EP0113863A2 - Huile de coupe pour le traitement de métaux non-ferreux sans enlèvement de copeaux - Google Patents

Huile de coupe pour le traitement de métaux non-ferreux sans enlèvement de copeaux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0113863A2
EP0113863A2 EP83112390A EP83112390A EP0113863A2 EP 0113863 A2 EP0113863 A2 EP 0113863A2 EP 83112390 A EP83112390 A EP 83112390A EP 83112390 A EP83112390 A EP 83112390A EP 0113863 A2 EP0113863 A2 EP 0113863A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cutting oil
milling
machining
mono
cutting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83112390A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0113863B1 (fr
EP0113863A3 (en
Inventor
Manfred Dr. Urban
Dieter Dr. Schmitt
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Merck Patent GmbH
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Merck Patent GmbH
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Publication of EP0113863A3 publication Critical patent/EP0113863A3/de
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04Mixtures of base-materials and additives
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M101/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a mineral or fatty oil
    • C10M101/04Fatty oil fractions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32Esters
    • C10M105/34Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32Esters
    • C10M105/38Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/20Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M107/30Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M107/32Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Polyesters; Polyethers
    • C10M107/34Polyoxyalkylenes
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M135/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C10M135/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M135/00Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C10M135/08Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
    • C10M135/10Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28Esters
    • C10M2207/281Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
    • C10M2207/2815Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids used as base material
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    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28Esters
    • C10M2207/283Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/2835Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
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    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28Esters
    • C10M2207/284Esters of aromatic monocarboxylic acids
    • C10M2207/2845Esters of aromatic monocarboxylic acids used as base material
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    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/40Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C10M2207/401Fatty vegetable or animal oils used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2207/00Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/40Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C10M2207/404Fatty vegetable or animal oils obtained from genetically modified species
    • C10M2207/4045Fatty vegetable or animal oils obtained from genetically modified species used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/1033Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups used as base material
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    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/104Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
    • C10M2209/1045Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/105Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing three carbon atoms only
    • C10M2209/1055Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing three carbon atoms only used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/106Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing four carbon atoms only
    • C10M2209/1065Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing four carbon atoms only used as base material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/107Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of two or more specified different alkylene oxides covered by groups C10M2209/104 - C10M2209/106
    • C10M2209/1075Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of two or more specified different alkylene oxides covered by groups C10M2209/104 - C10M2209/106 used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10MLUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/108Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified
    • C10M2209/1085Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups etherified used as base material
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2209/00Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/109Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups esterified
    • C10M2209/1095Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups esterified used as base material
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/042Sulfate esters
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    • C10M2219/00Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/044Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a new cutting oil for the machining of non-ferrous metals.
  • it relates to a cutting oil for milling and / or engraving copper cylinders used in gravure printing.
  • the artwork is engraved in the form of corresponding depressions in the outer surface of copper printing cylinders. These depressions receive the printing ink during the printing process, which is then transferred from the rotating cylinder to the material to be printed. After printing, this outer engraved copper layer is removed from the used cylinder by a milling process. Then a new artwork is engraved on the fresh surface and coppered or chrome-plated to achieve a higher mechanical strength (necessary for long print runs).
  • a special device is predominantly used for the above-mentioned milling process, which mills off the outer, no longer required metal layer from the rotating copper cylinder with high precision using a fast-running milling disk with cutting diamonds.
  • the cutting oil used to date according to the prior art normally consists of a natural fat, i.e. a glycerol ester of natural, partially unsaturated fatty acids (content in the cutting oil approx. 50 percent by weight), which is dissolved in chlorinated hydrocarbons (mixture of methylene chloride and trichloroethane).
  • a natural fat i.e. a glycerol ester of natural, partially unsaturated fatty acids (content in the cutting oil approx. 50 percent by weight)
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons mixture of methylene chloride and trichloroethane
  • the object of the invention is to provide a cutting oil for the machining of non-ferrous metals, in particular for milling and engraving copper cylinders used in gravure printing, which meets the requirements described and does not have the disadvantages mentioned above.
  • the invention thus relates to a cutting oil based on fatty acid esters of mono- or polyhydric alcohols for the machining of non-ferrous metals, in particular for milling and / or engraving copper cylinders used in gravure printing, which is characterized in that it is used as a glycol solvent , Oligoglycols, polyglycols or their mono- or diether or esters and a surfactant, preferably anionic, contains.
  • the invention further relates to a method for machining non-ferrous metals, in particular a method for milling and / or engraving copper cylinders used in gravure printing, using a cutting oil, which is characterized in that the cutting oil according to the invention is used here.
  • the invention furthermore relates to the use of the cutting oil according to the invention in the machining of non-ferrous metals, in particular when milling and / or engraving copper cylinders used in gravure printing.
  • the cutting oil contains fatty acid esters of mono- or polyhydric alcohols, preferably glycerol, in a proportion of 20-80% by weight, preferably 40 to 60% by weight. Saturated, optionally hardened fatty acid esters are preferred as high as possible, since this increases the storage and oxidation stability of the cutting oil and reduces the tendency to resinify, a disadvantage that cutting oils according to the prior art based on natural fats with different, possibly also higher Unsaturated fatty acid content.
  • Suitable solvents according to the invention are virtually any glycols, oligo- and polyglycols and their mono- or diether or ester, but also mixed ether-ester derivatives which have molecular weights between about 100 and 600 and which meet the above criteria.
  • Common solvents of this type are the lower homologues of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol as well Derivatives of these compounds in which one or both hydroxyl groups are etherified and / or esterified, alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl or benzyl being suitable as ether groups, alkane carboxylic acids with up to 4 carbon atoms or benzoyl as acid residues.
  • Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol are preferably used as solvents according to the invention.
  • the cutting oil contains surface-active substances in a proportion of 0.01-5% by weight, preferably 0.1-1% by weight.
  • suitable substances are largely uncritical for the effect of an improved detachability of the cutting oil from the processed metal.
  • all common cation- or anion-active, non-ionic or amphoteric surfactants are suitable.
  • Anionic surfactants are advantageous for detaching the cutting oil film with the help of an alkaline degreasing bath, and therefore preferred because their surface-active effect is best shown in an alkaline environment.
  • These can be soaps, alkane, olefin and ester sulfonates, in particular alkylbenzenesulfonates and alkyl, ether and fatty alcohol or fatty ether sulfates.
  • the person skilled in the art can select the suitable substances from the large number of substances available simply by trying them out.
  • sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate sodium cetylethersulfat, sodium lauryl sulfate or corresponding commercially available preparations, such as a sodium salt of a fatty acid condensation product (R Lutensit A-FK BASF AG).
  • the cutting oil according to the invention is characterized by very good fulfillment of requirements 1-3. In particular, however, it can be removed excellently and completely, as also demonstrated in one of the examples below, by an alkaline degreasing bath from a metal surface treated with the cutting oil. Accordingly, especially in the use according to the invention when milling and engraving copper cylinders used in gravure printing, it can also be completely removed from the cylinder edges by the degreasing bath. There is also no regreasing from the bath to the cylinder, which leads to longer service life of the baths.
  • the cutting oil according to the invention does not contain any substances which are hazardous to health and, in contrast to the cutting oil according to the prior art, has practically no intrinsic odor.
  • Examples 1-4 are intended to illustrate cutting oils according to the invention.
  • Example 5 shows in a comparative degreasing test the particular advantages of the cutting oil according to the invention over a cutting oil according to the prior art. It turns out that the minimum duration of treatment with a degreasing bath by the Content of the solvent according to the invention is reduced to less than half, with the simultaneous presence of a surfactant according to the invention to approximately 1/10 compared to that required for a cutting oil according to the prior art.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Manufacture Or Reproduction Of Printing Formes (AREA)
EP83112390A 1982-12-22 1983-12-09 Huile de coupe pour le traitement de métaux non-ferreux sans enlèvement de copeaux Expired EP0113863B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3247426 1982-12-22
DE19823247426 DE3247426A1 (de) 1982-12-22 1982-12-22 Schneidoel fuer die spangebende bearbeitung von buntmetallen

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0113863A2 true EP0113863A2 (fr) 1984-07-25
EP0113863A3 EP0113863A3 (en) 1986-02-12
EP0113863B1 EP0113863B1 (fr) 1987-09-30

Family

ID=6181372

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83112390A Expired EP0113863B1 (fr) 1982-12-22 1983-12-09 Huile de coupe pour le traitement de métaux non-ferreux sans enlèvement de copeaux

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4578202A (fr)
EP (1) EP0113863B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS59120693A (fr)
DE (2) DE3247426A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000060033A1 (fr) * 1999-04-05 2000-10-12 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Composition huileuse pour le travail des metaux

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61213296A (ja) * 1985-03-19 1986-09-22 Kao Corp 金属材料の冷間圧延用潤滑油
JPS61246293A (ja) * 1985-04-03 1986-11-01 Kao Corp 鉄鋼用冷間圧延油
GB8530146D0 (en) * 1985-12-06 1986-01-15 Alcan Int Ltd Lubricating composition
JPS62192496A (ja) * 1986-02-19 1987-08-24 Kao Corp アルミ用冷間圧延油組成物
US5286395A (en) * 1987-05-27 1994-02-15 Institut Francais Du Petrole Olefin polysulfide compositions of high sulfur content and very low chlorine content, their manufacture and use as additives for lubricants
FR2624133B1 (fr) * 1987-12-02 1990-09-14 Inst Francais Du Petrole Compositions d'olefines polysulfurees, leur preparation et leur utilisation comme additifs pour lubrifiants
FR2636070B1 (fr) * 1988-09-07 1994-05-06 Institut Francais Petrole Compositions d'olefines polysulfurees, leur preparation et leur utilisation comme additifs pour lubrifiants
DE4334647C2 (de) * 1993-10-12 1997-11-20 Fuchs Mineraloelwerke Zerspanungsflüssigkeit
US5372736A (en) * 1993-10-27 1994-12-13 Nalco Chemical Company Synthetic hot mill lubricant for high temperature applications
US6204225B1 (en) 1999-12-13 2001-03-20 Midwest Biologicals, Inc. Water-dispersible metal working fluid
EP1599566A1 (fr) * 2003-03-03 2005-11-30 D.A. Stuart Company Additif pour lubrifiants utilises pour le laminage a froid
US8168572B2 (en) * 2007-04-25 2012-05-01 Dow Global Technologies Llc Lubricant blend composition
WO2011111064A1 (fr) 2010-03-08 2011-09-15 Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Composition d'huile de coupe soluble, très efficace, semi-synthétique, biologiquement stable et non dangereuse pour l'utilisateur
CN113817534B (zh) * 2021-10-29 2022-11-04 南京科润工业介质股份有限公司 一种铝合金切削液的缓蚀添加剂

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EP0113863B1 (fr) 1987-09-30
JPS59120693A (ja) 1984-07-12
DE3373916D1 (en) 1987-11-05
EP0113863A3 (en) 1986-02-12
US4578202A (en) 1986-03-25
DE3247426A1 (de) 1984-06-28

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