EP0360500B1 - Apparatus and method for reclaiming waste oil - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for reclaiming waste oil Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0360500B1
EP0360500B1 EP89309360A EP89309360A EP0360500B1 EP 0360500 B1 EP0360500 B1 EP 0360500B1 EP 89309360 A EP89309360 A EP 89309360A EP 89309360 A EP89309360 A EP 89309360A EP 0360500 B1 EP0360500 B1 EP 0360500B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oil
boiler
waste oil
hydrocarbons
lighter hydrocarbons
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89309360A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0360500A3 (en
EP0360500A2 (en
Inventor
Edward Calton Shurtleff
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Patent Holdings Ltd Te Grand Turk Turks- En Caic
Original Assignee
Shurtleff Edward Calton
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shurtleff Edward Calton filed Critical Shurtleff Edward Calton
Priority to AT89309360T priority Critical patent/ATE98672T1/de
Publication of EP0360500A2 publication Critical patent/EP0360500A2/en
Publication of EP0360500A3 publication Critical patent/EP0360500A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0360500B1 publication Critical patent/EP0360500B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M175/00—Working-up used lubricants to recover useful products ; Cleaning
    • C10M175/0025—Working-up used lubricants to recover useful products ; Cleaning by thermal processes

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to an apparatus and a method for reclaiming waste oil, more particularly for removing various contaminants present in waste oil which make it unsuitable for re-use as a heating fuel, diesel fuel, and so forth.
  • waste oil refers to oil which has been used as motor oil or some other lubricating oil, or as hydraulic oil or in some other such application. In use, these oils are changed periodically.
  • the drained and recovered waste oil typically contains substantial amounts of contaminants, which may include dirt, metallic particles (including heavy metals, such as molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, vanadium, copper and so forth), oxides and salts, gasoline and gasoline additives (such as tetraethyl lead), as well as detergents and performance additives.
  • waste oil has been used on dirt roads for dust control, or simply dumped in sanitary sewers or land fill sites.
  • increasingly such methods of disposal are seen as being unacceptable causes of hydrocarbon pollution to the environment.
  • Re-refining of waste oil is practised to a certain extent.
  • known methods for re-refining waste oil require complex chemical treatments and generally do not produce a high grade product. Transportation costs further detract from the economic viability of this manner of dealing with waste oil.
  • waste oil be used as a heating fuel.
  • furnaces of the known type for burning such oil have met with limited success.
  • a residue accumulates in the burner.
  • the residue is formed of the various contaminants and the heavier hydrocarbons which form a hard binding resin.
  • the burner must frequently be cleaned of the accumulated hard residue, typically twice per day.
  • the furnace In order to clean the burner, the furnace must be turned off and allowed to cool. This is extremely inconvenient and represents a major inefficiency.
  • removal of the cooled and hardened residue from the burner is a difficult task, typically requiring strenuous physical labour.
  • an apparatus for continuously reclaiming a useful oil product from waste oil comprising: oil feed means by which waste oil is fed to said apparatus; a boiler fluidly connected to said oil feed means and adapted to receive waste oil therefrom; a heater arranged to heat waste oil in said boiler at substantially atmospheric pressure to a temperature in the range 316-427°C such that lighter hydrocarbons of the waste oil volatilize, but such that heavier hydrocarbons do not volatilize thereby trapping the contaminants therewith; the oil feed means including level control means for controlling the oil level within the boiler; the boiler providing a single stage heating and separating means for the separation of volatilized lighter hydrocarbons from unvolatilized heavy hydrocarbons and contaminants, the boiler including a first discharge conduit for the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons and a second discharge conduit for the unvolatilized heavy hydrocarbons.
  • the heater of such an apparatus comprises an oil burner which is fluidly connected to the separating means and adapted to receive therefrom and to burn the reclaimed portion of the waste oil derived from the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons.
  • the apparatus further comprises a condenser for condensing the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons to produce a reclaimed liquid petroleum product and also comprises a reclaimed oil reservoir for accumulating and storing same, and a sludge tank for accumulating the separated unvolatilized heavier hydrocarbons and contaminants to facilitate periodic removal.
  • a method for treating waste oil comprising the steps of heating the waste oil in a boiler to a temperature such that lighter hydrocarbons of the waste oil volatilize, but such that heavier hydrocarbons do not, trapping the contaminants therewith, and subsequently, separating the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons from the unvolatilized heavier hydrocarbons and contaminants.
  • the temperature is in the range of from about 316 to 427°C.
  • the temperature is about 343°C.
  • the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons are subsequently condensed to produce a reclaimed liquid oil product, at least a portion of which is then burned to heat more waste oil in the boiler.
  • the present invention provides a safe, efficient and versatile means for treating waste oil, reclaiming therefrom a useful petroleum product which can be used in a number of ways, particularly as a heating fuel or as a diesel fuel.
  • a useful petroleum product which can be used in a number of ways, particularly as a heating fuel or as a diesel fuel.
  • the sludge by-product derived from the heavier hydrocarbons and contaminants must still be disposed. However, it should typically represent approximately only one-tenth of the volume of the waste oil fed to the apparatus. In some cases it may be possible to reclaim valuable metals from the sludge product.
  • the apparatus of the present invention can be manufactured and operated at a small fraction of the cost of a re-refining plant.
  • industrial and commercial establishments such as automobile service stations
  • others who accumulate large quantities of waste oil can utilize the waste oil as a valuable by-product, rather than having to pay to have it disposed.
  • the apparatus comprises a containment structure 10 having a first substantially enclosed chamber 11 and a second substantially enclosed chamber 12 the first chamber 11 and the second chamber 12 are substantially separated from each other by a common wall 13, but they fluidly communicate with each other through an opening 14 in the wall 13.
  • a fire box 15 in the first chamber 11 comprises a separate fire chamber 16, including a burner 17, and a distillation boiler 18 in which the waste oil is heated. Waste oil is fed from a storage tank 19 through a float chamber 20 to the boiler 18. The oil level within the boiler 18 is controlled by the float chamber 20.
  • the float chamber 20 is sealed but a breather tube 21 passes between the boiler 18 and the float chamber 20 to equilibrate pressure.
  • the boiler 18 is located above the fire chamber 16 and the distance between them within the fire box 15 is such that while the apparatus is operating (i.e. burning oil) the temperature at the height of the boiler 18 is approximately 343°C. At this temperature, the lighter hydrocarbons are volatilized and cracked and they exit the boiler 18 through a discharge 25.
  • a sludge consisting of the unvolatilized heavier hydrocarbons and contaminants gradually builds up in the bottom portion 23 of the boiler 18. This sludge is emptied via a drain 22 into a sludge tank 24, and is ultimately disposed. In the event that the sludge is not emptied, the level of the sludge and oil in the boiler 18 rises to the cut off level of the float chamber 20 and no further waste oil enters the boiler 18 and the apparatus is ultimately automatically shut down.
  • the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons from the boiler 18 pass through the discharge 25 then through a heat exchanger 26, positioned in front of a blower 27, where they are cooled and condensed.
  • the heat given off by the heat exchanger 26 passes along in the air stream created by the blower 27 through the second chamber 12, and through the opening 14 into the first chamber 11, thus being recaptured for heating.
  • the condensed lighter hydrocarbons thus form a reclaimed liquid oil product which passes to a holding tank 28. From there the reclaimed oil can be emptied for use elsewhere or transferred to the burner 17, via a pump 30.
  • the fire chamber 16 is similar to a fire chamber of a conventional oil furnace. Heat from the fire box 15 is transferred through the first chamber 11 to a heating duct 31which connects to a building heating system. Combustion fumes pass out through a flue 32.
  • the furnace burner 17 may be a simple pot type burner. Alternatively, a gun type burner may be used. If a gun type burner is used, the reclaimed oil should be fed by means of a hydraulic pump maintained at a temperature of about 74°C in a heated water bath, and an in-line heater should be used to maintain the nozzle temperature about 54°C, due to the viscosity of the reclaimed oil.
  • Fig. 1 shows a simple embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in order to illustrate the basic operating principle.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 a preferred embodiment of an apparatus of the present invention will now be described.
  • like parts are given the same reference numbers as used for the simple embodiment of Fig. 1 and a description of these parts is not repeated.
  • the free storage tank 19 is mounted within the containment structure 10.
  • a float switch 40 activates a motorized pump to deliver more waste oil from external receiving-storage-settling tanks.
  • a solenoid valve 43 is opened to permit flow from the feed storage tank and a motorized feed pump 45 is activated.
  • Waste oil from the feed storage tank 19 first passes a "Y" strainer 41 which removes dirt particles and entrained water. Most of the water entrained with typical waste oils can be removed while the oil is being held in the external receiving-storage-settling tanks. The remaining entrained water which is diverted by the "Y" strainer drains into a water trap tank 42 from which it can be periodically removed via a water drain 35 by opening a valve 36.
  • waste oil is delivered via the feed pump 45 and also through a needle valve 44 to a pre-heater tank 46.
  • the needle valve 44 can deliver waste oil at a rate of up to 27.3 litres per hour.
  • the feed pump delivers waste oil at a rate of approximately 18.2 litres per hour, regardless of the flow rate through the needle valve.
  • the feed rate of the waste oil varies from about 18.2 to about 45.5 litres per hour.
  • the pre-heater tank 46 heats the waste oil to about 93°C to 149°C. From the pre-heater tank 46, the waste oil is transferred to the boiler 18.
  • the boiler 18 has an inclined base which rests on sliders 47 so that the boiler 18 can be removed from the fire box 15 like a drawer to facilitate periodic cleaning and so forth.
  • Two inclined barriers 48 extend upwardly from the base and inwardly from the opposing sides of the boiler 25 such that the sludge which accumulates at the bottom 23 of the boiler 18 flows from side to side down the inclined base around the barriers 48.
  • the volatilized lighter hydrocarbons exit through a raised portion 49 and thence through the discharge 25.
  • a switch is activated to turn on the burner 17 and the fuel pump 30.
  • the burner 17 thus begins to fire and to heat up the fire box 15, including the boiler 18.
  • the burner 17 is held in a refractory fire pot 57 which is supported by a fire pot support 58.
  • the burner 17 can burn reclaimed oil from the holding tank 28 or from an external reserve of conventional fuel oil.
  • Valve 51 for reclaimed oil and valve 52 for conventional fuel oil are manually opened and closed to select the fuel.
  • the pump 30 is held in a water immersion tank 53 heated with an electric heating coil 54 to maintain the temperature in the immersion tank at approximately 74°C.
  • Power to the heating coil 54 and to an in-line heater next to the nozzle of burner 17 is provided by an independent source so that the temperature of the fuel supply line, pump and burner is always maintained high enough to handle the apparatus' own reclaimed oil which has a higher viscosity than conventional furnace fuel oils.
  • the fuel line pressure can be adjusted by means of a pressure relief valve 56 and can be monitored by means of a pressure gauge 55. It has been found that an operating pressure of approximately 827 kPa is desirable.
  • thermocouple mounted midway on the heat exchanger 26 responds when the temperature reaches 54°C by activating a coil relay to transfer the power to the burner 17 and fuel pump 30 to a different path for steady state operation.
  • This path includes a sail switch which will turn off the power if the blower 27 stops operating for any reason.
  • the thermocouple also opens the solenoid valve 43 and starts the feed pump 45 so that waste oil resumes flowing from the feed storage tank 19 through the pre-heater 46 and into the boiler 18.
  • the oil level in the boiler 18 rises to a level pre-set by a float 70 of the float chamber 20.
  • Float 70 controls the operating level in the boiler 18 by opening and closing the needle valve 44 to adjust the total feed rate.
  • the apparatus runs at a steady state of about 27.3 to 45.5 litres per hour.
  • the thermocouple on the heat exchanger 26 also turns on a sludge removal pump 66.
  • the holding tank 28 is provided with a pan 50 on the underside of its top where the condensed lighter hydrocarbons collect.
  • a second tube extends from this region and connects to the flue 32 so that any remaining uncondensed volatiles entering the holding tank 28 are sucked away with the flue gases. In operation, only minute traces of volatiles have been found.
  • a float switch 59 in the holding tank 28 activates a motorized pump which drains a portion of the reclaimed liquid oil from the holding tank 28 to an external storage tank if the depth in the holding tank 28 exceeds a pre-set level.
  • the sludge passes from the drain 22 into a settling-cooling tank 60 and from there past a heat exchanger 64 and a solenoid valve 65 to a sludge pump 66.
  • the sludge pump 66 drains sludge to an external sludge storage tank at a rate of about 2.27 to 3.18 litres per hour.
  • the solenoid valve 65 directs the flow through one of two emanating branches.
  • the solenoid valve 65 is biased to direct the flow normally through the branch leading to the sludge pump 66. However, it may be activated to direct the flow to a shut down pump 67 instead.
  • a "T” connects into the sludge draining line between the settling-cooling tank 60 and the heat exchanger 64, and leads to a transfer tank 61 and then to the float chamber 20.
  • the transfer tank 61 has an air release tube 62 with a valve 63 to release entrapped air and is included to reduce heat transfer to the float chamber.
  • thermocouple reverses solenoid valve 65 and turns off shut down pump 67.
  • the oil level in the boiler 18 will be lower to the level of the low level float switch 72. This cuts power to the burner 17 and the fuel pump 30, and turns off the feed pump 45 and closes solenoid valve 43. The apparatus cools and is drained in the manner previously described.
  • High limit controls on the fire box 15 and on the heat exchanger 26 also similarly automatically shut off the apparatus if local temperatures exceed pre-set limits, which could occur, for example, if improper petroleum products such as gasoline are inadvertently added to the feed storage tank 19.
  • This example illustrates the operability and efficiency of the invention.
  • An 114 litre sample of a typical used motor oil obtained from an automotive service station was introduced to the feed storage tank, float chamber and boiler.
  • the apparatus was started up using 0.454 litres of a conventional No. 1 fuel oil (kerosene).
  • the fire chamber was heated such that the temperature of the boiler approached 343°C, and the apparatus was operated continually for 24 hours.
  • the apparatus consumed approximately 19.32 litres per hour of waste oil. Of this amount, approximately 3.41 litres per hour was consumed by combustion in the fire chamber, producing approximately 158 MJ/hour for heating.
  • Approximately 14.1 litres/hour of additional reclaimed oil was accumulated in the holding tank, and approximately 1.82 litres/hour of sludge was accumulated in the sludge tank.
  • the yield of reclaimed oil was approximately ninety percent.
  • the product compared favourably to commercial light fuel oils with respect to elemental composition and calorific value.
  • the viscosity, pour point and flash point differed significantly from the corresponding values for commercial light fuels. This was attributed to distinct differences in composition.
  • Commercial light fuels consist essentially of saturated paraffinic aliphatic hydrocarbons with a relatively narrow range of boiling points, while analysis of the reclaimed oil revealed that it contained a mixture of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic paraffinic hydrocarbons, with a very wide range of generally higher boiling points. It should be noted, however, that the cetane number of the reclaimed oil was very high, approximately 56, compared to the typical range of 40 to 45 of North American diesel fuels.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
EP89309360A 1988-09-20 1989-09-14 Apparatus and method for reclaiming waste oil Expired - Lifetime EP0360500B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89309360T ATE98672T1 (de) 1988-09-20 1989-09-14 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur wiederherstellung von gebrauchten oelen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA577895 1988-09-20
CA000577895A CA1309370C (en) 1988-09-20 1988-09-20 Apparatus and method for reclaiming waste oil

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0360500A2 EP0360500A2 (en) 1990-03-28
EP0360500A3 EP0360500A3 (en) 1990-12-19
EP0360500B1 true EP0360500B1 (en) 1993-12-15

Family

ID=4138755

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89309360A Expired - Lifetime EP0360500B1 (en) 1988-09-20 1989-09-14 Apparatus and method for reclaiming waste oil

Country Status (21)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0360500B1 (no)
JP (1) JPH0819424B2 (no)
KR (1) KR900004916A (no)
CN (1) CN1019985C (no)
AT (1) ATE98672T1 (no)
AU (1) AU628079B2 (no)
CA (1) CA1309370C (no)
CS (1) CS537289A2 (no)
DD (1) DD289555A5 (no)
DE (1) DE68911448T2 (no)
DK (1) DK454189A (no)
ES (1) ES2049329T3 (no)
FI (1) FI894426A (no)
HU (1) HUT54915A (no)
IE (1) IE64908B1 (no)
IL (1) IL91635A0 (no)
MX (1) MX172063B (no)
NO (1) NO893721L (no)
NZ (1) NZ230684A (no)
PL (1) PL164829B1 (no)
ZA (1) ZA897091B (no)

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5271808A (en) 1988-09-20 1993-12-21 Shurtleff Edward C Apparatus from waste oil for reclaiming a useful oil product
US5286349A (en) * 1988-09-20 1994-02-15 Shurtleff Edward C Apparatus for reclaiming useful oil products from waste oil
US5795462A (en) * 1988-09-20 1998-08-18 Patent Holdings Ltd. Apparatus and method for reclaiming useful oil products from waste oil
US5143597A (en) * 1991-01-10 1992-09-01 Mobil Oil Corporation Process of used lubricant oil recycling
DE4200270A1 (de) * 1992-01-08 1993-07-15 Seepe Karl Otto Verfahren zur aufarbeitung von altoel und altoelaufarbeitungsanlage
US5885444A (en) * 1992-11-17 1999-03-23 Green Oasis Environmental, Inc. Process for converting waste motor oil to diesel fuel
US5306419A (en) * 1993-08-05 1994-04-26 Texaco Inc. Used lubricating oil reclaiming
DE4343408C2 (de) * 1993-12-18 1996-02-29 Baufeld Mineraloelraffinerie G Brennstoff für Feuerungs- und Wärmeerzeugungsanlagen
KR0171501B1 (ko) * 1996-08-28 1999-03-20 이성래 폐유 재생 장치 및 방법
JP3961631B2 (ja) * 1997-08-01 2007-08-22 本田技研工業株式会社 屋根付き軽車両
CN1064984C (zh) * 1997-11-24 2001-04-25 中国石油化工总公司 一种用于金属制品长期防锈的蜡组合物
CN100419053C (zh) * 2004-11-04 2008-09-17 田松庆 废油再生工艺及所使用的装置
JP2007291248A (ja) * 2006-04-25 2007-11-08 Takamine Tsukamoto 廃食用油及び廃潤滑油を原料とする内外燃機関の改質燃料油、その製造方法及び製造装置、前記改質燃料油を使用する発電方法及び発電装置
CN103881780B (zh) * 2014-04-04 2016-04-13 西南化工研究设计院有限公司 一种焦炉气补充二氧化碳制液化天然气的工艺
CN104371753B (zh) * 2014-11-25 2016-03-30 烟台市牟平区留德润滑油销售有限公司 一种废润滑油蒸馏切割的方法及其装置
CN109219649B (zh) * 2016-03-18 2021-01-15 韩国化学研究院 借助于沥青质高分散化的重质油转化方法
CN107321049B (zh) * 2016-04-30 2020-01-21 南京梅山冶金发展有限公司 废油分离装置
CN106940019A (zh) * 2017-04-17 2017-07-11 东北师范大学 基于负反馈控制的多环芳烃减排装置

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1709230A (en) * 1928-05-09 1929-04-16 Journal Box Servicing Corp Method of renovating journal-box oil
JPS48102104A (no) * 1972-04-07 1973-12-22
JPS52139106A (en) * 1976-05-18 1977-11-19 Okumura Kikai Seisakusho Kk Regenerating apparatus of waste oil
FR2434865A3 (fr) * 1977-06-23 1980-03-28 Beaumont Maurice Procede permettant le reemploi des huiles usees en tant que combustible et carburant
JPS6035000B2 (ja) * 1979-06-06 1985-08-12 株式会社日立製作所 廃油処理方法及びその装置
FR2467880A1 (fr) * 1979-10-18 1981-04-30 Matthys Ets Procede de recuperation d'huiles usagees
DE3121246A1 (de) * 1981-05-29 1982-12-23 Drespa, Gerd, 4600 Dortmund Verfahren und vorrichtung zum aufbereiten von altoel zu gas- oder heizoel durch destillation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO893721D0 (no) 1989-09-19
EP0360500A3 (en) 1990-12-19
JPH0819424B2 (ja) 1996-02-28
FI894426A (fi) 1990-03-21
NO893721L (no) 1990-03-21
IE892986L (en) 1990-03-20
CA1309370C (en) 1992-10-27
JPH02191696A (ja) 1990-07-27
KR900004916A (ko) 1990-04-13
NZ230684A (en) 1992-03-26
IE64908B1 (en) 1995-09-20
EP0360500A2 (en) 1990-03-28
DK454189A (da) 1990-03-21
AU628079B2 (en) 1992-09-10
MX172063B (es) 1993-12-01
DE68911448T2 (de) 1994-04-14
CN1041612A (zh) 1990-04-25
HUT54915A (en) 1991-04-29
FI894426A0 (fi) 1989-09-19
CS537289A2 (en) 1991-07-16
ATE98672T1 (de) 1994-01-15
PL164829B1 (pl) 1994-10-31
CN1019985C (zh) 1993-03-03
ZA897091B (en) 1990-06-27
IL91635A0 (en) 1990-04-29
ES2049329T3 (es) 1994-04-16
DK454189D0 (da) 1989-09-14
DD289555A5 (de) 1991-05-02
AU4146289A (en) 1990-03-29
DE68911448D1 (de) 1994-01-27

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