unit 28 for the elastane thread is set in relation to the peripheral speed of the take-off unit 12 such that both the thermoplastic thread and the elastane thread run towards the extractor unit in the tensioned state.
  • the thread tension of the elastane thread is preferably between 0.1 and 0.3 cN / dtex, while the thread tension of the low-stretch, thermoplastic thread is between 0.2 and 0.8 cN / dtex.
  • the peripheral speed of the extraction mechanism 31 is at least 2% lower, preferably 6 to 9% lower than the peripheral speed of the extraction mechanism 12.
  • the process sequences according to FIGS. 1 to 3 differ in the type of spreading treatment which serves in all cases to loosen the fiber composite of the individual filaments of the low-stretch thread 1 held together by adhesive and cohesive forces.
  • the spreading treatment takes place in the stretching zone.
  • the combination of a thread guide 33 with two overflow edges 33.1 and 33.2 and a knife 34 which projects between the overflow edges 33.1 and 33.2 serves as the spreading device 32.
  • the thread is passed between the overflow edges 33.1, 33.2 and the knife and is tensioned and spread along the knife edge.
  • the spreading device consists of a spreading nozzle, as shown in detail in DE-A-38 35 169 and in FIG. 5 mentioned above.
  • a spreading nozzle is also provided as the spreading device 32, but in this case is provided directly in front of the air jet treatment nozzle (tangle nozzle) 19.
  • the supply spool 1 with a thermoplastic thread 1, for example nylon, perlon, polyester, is plugged onto a drain mandrel 3 on the gate 2, which is only partially shown.
  • the thread is guided through the centrally arranged top thread guide 4 and drawn off by a feed mechanism 5.
  • the Delivery unit 5 is driven by motor 7.
  • the thread is pressed by the pressure roller 6, which is under spring force, against the surface of the delivery mechanism 5.
  • the thread is guided over a heating plate 9 and a subsequent cooling plate 10 before it runs into the false twister 11 - indicated here as a friction false twister with a plurality of disks which are attached to three rotating axes.
  • the thread is withdrawn from the false twist zone by the delivery mechanism 12.
  • the delivery mechanism 12 is driven by the motor 13.
  • the thread is pressed against the surface of the delivery mechanism 12 by a strap looped over two freely rotating rollers.
  • elastane thread on the supply spool 14. It is a highly elastic, rubber-like, elastomeric continuous thread.
  • the coil 14 is mounted in a rocker 17 on the gate 2 and lies with its circumference on a drive roller 15.
  • the drive roller 15 is driven by the motor 16 such that the elastane thread is unwound.
  • the elastane thread is guided via the deflection roller 18 separately from and parallel to the thermoplastic thread into the feed mechanism 12.
  • This blowing nozzle 19 is a tangel nozzle.
  • the function of the Tangel nozzle is to form knots between the individual filaments of the two threads, which are repeated in a more or less regular sequence.
  • Behind the tangel nozzle 19 the now combined thread is passed over an oil roller 20 which is driven by the motor 22 at low speed.
  • the thread is then fed to the take-up spool 24 via a deflection 23 and a traversing device, not shown.
  • the take-up reel 24 lies on the drive roller 25 and is driven by the motor 26 at a predetermined constant speed.
  • the drawing mechanism 31 shown in broken lines is also provided between the tang nozzle 19 and the winding 24, 25.
  • the speed of the draw-off mechanism 31 can be set independently of the speed of the other yarn feed mechanisms and the drive rollers 15 and 25.
  • thermoplastic thread is only pre-oriented. It is stretched between the delivery plants 5 and 12.
  • the delivery mechanism 12 is therefore driven in relation to the delivery mechanism 5 at a speed ratio of 1.1: 1 to 2: 1.
  • a thread tension of 0.3 to 0.8 cN / dtex is established in front of the delivery mechanism 12.
  • the drive roller 15 of the supply spool 14 for the elastane thread is driven at a significantly lower peripheral speed than the feed mechanism 12.
  • the speed ratio is between 1: 2 and 1: 4.
  • the thread tension of the elastane thread is therefore between 0.1 and 0.4 cN / dtex in front of the delivery mechanism 12.
  • the speed of the drive roller 25 for the take-up reel 24 is lower than the speed of the supply mechanism 12, preferably between 4 and 10% lower. If the withdrawal mechanism 31 is provided, these speed ratios apply to the delivery mechanism 12 and the withdrawal mechanism 31.
  • the relative thread tension during winding is very low, since the tensile forces are only absorbed by the elastane thread portion of the combination thread, but the titer is essentially equal to the sum of the individual titer.
  • the drop in the relative thread tension results from the fact that the absolute thread tension of the elastane thread in front of the feed mechanism 12 or 28 was 7 cN in one example, while the absolute thread tension of the combination thread behind the tangle nozzle is 5 cN.
  • the thread can be passed through a heating device in front of the blowing nozzle or preferably after the blowing nozzle 19, preferably before the take-off mechanism 31, in order to calm the tendency to twist of the previously twisted thermoplastic thread.
  • Polyester, nylon or perlon are particularly suitable as thermoplastic threads.
  • the threads are brought together only in or shortly before the tangle nozzle 19, since otherwise there is a connection of the two threads, which is caused by the tendency of the previously false-twisted textured thread to curl and which interferes with the image of the overall thread.
  • the elastane thread and the thermoplastic thread can only be brought together as late as possible, preferably only after the delivery mechanism 12 which closes the false twist zone 9-11, if one wants to prevent the two threads being connected by the tendency of the thermoplastic thread to curl .
  • thermoplastic thread must be fed to the tangle nozzle 19 at a speed which leads to extensive relaxation of the thermoplastic thread in the zone of the merging. If this does not happen, the low-stretch thermoplastic thread does not take part in the twisting and knotting by the air jet treatment, and the mixing and knotting of the threads becomes less intensive. On the other hand, the relaxation of the composite thread must remain limited so that the process is not disturbed. In contrast, the winding speed must be chosen so high that neither very soft, unstable, unusable bobbins 24 nor unbearably hard bobbins 24 with thread damage are produced.
  • FIG. 5 shows a suitable expansion nozzle in longitudinal section, which can be used in the process sequence according to FIG. 2 or 3.
  • a thread tube 43 is fastened with its lower end in a mounting block 39.
  • the compressed air connection 38 opens into a collecting space 51, which continues in two compressed air channels 49.
  • the two compressed air channels 49 nestle against the outer circumference of the thread tube. Their diameter is smaller than that of the thread tube.
  • the inner boundary of the compressed air channels is formed by the outer wall of the thread tube.
  • the compressed air channels are diametrically opposed with respect to the thread tube.
  • the outer walls of the compressed air channels are convergent with respect to the axial direction of the thread tube and form a cross section with a minimum width 46.
  • the channels 49 emerge into the free environment.
  • the channels and the thread tube 43 are directed to a constriction 44.
  • the thread tube 43 and the two compressed air channels 49 are arranged together with the center points M of the two balls 42 and the constriction 44 in the plane in which the continuous thread is guided and spread out into its individual filaments 9.

Claims (12)

  1. Procédé de fabrication d'un fil composite à partir d'un fil (1) à extensibilité réduite et d'un fil d'élasthane (14) dont l'extensibilité est un multiple de celle du fil (1), procédé dans lequel les fils (1, 14) sont réunis et sont entrelacés par un traitement à jet d'air (19), le fil à extensibilité réduite étant soumis à une ouverture avant son entrelacement avec le fil d'élasthane, caractérisé par le fait que l'ouverture s'effectue en tirant le fil (1) à extensibilité réduite en le tendant sur une arête ou une lame (34), par fausse torsion (11) et élimination de la fausse torsion ou par passage à travers une buse de fluide (32).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la réunion des fils (1, 14) s'effectue en amont du dispositif d'alimentation (12) et l'entrelacement (19) en aval dudit dispositif par lequel le fil (1) à extensibilité réduite est extrait du dispositif d'ouverture (11 ; 32 ; 34).
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé par le fait que en cas d'ouverture par fausse torsion (11), la réunion des fils (1, 14) s'effectue lors de l'élimination de la fausse torsion ou juste après.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé par le fait que le fil (1) à extensibilité réduite est extrait du groupe de fausse torsion (11) avec une tension comprise entre 0,2 et 0,6 cN/dtex.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé par le fait que l'ouverture s'effectue après la réunion des fils (1, 14).
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé par le fait que le fil d'élasthane (14) est tendu avec une tension comprise entre 0,1 et 0,3 cN/dtex lors de sa réunion avec le fil (1) à extensibilité réduite.
  7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que le fil composite (24) est extrait du dispositif de traitement par jet d'air (19) avec une vitesse qui est inférieure d'au moins 3% et en particulier de 6 à 9% à la vitesse commune d'amenée des deux fils (1, 14) vers le dispositif de traitement à jet d'air (19).
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé par le fait que le fil composite (24) est extrait du dispositif de traitement par jet d'air (19) par un dispositif d'amenée (31) monté en amont du dispositif d'enroulement (24, 25).
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé par le fait que le traitement par jet d'air s'effectue par une tuyère de nouage (19).
  10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé par le fait que le traitement par jet d'air (19) s'effectue par un ou deux jets d'air qui sont dirigés sur les fils réunis (1, 14), transversalement à la direction de transport du fil avec une composante directionnelle dans le sens de transport du fil.
  11. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé par le fait que le fil d'élasthane (14) est déroulé d'une bobine d'alimentation (14) entraînée avec une vitesse périphérique constante prédéterminée.
  12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé par le fait que le fil d'élasthane (14) est déroulé de la bobine d'alimentation (14) par un dispositif d'alimentation (28), est réuni avec le fil (1) à extensibilité réduite et est amené avec ce dernier vers le dispositif de traitement par jet d'air (19), la vitesse commune d'extraction hors du dispositif de traitement par jet d'air (19) étant supérieure, en particulier plus de deux fois plus élevée, que la vitesse d'extraction du fil d'élasthane (14) de sa bobine d'alimentation (14).
EP89118903A 1988-10-15 1989-10-11 Procédé de fabrication d'un fil assemblé Expired - Lifetime EP0364874B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3835138 1988-10-15
DE3835138 1988-10-15
DE3841740 1988-12-10
DE3841740 1988-12-10

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0364874A2 EP0364874A2 (fr) 1990-04-25
EP0364874A3 EP0364874A3 (en) 1990-12-12
EP0364874B1 true EP0364874B1 (fr) 1993-09-29

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89118903A Expired - Lifetime EP0364874B1 (fr) 1988-10-15 1989-10-11 Procédé de fabrication d'un fil assemblé

Country Status (3)

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US (1) US5008992A (fr)
EP (1) EP0364874B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE58905762D1 (fr)

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FR2735501A1 (fr) * 1995-06-15 1996-12-20 Payen & Cie L Procede pour la fabrication d'un fil guipe elastique et nouveau type de fil ainsi obtenu
FR2749859B1 (fr) * 1996-06-18 1998-09-18 Icbt Valence Procede de realisation d'un fil mixte extensible et machine pour sa mise en oeuvre
DE19746878B4 (de) * 1996-11-21 2008-01-24 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Mehrkomponentenfadens
US6105224A (en) 1998-09-28 2000-08-22 O'mara Incorporated Bulk yarns having improved elasticity and recovery, and processes for making same
IT1302607B1 (it) * 1998-10-06 2000-09-29 Fadis Spa Procedimento e relativa macchina per l'accoppiamento di un filoelastomerico ad un filo inestensibile.
US6543106B1 (en) * 1999-10-25 2003-04-08 Celanese Acetate, Llc Apparatus, method and system for air opening of textile tow and opened textile tow web produced thereby
DE50210209D1 (de) 2001-10-10 2007-07-05 Saurer Gmbh & Co Kg Texturiermaschine
ITMI20010600U1 (it) 2001-11-14 2003-05-14 Giudici Davide E Figli S N C D Macchina testurizzatrice
JP2003201637A (ja) * 2001-12-27 2003-07-18 Nisshinbo Ind Inc 複合弾性糸及びその製造方法及びストレッチ性織物及びストレッチ性編物
EP1411014A1 (fr) * 2002-10-17 2004-04-21 Giudici S.p.a. Procédé et dispositif pour la production d'un fil élastique et pour remplacer automatiquement les bobines d'alimentation
US6848151B2 (en) * 2003-03-31 2005-02-01 Invista Norh America S.à.r.l Air-jet method for producing composite elastic yarns
TW200523410A (en) 2003-12-02 2005-07-16 Giudici S P A Method and device for the production of a covered elastic yarn and for automatic replacement of feed spools
CN100472004C (zh) * 2004-08-17 2009-03-25 江苏宏源纺机股份有限公司 利用高速弹力丝机制造花色丝的方法
DE112006002621A5 (de) * 2005-11-12 2008-12-04 Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg Vorrichtung zum Umlenken eines hochelastischen Fadens
KR101185206B1 (ko) 2009-06-29 2012-09-21 코오롱인더스트리 주식회사 아라미드 공기교락사 및 그 제조방법
EP2844789A1 (fr) 2012-05-03 2015-03-11 Nytex S.r.l. Fil composite entrelacé
US9080265B2 (en) * 2012-11-19 2015-07-14 New Horizon Elastic Fabric Co., Ltd Fabric strap with soft side edges
JP6234866B2 (ja) * 2014-03-31 2017-11-22 ユニチカトレーディング株式会社 ポリエステル複合仮撚糸の製造方法
CN103938331B (zh) * 2014-04-30 2016-03-02 福建万家丽科技实业有限公司 网络纱成型装置
US9758908B2 (en) * 2014-11-03 2017-09-12 Goodrich Corporation System and method for preparing textiles with volumized tows for facilitating densification
JP2022529027A (ja) * 2019-04-17 2022-06-16 サンコ テキスタイル イスレットメレリ サン ベ ティク エーエス ２以上の結合した弾性フィラメント束および複数の非弾性要素を含む複合糸
CN113062022A (zh) * 2021-03-17 2021-07-02 绍兴市柯桥区东纺纺织产业创新研究院 一种高弹纱的生产方法

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EP0269184B1 (fr) * 1986-11-26 1994-02-02 FADIS S.p.A. Machine pour l'assemblage par jet d'air de fils différents

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE58905762D1 (de) 1993-11-04
US5008992A (en) 1991-04-23
EP0364874A2 (fr) 1990-04-25
EP0364874A3 (en) 1990-12-12

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