EP0196370A1 - Méthode de fabrication d'un dériveur de surtension utilisant un varistor à base de ZnO et dériveur de surtension ainsi fabriqué - Google Patents

Méthode de fabrication d'un dériveur de surtension utilisant un varistor à base de ZnO et dériveur de surtension ainsi fabriqué Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0196370A1
EP0196370A1 EP85115554A EP85115554A EP0196370A1 EP 0196370 A1 EP0196370 A1 EP 0196370A1 EP 85115554 A EP85115554 A EP 85115554A EP 85115554 A EP85115554 A EP 85115554A EP 0196370 A1 EP0196370 A1 EP 0196370A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistance body
zno
resistance
compact
surge arrester
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85115554A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0196370B1 (fr
Inventor
Günther Maier
Joseph Mosele
Roger Dr. Perkins
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
Original Assignee
BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland filed Critical BBC Brown Boveri AG Switzerland
Priority to AT85115554T priority Critical patent/ATE52633T1/de
Publication of EP0196370A1 publication Critical patent/EP0196370A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0196370B1 publication Critical patent/EP0196370B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/105—Varistor cores
    • H01C7/108—Metal oxide
    • H01C7/112—ZnO type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/102—Varistor boundary, e.g. surface layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/10—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material voltage responsive, i.e. varistors
    • H01C7/12—Overvoltage protection resistors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49087—Resistor making with envelope or housing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a ZnO-based surge arrester according to the preamble of claim 1 and a surge arrester according to the preamble of claim 4.
  • the ZnO-based resistance material plays an outstanding role here.
  • the conventional constructions generally use - from certain voltages upwards - stack-like bodies composed of individual disks made of voltage-dependent sintered resistance material (varistors). Such bodies are known from numerous publications (see, for example, US-A-4,335,417, DE-A-2,934,832, CH-A-626,758).
  • the height of the discs used is limited (e.g. to 60 mm) and the height to diameter ratio is generally less than 1.
  • the stack-like structure of a conventional surge arrester is - especially with higher voltages and powers - expensive and complex and also includes additional risks due to the numerous internal contact areas.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for manufacturing and a simplified construction of a surge arrester, which is not composed of individual disks and one self-supporting stable insulating body as a housing.
  • a surge arrester which is not composed of individual disks and one self-supporting stable insulating body as a housing.
  • expensive, brittle ceramic insulating housings (porcelain) should possibly be avoided.
  • the essence of the invention is to produce a single, self-supporting, monolithic resistance body and to encase it with an insulating material in various ways.
  • Fig. 1 the process is shown as a flow diagram in block form.
  • the individual points require no further explanation.
  • the mass which is in the form of granules and is filled into an elastic hollow mold (e.g. made of silicone rubber), can be pressed by the cold isostatic process (wet die) or more advantageously by the two-dimensional radial process (dry die).
  • FIG. 2 shows a simplified longitudinal section through an overvoltage arrester with a monolithic, essentially cylindrical active resistance body and with an insulating body designed as a jacket.
  • 1 shows the resistance body (varistor), which essentially has a smooth, cylindrical outer surface.
  • the resistance body 1 is made slightly corrugated at the ends in order to create better adhesive conditions in the adhesive joint 7.
  • 2 is the insulating body designed as a jacket, which advantageously consists of a castable plastic such as epoxy resin, polymer concrete, silicone material etc. However, a shrink tube or another suitable covering or in general any suitable coating by an insulating material can also be used for this. Glazing or painting are also suitable.
  • 3 is the metallized end face of the resistance body 1
  • 4 is the corresponding contact spring for the high-voltage electrode 5 or earth electrode 6.
  • an insulating body 2 is shown with a smooth cylindrical outer wall for the interior installation of the arrester, while the right half relates to a version with ribs or screens for outdoor installation.
  • FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section through an overvoltage arrester with a monolithic, externally ribbed resistance body.
  • the insulating body 2 is designed as an additionally applied, comparatively thin coating of approximately constant thickness. All reference numerals correspond to those in FIG. 2.
  • the resistance body 1 has a central bore 8, in which the threaded pull rod 9 made of insulating material is located.
  • the electrodes 5 and 6 are pressed firmly onto the end faces of the resistance body 1 by means of the latter. All other reference numerals correspond to those in FIG. 2.
  • An overvoltage arrester was manufactured on the basis of Zn0, the active resistance body 1 of which had the following composition:
  • the slurry was then converted into a free-flowing, dry granulate in a spray dryer with counter-air flow.
  • the average size of the grains produced was about 100 ⁇ m, the remaining moisture was about 2% by weight.
  • the compact was removed from the mold and sintered at a temperature of 1200 ° C for 2 hours.
  • the organic binder was burned while passing through the temperature range of 200 to 600 ° C and the shrinkage was carried out in a short time in the range of 900 to 1050 ° C without deformation of the body.
  • the sintered resistance body 1 had a diameter of 35 mm with a length of 240 mm and a density of 5500 kg / m '(98% of the theoretical value).
  • the monolithic sintered body was contacted by flame spraying its end faces (3) with aluminum once.
  • the electrical transition was carried out by means of pressure contacts (contact springs 4).
  • the finished contacted sintered body was now provided with a 6 mm thick layer of a temperature-resistant organic material, in the present case an epoxy resin.
  • This hollow cylindrical, smooth jacket for the interior installation of the arrester was produced by encapsulating the resistance body 1.
  • the jacket can be provided with screens or ribs to enlarge the surface.
  • Example I An overvoltage arrester with a resistance body 1 of the same dimensions and composition as in Example I was produced. The process steps of mixing, grinding and drying the starting materials correspond to those of Example I.
  • the compact was then removed from the mold and sintered at a temperature of 1200 ° C. for 2 h in an analogous manner to that given in Example I.
  • the finished sintered body had a diameter of 35 mm with a length of 240 mm and a density of 5500 kg / m '(98% of the theoretical value).
  • the resistance body 1 was provided with a smooth shrink tube made of silicone material as an insulating body 2 (jacket).
  • the pressing method according to Example II has the advantage that the compact is defined better in its axial length, which is decisive for the operating voltage, and this can be easily changed, corrected and adjusted to the operating requirements by adjusting the piston at the end. This is particularly important in the present case of the manufacture of monolithic resistance bodies This is important because the adjustment to the operating voltage cannot - as is the case for conventional arresters consisting of a number of disks - be carried out retrospectively by varying the number of disks. This method is also more suitable for automation and mass production.
  • the continuous operating voltage of the arrester was 24 kV, the residual voltage under a shock wave of 10 kA, 8/20 ⁇ s 70 kV.
  • the invention is not restricted to the exemplary embodiments.
  • a compact of at least 40% density should be achieved during pre-compression and a sintered body of at least 90% density based on the theoretical value during sintering.
  • the height to diameter ratio of the resistance body can generally be> 1.
  • the resistance body can also have a cylindrical shape other than smooth (FIG. 1). He can e.g. be limited on the outside by ribs or grooves (FIG. 2) or have a bore (hollow cylinder according to FIG. 3).
  • the insulating body can be designed as a encapsulated mass in epoxy resin, polymer concrete, silicone resin or as a covering in the form of a shrink tube, a coating, a coat of paint or a glazing.
  • the arrester In the simplest case for indoor installation, the arrester consists only of a resistance body thinly coated with glass, lacquer or plastic with resilient metal contacts pressed onto the end face.
EP85115554A 1985-02-07 1985-12-06 Méthode de fabrication d'un dériveur de surtension utilisant un varistor à base de ZnO et dériveur de surtension ainsi fabriqué Expired - Lifetime EP0196370B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85115554T ATE52633T1 (de) 1985-02-07 1985-12-06 Verfahren zur herstellung eines ueberspannungsableiters unter verwendung eines varistors auf zno-basis und danach hergestellter ueberspannungsableiter.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH551/85 1985-02-07
CH55185 1985-02-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0196370A1 true EP0196370A1 (fr) 1986-10-08
EP0196370B1 EP0196370B1 (fr) 1990-05-09

Family

ID=4189608

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85115554A Expired - Lifetime EP0196370B1 (fr) 1985-02-07 1985-12-06 Méthode de fabrication d'un dériveur de surtension utilisant un varistor à base de ZnO et dériveur de surtension ainsi fabriqué

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (3) US4729053A (fr)
EP (1) EP0196370B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH0630288B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE52633T1 (fr)
BR (1) BR8505988A (fr)
DE (2) DE3508030A1 (fr)
IN (2) IN166508B (fr)
ZA (1) ZA859752B (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0274674A1 (fr) * 1986-12-12 1988-07-20 Sediver, Societe Europeenne D'isolateurs En Verre Et Composite Procédé de fabrication d'un parafoudre et parafoudre obtenu par ce procédé
EP0280189A1 (fr) * 1987-02-23 1988-08-31 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Limiteur de surtension
EP0281945A1 (fr) * 1987-03-06 1988-09-14 Sediver, Societe Europeenne D'isolateurs En Verre Et Composite Procédé de fabrication d'un parafoudre
EP0334647A1 (fr) * 1988-03-23 1989-09-27 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Isolateur pour dérivateur de surtensions et sa méthode de production
AU616441B2 (en) * 1987-11-12 1991-10-31 Kabushiki Kaisha Meidensha Material for resistor body and non-linear resistor made thereof
DE4319986A1 (de) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-15 Siemens Ag Überspannungsableiter
DE19701243A1 (de) * 1997-01-16 1998-07-23 Asea Brown Boveri Säulenförmig ausgebildeter, hochstromfester Widerstand, insbesondere Varistor auf der Basis eines Metalloxids, und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Widerstands
EP0974984A1 (fr) * 1998-07-20 2000-01-26 Harris Ireland Development Company Limited Production de varistors
WO2013103494A1 (fr) * 2011-12-14 2013-07-11 Tyco Electronics Corporation Limiteurs de surtension à haut ampérage

Families Citing this family (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3508030A1 (de) * 1985-02-07 1986-08-07 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie., Baden, Aargau Verfahren zur herstellung eines ueberspannungsableiters unter verwendung eines aktiven widerstandskoerpers aus einem spannungsabhaengigen widerstandsmaterial auf zno-basis und danach hergestellter ueberspannungsableiter
CA1263162A (fr) * 1986-12-23 1989-11-21 Guy St-Jean Boitier de dispositif electrique, notamment de parafoudre, incluant une enveloppe isolante moulee
CA2010336C (fr) * 1989-02-27 1996-11-19 Atsunori Sano Procede de production d'un derive de pyrido [1,2-a] pyrimidine
JPH0812813B2 (ja) * 1989-03-14 1996-02-07 日本碍子株式会社 電圧非直線抵抗体の製造法
US5008772A (en) * 1990-09-24 1991-04-16 Porta Systems Corp. Telephone circuit protector module having plural circuit grounding means
DE4031231A1 (de) * 1990-10-04 1992-04-09 Kuebler Heinrich Messleiter, vorzugsweise fuer einen niveaumesswertgeber
CA2107679A1 (fr) * 1992-02-27 1993-08-28 Yoshiyuki Tanaka Electrodes et amortisseur de surtension pour l'execution de fermeture par soudage
JP3146910B2 (ja) * 1995-03-08 2001-03-19 株式会社日立製作所 避雷器を有する変電所
FR2735898B1 (fr) * 1995-06-20 1997-08-01 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa Procede de fabrication d'un isolateur en materiau composite
US5757604A (en) * 1996-06-27 1998-05-26 Raychem Corporation Surge arrester having grooved and ridged terminals
US5680289A (en) * 1996-06-27 1997-10-21 Raychem Corporation Surge arrester
US5712757A (en) * 1996-06-27 1998-01-27 Raychem Corporation Surge arrester having ridged terminals
SE509270C2 (sv) * 1997-04-14 1998-12-21 Asea Brown Boveri Variabelt elektriskt motstånd samt förfarande för att öka respektive ändra resistansen hos ett elektriskt motstånd
US5930102A (en) 1997-10-08 1999-07-27 Joslyn Manufacturing Co. Surge arrester having single surge arresting block
DE19821239C5 (de) * 1998-05-12 2006-01-05 Epcos Ag Verbundwerkstoff zur Ableitung von Überspannungsimpulsen und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
US6018453A (en) * 1998-06-18 2000-01-25 Cooper Industries, Inc. Surge arrester protection system and method
US6519129B1 (en) 1999-11-02 2003-02-11 Cooper Industries, Inc. Surge arrester module with bonded component stack
US6279811B1 (en) 2000-05-12 2001-08-28 Mcgraw-Edison Company Solder application technique
US6657128B2 (en) 2001-01-29 2003-12-02 Mcgraw-Edison Company Hydrophobic properties of polymer housings
US7015786B2 (en) * 2001-08-29 2006-03-21 Mcgraw-Edison Company Mechanical reinforcement to improve high current, short duration withstand of a monolithic disk or bonded disk stack
US6657842B2 (en) 2002-01-22 2003-12-02 Hubbell Incorporated Disconnector assembly for an arrestor
US7436283B2 (en) * 2003-11-20 2008-10-14 Cooper Technologies Company Mechanical reinforcement structure for fuses
US8117739B2 (en) * 2004-01-23 2012-02-21 Cooper Technologies Company Manufacturing process for surge arrester module using pre-impregnated composite
US7075406B2 (en) * 2004-03-16 2006-07-11 Cooper Technologies Company Station class surge arrester
US7633737B2 (en) * 2004-04-29 2009-12-15 Cooper Technologies Company Liquid immersed surge arrester
DE102005007146A1 (de) * 2005-02-11 2006-08-24 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Ummantelung eines Varistorblockes mit einer elektrisch isolierenden Umhüllung sowie Varistorblock für einen Überspannungsableiter
US8174132B2 (en) * 2007-01-17 2012-05-08 Andrew Llc Folded surface capacitor in-line assembly
DE102017221783A1 (de) * 2017-12-04 2019-06-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Anordnung und Verfahren zum Schalten hoher Spannungen mit einer Schalteinrichtung und genau einem Widerstandsstapel
CN114613563A (zh) * 2020-12-08 2022-06-10 西安西电避雷器有限责任公司 一种避雷器及一种避雷器的加工方法
CN113363034B (zh) * 2021-06-29 2022-11-18 西安西电避雷器有限责任公司 一种非线性金属氧化物棒形电阻及其制备方法
US11894166B2 (en) 2022-01-05 2024-02-06 Richards Mfg. Co., A New Jersey Limited Partnership Manufacturing process for surge arrestor module using compaction bladder system
CN114898956B (zh) * 2022-05-26 2022-12-02 国网安徽省电力有限公司青阳县供电公司 一种基于智慧台区的配电网供电线路用避雷器

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DE2526137A1 (de) * 1975-06-10 1976-12-30 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur herstellung eines spannungsabhaengigen widerstandskoerpers
US4069465A (en) * 1976-07-12 1978-01-17 Allen-Bradley Company Cylindrical varistor and method of making the same
EP0004349A1 (fr) * 1978-03-18 1979-10-03 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Procédé pour la fabrication d'un parafoudre
US4377541A (en) * 1978-08-21 1983-03-22 General Electric Company Process for preparing low voltage varistors

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JPS6070702A (ja) * 1983-09-26 1985-04-22 株式会社日立製作所 防爆形酸化亜鉛避雷器
DE3508030A1 (de) * 1985-02-07 1986-08-07 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie., Baden, Aargau Verfahren zur herstellung eines ueberspannungsableiters unter verwendung eines aktiven widerstandskoerpers aus einem spannungsabhaengigen widerstandsmaterial auf zno-basis und danach hergestellter ueberspannungsableiter

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US3806765A (en) * 1972-03-01 1974-04-23 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Voltage-nonlinear resistors
DE2526137A1 (de) * 1975-06-10 1976-12-30 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur herstellung eines spannungsabhaengigen widerstandskoerpers
US4069465A (en) * 1976-07-12 1978-01-17 Allen-Bradley Company Cylindrical varistor and method of making the same
EP0004349A1 (fr) * 1978-03-18 1979-10-03 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Procédé pour la fabrication d'un parafoudre
US4377541A (en) * 1978-08-21 1983-03-22 General Electric Company Process for preparing low voltage varistors

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4833438A (en) * 1986-12-12 1989-05-23 Ceraver Method of manufacturing a lightning arrester, and a lightning arrester obtained by the method
EP0274674A1 (fr) * 1986-12-12 1988-07-20 Sediver, Societe Europeenne D'isolateurs En Verre Et Composite Procédé de fabrication d'un parafoudre et parafoudre obtenu par ce procédé
AU592246B2 (en) * 1986-12-12 1990-01-04 Societe Anonyme Dite Ceraver A method of manufacturing a lightning arrester, and a lightning arrester obtained by the method
EP0280189A1 (fr) * 1987-02-23 1988-08-31 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Limiteur de surtension
US4853670A (en) * 1987-02-23 1989-08-01 Asea Brown Boveri Ab Surge arrester
EP0281945A1 (fr) * 1987-03-06 1988-09-14 Sediver, Societe Europeenne D'isolateurs En Verre Et Composite Procédé de fabrication d'un parafoudre
US4825188A (en) * 1987-03-06 1989-04-25 Ceraver Method of manufacturing a lightning arrester, and a lightning arrester obtained by the method
AU616441B2 (en) * 1987-11-12 1991-10-31 Kabushiki Kaisha Meidensha Material for resistor body and non-linear resistor made thereof
EP0518386A2 (fr) * 1988-03-23 1992-12-16 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Isolateur de parafoudre et sa méthode de fabrication
US5012383A (en) * 1988-03-23 1991-04-30 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Lightning arrestor insulator and method of producing the same
EP0334647A1 (fr) * 1988-03-23 1989-09-27 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Isolateur pour dérivateur de surtensions et sa méthode de production
EP0518386A3 (en) * 1988-03-23 1993-11-10 Ngk Insulators Ltd Lightning arrester insulator and method of making the same
DE4319986A1 (de) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-15 Siemens Ag Überspannungsableiter
DE19701243A1 (de) * 1997-01-16 1998-07-23 Asea Brown Boveri Säulenförmig ausgebildeter, hochstromfester Widerstand, insbesondere Varistor auf der Basis eines Metalloxids, und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Widerstands
EP0859377A2 (fr) * 1997-01-16 1998-08-19 Asea Brown Boveri AG Résistance stable à haut courant à piliers, plus particulièrement varistor à base d'oxyde métallique et procédé de fabrication de cette résistance
EP0859377A3 (fr) * 1997-01-16 1998-12-09 Asea Brown Boveri AG Résistance stable à haut courant à piliers, plus particulièrement varistor à base d'oxyde métallique et procédé de fabrication de cette résistance
US6342828B1 (en) * 1997-01-16 2002-01-29 Asea Brown Boveri Ag Resistor which is designed in the form of a column and is resistant to high current in particular a varistor on a metal-oxide base, and method for producing such a resistor
EP0974984A1 (fr) * 1998-07-20 2000-01-26 Harris Ireland Development Company Limited Production de varistors
WO2013103494A1 (fr) * 2011-12-14 2013-07-11 Tyco Electronics Corporation Limiteurs de surtension à haut ampérage
US8629751B2 (en) 2011-12-14 2014-01-14 Tyco Electronics Corporation High amperage surge arresters

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4811478A (en) 1989-03-14
JPS61183903A (ja) 1986-08-16
IN166508B (fr) 1990-05-19
US4729053A (en) 1988-03-01
DE3577616D1 (de) 1990-06-13
DE3508030A1 (de) 1986-08-07
BR8505988A (pt) 1986-12-09
ATE52633T1 (de) 1990-05-15
US4816959A (en) 1989-03-28
EP0196370B1 (fr) 1990-05-09
ZA859752B (en) 1986-08-27
IN167087B (fr) 1990-08-25
JPH0630288B2 (ja) 1994-04-20

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