EP0326688A1 - Evacuation de la chaleur dans les machines textiles - Google Patents

Evacuation de la chaleur dans les machines textiles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0326688A1
EP0326688A1 EP88120807A EP88120807A EP0326688A1 EP 0326688 A1 EP0326688 A1 EP 0326688A1 EP 88120807 A EP88120807 A EP 88120807A EP 88120807 A EP88120807 A EP 88120807A EP 0326688 A1 EP0326688 A1 EP 0326688A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
suction channel
cooling
machine
coolant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88120807A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0326688B1 (fr
Inventor
Urs Dr. Meyer
André Lattion
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG
Original Assignee
Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG filed Critical Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG
Publication of EP0326688A1 publication Critical patent/EP0326688A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0326688B1 publication Critical patent/EP0326688B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H1/00—Spinning or twisting machines in which the product is wound-up continuously
    • D01H1/14—Details
    • D01H1/16—Framework; Casings; Coverings ; Removal of heat; Means for generating overpressure of air against infiltration of dust; Ducts for electric cables

Definitions

  • the invention in a second aspect, relates to a longitudinal machine, e.g. a ring spinning machine with a longitudinally extending suction channel and at least one heat source, e.g. an electric drive motor and a frequency converter to control its speed.
  • a longitudinal machine e.g. a ring spinning machine with a longitudinally extending suction channel and at least one heat source, e.g. an electric drive motor and a frequency converter to control its speed.
  • the section motors are cooled with flight-laden air and their waste heat contributes to an increase in the temperature of the spinning room.
  • single-spindle drives mechanical and air friction from heat-generating drive belts, deflection pulleys, the central drive shaft with the drive pulleys are superfluous, and the heat loss from the individual motors also goes into the spinning chamber.
  • the noise level of the textile machine should be reduced.
  • the object is achieved by the features of claims 1 and 2.
  • the operating temperature of the motors can be reduced, so that the motors can be made smaller.
  • the power loss of the motors is reduced in number.
  • Mechanical waste heat from heat-emitting textile machine parts e.g. Spindles with or without a motor can now be removed from the spinning room.
  • the coolant carriers comprise, at least in part, the heat-emitting textile machine parts, so that these parts are increasingly protected against flight.
  • the coolant also serves as a sound absorber, so that the noise is reduced.
  • a separate recooling system is unnecessary because a ring spinning machine already has an exhaust air duct.
  • the liquid cooling is independent of the engine speed and thus of the fan on the rotor shaft.
  • the second aspect of the invention is based on the task of dissipating heat in a simple, efficient manner and to save space from the machine.
  • the object can be achieved in that the heat loss is dissipated by means of air flowing through the suction duct.
  • This solution is known from DE-OS 31 13 909 (Fig. 4 and 5), the latter solution can only be used if the heat loss source (or sources) can be arranged directly on or in the channel ).
  • the second aspect of this invention is characterized over the latter solution in that the heat loss source is connected to the suction channel for heat transfer via a coolant circuit.
  • the heat loss source may include a plurality of heat emitting parts, e.g. both a drive motor and the energy supply for it.
  • a motor with a built-in cooling system is then preferably selected and connected to the circuit in such a way that the cooling liquid of the circuit runs through the cooling system of the motor.
  • the waste heat source can also control elements, e.g. Control electronics or control circuits include.
  • the waste heat source can be coupled directly or indirectly to the circuit. If the heat source is indirectly connected to the circuit, air can escape flow can be used to transfer the heat from the source to the circuit. Where the lost heat source contains parts that are sensitive to the state of their surroundings, the air flow may need to be treated before it is used to transfer the lost heat, e.g. semiconductors are sensitive to dust, so that transfer air should be filtered before it flows past the semiconductor .
  • the waste heat source can be separated from the hall by a cupboard.
  • the waste heat source can, however, be directly coupled to the circuit. This means that the waste heat source is either - to a circuit part, or in the immediate vicinity of a circuit part, or - On a heat transfer element or in the immediate vicinity of a heat transfer element is mounted, with the heat-transferring element (e.g. a liquid heat sink) being in contact with a circuit part.
  • the heat-transferring element e.g. a liquid heat sink
  • the circuit preferably comprises a part which extends (in the longitudinal direction of the machine) along the suction channel.
  • This part of the circuit can have a length such that the heat to be dissipated is released to the air in the suction duct during operation.
  • This part preferably extends essentially over the entire length of the channel.
  • the part of the circuit that emits the heat loss to the suction air can be directly exposed to the suction air , for example, it can run within the channel itself. However, it can also be separated from the air, which may be dusty and carries fibers or thread remnants; it can, for example, be arranged on the outer surface of the duct in such a way that the heat loss is transferred to the air via the duct casing. In the latter case, the arrangement should be such that the heat radiation from the circuit part in a direction away from the channel is kept sufficiently small.
  • a cooling line is integrated in the wall of the channel.
  • Fig. 1 shows an end head part 2 of a textile machine with a fan 3, which sucks in air from an exhaust air duct 4 connected to the drafting rollers of the spinning stations and which leads the air through a filter 6 and via an exhaust air duct 7 and bottom ducts 8 from the spinning room to the outside .
  • a first tube winding 9.1 is arranged in the air flow 12 in the exhaust air duct 7 and is part of a first coolant carrier 10.1 forming a closed circuit. The warm cooling liquid is thus recooled by the air flow and the first tube winding 9.1 represents the recooling section.
  • a circulation pump 11 can give the cooling liquid, here water, a flow.
  • a cooling jacket 14 is arranged around an end-head motor 13.
  • 1 contains individually driven spindles 15, so that a central spindle drive motor is unnecessary.
  • the end head motor 13 can either be an auxiliary motor for the drafting system drive or for the lifting movement or also a section motor which is not accommodated in the end head.
  • the spindles 15 are mounted on a spindle bench 17.
  • the second coolant carrier 10.2 which is recooled in its second tube winding 9.2, leads past the spindles 15.
  • a tube winding is a less advantageous solution 9.2.1 in the exhaust air duct 4.
  • the simultaneous use of pipe windings 9.2 and 9.2.1 is also possible.
  • a third coolant carrier 10.3 leads with its third tube winding 9.3 in the exhaust air duct 7 through a support beam 18 arranged in the textile machine center plane, to which converter boxes 19 are suspended.
  • a single spindle drive motor 25.1, which can be driven by a spindle 15, is mounted on the horizontal leg 26 of the spindle bank 17.
  • This is an embodiment which allows the spindle housing 27, which projects downward, to pivot about its vertical axis.
  • an elastic rubber pad 29 is required.
  • the spindle housing 27 projects into a cavity 30 containing cooling water of an extended part of the coolant carrier 10.2, the spindle housing 27 coming into direct contact with the water.
  • the liquid carrier 10.2 is integrally formed by extrusion with the spindle bank 17 and connected to the spindle housing 27 by means of a flexible lip seal 31, but releasably so that on the one hand the water, which is under a low (approx.
  • the cooling water is on one machine longitudinal side in one direction and on the other machine longitudinal side in the opposite Direction guided, a flexible tube made of metal or plastic can connect the two spindle banks 17. It should be obvious that 17 flexible tubes or intermediate pieces are necessary for a vertically movable spindle bench.
  • the drive motor 25.2 in FIG. 3 has no elastic base 29 because the spindle housing 27 is not designed to be pivotable (the deflections of the spindle mandrel take place in the spindle housing 27).
  • An elongated trough 34 is screwed onto the leg 26 in a watertight manner as part of the coolant carrier 10.2, a blind hole 35 being drilled for each spinning position. This positions the spindle housing 27 at its lower end in its exact position. The vibrations of the spindle 15 can thus be better absorbed, so that the noise level of the textile machine is also reduced.
  • the heat transfer or heat conduction from the heat-emitting part in the form of the drive motor 25.2 on the spindle housing 27 is better here due to the lack of the rubber pad 29.
  • the lower end plate 36 of the motor 25.2 is locally radially enlarged for the purpose of fastening with the spindle bank 17.
  • the coolant carrier 10.2 can have subcarriers 46 which are individually detachably connected to each spindle housing 27 by means of snap rings or the like.
  • the individual sub-carriers 46 are connected to one another by flexible hoses or tubes or channels.
  • a motor 25.2 is used here, a motor type 25.1 can also be installed, since the spindle housing 27 can be pivotably mounted.
  • FIG. 5 also shows an embodiment in which the motors 25.2 themselves are cooled directly. This can be done in a safe manner by the lamellar carriers 54 or stator holding elements having vertical cooling water channels 55 which do not touch the lamellas 56 and which are connected to round channels 57 in the lower end plate 36 shown somewhat enlarged and in the upper end plate 58.
  • flexible hoses 47 are provided between the motors 25.2. All motors 25.2 are connected in series in terms of cooling, but there are also other circuits, e.g. a parallel connection or a section-wise series connection possible.
  • Figures 7 and 8 relate to converters.
  • a converter box 19 is suspended from a support beam 18.
  • the support beam 18 is made of extruded aluminum and has two cooling water channels 63.1 and 63.2.
  • an I-shaped bar 64 is provided between the support bar 18 and the bottom plate of the converter box 19 for supporting the same.
  • warmth emitting converter parts 67 can be attached directly to the cooled metal parts 18, 64 so that they can be cooled by heat conduction.
  • ribs 68 are provided in order to also be able to cool the air in converter box 19 somewhat.
  • Electrical cables can be laid in the space above the cooling water channels 62. If push-on rods 69 are located in the machine center plane, they can be shortened in order to serve as carrier elements of the converter boxes 19 and the support beam 18.
  • the cooling water connection between the sections of the support beam 18 can be established by pipe sleeves 70, the ends of the cooling water channels 63 being cylindrical by removing the ribs 68.
  • VQ indicates a heat loss source, e.g. a drive motor and / or its energy supply, KKL on a coolant circuit and AK on a suction channel, e.g. the flight extraction duct of a ring spinning machine.
  • the circuit KKL is preferably a liquid circuit, e.g. a water cycle.
  • a circulation means (not shown), e.g. a pump can keep the coolant circulating during operation.
  • FIG. 9 shows the central flight suction duct 101, which runs in the longitudinal direction of a ring spinning machine, which is still not shown.
  • a flight suction pipe 102 is connected to the suction duct 101 and opens below the drafting device in front of the running, spun thread.
  • the suction channel 101 is provided with a bend 104, in which a fan 105 is arranged, which maintains a suction air flow through the suction pipes 102 and the suction channel.
  • the common drive motor for the spindle positions is located below the offset in a drive box and is labeled 106.
  • the drive motor 106 is connected to the operating network via a converter, for example a frequency converter 107.
  • the speed of the drive motor and thus the speed of the spindles are steplessly controlled by means of the frequency converter.
  • the frequency converter 107 is fastened on a cooling block 108 (for example a so-called liquid heat sink) in order to mount it To be able to transfer waste heat.
  • the cooling block 108 and a circulation pump 109 are connected to one another by a cooling line 110, so that a closed cooling circuit is formed.
  • the cooling line 110 runs in the form of a loop 111 axially through the suction channel 101, from one end 112 to the other end 113, and is therefore completely flowed around by the exhaust air flowing through.
  • the coolant in the cooling line 110 is water, which is circulated by the circulating pump 109 and thereby absorbs the heat loss from the cooling block 108 and transfers it to the suction air which is discharged by the fan 105.
  • the cooling capacity of the cooling circuit is proportional to the length of the suction channel or the length of the machine and thus proportional to the drive line.
  • Another coolant can be used instead of water, for example air or a liquid known from cooling technology.
  • the engine can also be formed as a liquid-cooled engine, and the engine's cooling system can also be integrated into the cooling line 110.
  • both the drive motor and the frequency converter need not be included in the cooling circuit. Only the drive motor can be cooled. The frequency converter can cool down naturally or can be cooled in a separate cooling circuit similar to the cooling circuit of the drive motor.
  • the drive motor and the frequency converter are set up separately, e.g. at the opposite ends of the machine.
  • the drive motor 120, the cooling block 121 of the frequency converter 122 and the circulation pump 123 are connected to one another by the cooling line 124 and in turn form a closed cooling circuit.
  • Two strands 125 and 126 of the cooling line 124 run axially through the suction channel 127 of the machine.
  • the strands 125 and 126 penetrate the end walls 128 and 129 of the suction channel.
  • the strands can be fastened in the end walls by means of tension nuts so that they do not sag.
  • the cooling line is located outside the suction channel.
  • the suction channel 135 is provided in the bottom region 136 in both corners 137 and 138 with a rectangular shoulder 139 and 140, respectively.
  • the layer compensates for the irregularities of the two surfaces in contact.
  • FIG. 13 shows the design of a suction channel 146, which is composed of several sections 147, 148, 149, as is generally the case with a ring spinning machine.
  • Each section is provided with a cooling line in a corner along its length, e.g. section 147 with cooling lines 150 and 151.
  • the cooling lines are closed at both ends.
  • the cooling lines of each section are connected to the cooling lines of the next section by means of a bridging elbow with the same flow cross-section.
  • the elbow 152 bridges the cooling line 151 of section 147 with the cooling line 153 of the following section 148.
  • FIG 15 shows the heat loss source VQ (see also Fig. 14) in a cabinet S, which by a Partition TW is divided into an upper and a lower chamber.
  • the partition wall TW has openings A, B to allow air to circulate between the chambers. This circulation can be forced by a fan.
  • the loss source is located in the lower chamber and a liquid heat sink FK in the upper chamber. Body FK transfers heat from the air flow to the coolant in the circuit KKL.
  • the loss source can include both the power semiconductors and the control semiconductors for the drive motor.
  • the cabinet S separates these electronic parts from the dusty air in the environment, for example the spinning room.
  • the cooling circuit KK comprises a compressor KR, which compresses the liquid and increases the temperature to a relatively high value (e.g. 120 degrees C).
  • the hot liquid then flows through a liquid / liquid heat exchanger W2, which transfers heat to the liquid into a second liquid cooling circuit KK2 with a pump P.
  • This cooling circuit KK2 runs along the suction channel AK, as already described for the other variant.
  • FIG. 19 shows a variant of the embodiments according to FIGS. 11 to 13.
  • the suction channel is composed of profile-drawn sections 154, 155.
  • the sections can be made of aluminum, for example.
  • the cooling lines 156, 157, 158, 159, for forming the cooling circuit (KKL, Fig. 14) are integrated in the wall of the channel, ie they are formed in the profile drawing process itself.
  • the line parts of adjacent sections can be connected by sealing sleeves (eg sleeve 160).
  • FIG. 19 shows the cooling lines as beads protruding into the interior of the channel, ie the channel is smooth on the outside.
  • the ridges could be different from the Extend the outer wall outwards, ie the channel can be smooth on the inside.
  • the beads can protrude inwards and outwards from the wall surface. In this case, it is easily possible to integrate a plurality of cooling lines in the channel wall.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)
EP88120807A 1988-01-30 1988-12-13 Evacuation de la chaleur dans les machines textiles Expired - Lifetime EP0326688B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH31388 1988-01-30
CH313/88 1988-01-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0326688A1 true EP0326688A1 (fr) 1989-08-09
EP0326688B1 EP0326688B1 (fr) 1991-11-27

Family

ID=4184161

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88120807A Expired - Lifetime EP0326688B1 (fr) 1988-01-30 1988-12-13 Evacuation de la chaleur dans les machines textiles

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4976098A (fr)
EP (1) EP0326688B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH01229831A (fr)
DE (1) DE3866533D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2028979T3 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19535310A1 (de) * 1994-10-31 1996-05-02 Rieter Ag Maschf Kühleinrichtung für Textilmaschine
US6463815B1 (en) 1999-06-09 2002-10-15 Air Dispersions Ltd Gas sampling assemblies
DE102011089476A1 (de) 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 Liba Maschinenfabrik Gmbh Textilmaschine mit verminderter energieabgabe an die umgebung
WO2015181599A1 (fr) * 2014-05-27 2015-12-03 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Élément de déplacement en va-et-vient pour métier à filer et métier à filer équipé dudit élément
WO2016189480A1 (fr) * 2015-05-26 2016-12-01 Cogne Macchine Tessili S.P.A. Dispositif de torsion et d'enroulement pour la torsion et l'enroulement d'un fil sur une broche
EP2836629B1 (fr) 2012-04-13 2017-01-11 Oerlikon Textile GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif pour fabriquer des fils synthétiques
EP3572567A1 (fr) 2018-05-25 2019-11-27 Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG Machine textile dotée d'un dispositif de refroidissement

Families Citing this family (14)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH684101A5 (de) * 1991-09-23 1994-07-15 Luwa Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Webmaschinenklimatisierung.
JP2716934B2 (ja) * 1994-04-08 1998-02-18 株式会社神戸製鋼所 パッケージ形油冷式空気圧縮機
US6447264B1 (en) 2001-02-05 2002-09-10 Ingersoll-Rand Company Compressor system
CA2513327A1 (fr) 2003-01-31 2004-08-12 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Ensemble a electrodes pour production de plasma
DE102004054145A1 (de) * 2004-11-08 2006-05-24 Saurer Gmbh & Co. Kg Spinnereimaschine mit Frequenzumrichtern
ES2300065T3 (es) * 2004-12-17 2008-06-01 OERLIKON TEXTILE GMBH & CO. KG Procedimiento y dispositivo para refrigerar una unidad electronica de potencia de los grupos de accionamiento de una maquina textil.
DE102005036768A1 (de) * 2005-06-23 2006-12-28 Webasto Ag Heizgerät mit thermoelektrischer Einrichtung
DE102005029182A1 (de) * 2005-06-23 2007-01-04 Webasto Ag Heizgerät mit thermoelektrischem Modul
DE102007015826A1 (de) * 2007-03-30 2008-10-02 TRüTZSCHLER GMBH & CO. KG Vorrichtung an einer Textilmaschine, insbesondere Spinnereivorbereitungsmaschine, zur Kühlung von wärmeabgebenden elektrischen Bauteilen
DE102007038555A1 (de) * 2007-08-16 2009-02-19 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Elektrohandwerkzeuggerät
EP2262937B1 (fr) * 2008-03-17 2013-08-14 Amsler Tex AG Dispositif avec élément de puissance refroidi pour la fabrication de fil fantaisie
US8446057B2 (en) * 2011-01-21 2013-05-21 Harsco Corporation Cooling system, a motor handling system, and a method of positioning a motor in a cooling system
US8709140B2 (en) * 2011-03-29 2014-04-29 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Particulate removal
DE102011106177B4 (de) * 2011-06-30 2021-11-25 Airbus Operations Gmbh Temperaturregelung eines Zirkulationsfluidsystems durch thermo-optimierten Betrieb einer Zirkulationspumpe

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US2716859A (en) * 1953-01-15 1955-09-06 Reliance Electric & Eng Co Heat exchanger
DE2454230A1 (de) * 1973-11-17 1975-05-22 Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky Einrichtung zum kuehlen der motorgehaeuse von offen-end-spinnmaschinen
DE3113909A1 (de) * 1981-03-20 1982-09-30 Zinser Textilmaschinen Gmbh, 7333 Ebersbach Textilmaschine
DE3533030C1 (en) * 1985-09-13 1987-04-23 Sulzer Ag Twisting machine

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US2160980A (en) * 1937-07-08 1939-06-06 B F Sturtevant Co Engine cooling system
US3086348A (en) * 1958-02-20 1963-04-23 Pneumafil Corp Means for dissipating drive motor heat
US3963416A (en) * 1975-06-19 1976-06-15 General Resource Corporation Furnace exhaust system
US4350007A (en) * 1979-07-06 1982-09-21 Luwa Ag Spinning frame
DE3517149A1 (de) * 1985-05-11 1986-11-13 Zinser Textilmaschinen Gmbh, 7333 Ebersbach Kuehlvorrichtung
DE3533033A1 (de) * 1985-08-14 1987-03-26 Paul Merkle Umcodierschaltung fuer die umcodierung von einem 4-feld-code in den dezimal-1-aus-10-code
DE3610838C2 (de) * 1986-04-01 1994-11-03 Rieter Ag Maschf Einrichtung zum Herstellen von textilen Faserverbänden

Patent Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2716859A (en) * 1953-01-15 1955-09-06 Reliance Electric & Eng Co Heat exchanger
DE2454230A1 (de) * 1973-11-17 1975-05-22 Vyzk Ustav Bavlnarsky Einrichtung zum kuehlen der motorgehaeuse von offen-end-spinnmaschinen
DE3113909A1 (de) * 1981-03-20 1982-09-30 Zinser Textilmaschinen Gmbh, 7333 Ebersbach Textilmaschine
DE3533030C1 (en) * 1985-09-13 1987-04-23 Sulzer Ag Twisting machine

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19535310A1 (de) * 1994-10-31 1996-05-02 Rieter Ag Maschf Kühleinrichtung für Textilmaschine
US6463815B1 (en) 1999-06-09 2002-10-15 Air Dispersions Ltd Gas sampling assemblies
DE102011089476A1 (de) 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 Liba Maschinenfabrik Gmbh Textilmaschine mit verminderter energieabgabe an die umgebung
DE102011089476B4 (de) * 2011-12-21 2014-11-06 Liba Maschinenfabrik Gmbh Textilmaschine mit verminderter Energieabgabe an die Umgebung
EP2836629B1 (fr) 2012-04-13 2017-01-11 Oerlikon Textile GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif pour fabriquer des fils synthétiques
WO2015181599A1 (fr) * 2014-05-27 2015-12-03 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Élément de déplacement en va-et-vient pour métier à filer et métier à filer équipé dudit élément
US10752463B2 (en) 2014-05-27 2020-08-25 Maschinefabrik Rieter Ag Changing element for a spinning machine, and spinning machine equipped with said changing element
WO2016189480A1 (fr) * 2015-05-26 2016-12-01 Cogne Macchine Tessili S.P.A. Dispositif de torsion et d'enroulement pour la torsion et l'enroulement d'un fil sur une broche
EP3572567A1 (fr) 2018-05-25 2019-11-27 Maschinenfabrik Rieter AG Machine textile dotée d'un dispositif de refroidissement
CN110528130A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2019-12-03 里特机械公司 具有冷却装置的纺织机
US11006545B2 (en) 2018-05-25 2021-05-11 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Textile machine comprising a cooling arrangement
CN110528130B (zh) * 2018-05-25 2023-09-15 里特机械公司 具有冷却装置的纺织机

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH01229831A (ja) 1989-09-13
ES2028979T3 (es) 1992-07-16
EP0326688B1 (fr) 1991-11-27
DE3866533D1 (de) 1992-01-09
US4976098A (en) 1990-12-11

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