EP0086957B1 - Procédé pour la production de matériaux de support pour des plaques d'impression offset - Google Patents

Procédé pour la production de matériaux de support pour des plaques d'impression offset Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0086957B1
EP0086957B1 EP83100462A EP83100462A EP0086957B1 EP 0086957 B1 EP0086957 B1 EP 0086957B1 EP 83100462 A EP83100462 A EP 83100462A EP 83100462 A EP83100462 A EP 83100462A EP 0086957 B1 EP0086957 B1 EP 0086957B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
aluminum
stage
aqueous electrolyte
aqueous
anions
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83100462A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0086957A1 (fr
Inventor
Dieter Dr. Dipl.-Chem. Mohr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hoechst AG
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Hoechst AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hoechst AG filed Critical Hoechst AG
Priority to AT83100462T priority Critical patent/ATE22043T1/de
Publication of EP0086957A1 publication Critical patent/EP0086957A1/fr
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Publication of EP0086957B1 publication Critical patent/EP0086957B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
    • B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
    • B41N3/03—Chemical or electrical pretreatment
    • B41N3/034—Chemical or electrical pretreatment characterised by the electrochemical treatment of the aluminum support, e.g. anodisation, electro-graining; Sealing of the anodised layer; Treatment of the anodic layer with inorganic compounds; Colouring of the anodic layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
    • C25D11/02—Anodisation
    • C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C25D11/12—Anodising more than once, e.g. in different baths
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S205/00—Electrolysis: processes, compositions used therein, and methods of preparing the compositions
    • Y10S205/921—Electrolytic coating of printing member, other than selected area coating

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a two-stage anodic oxidation process for aluminum, which is used as a carrier material for offset printing plates.
  • Backing materials for offset printing plates are provided either by the consumer directly or by the manufacturer of precoated printing plates on one or both sides with a light-sensitive layer (copying layer), with the aid of which a printing image is generated photomechanically.
  • the support carries the printing image areas and at the same time forms the hydrophilic background for the lithographic printing process in the non-image areas (non-image areas).
  • Aluminum which is roughened on the surface by known methods by dry brushing, wet brushing, sandblasting, chemical and / or electrochemical treatment, is used particularly frequently as the base material for such layer supports.
  • electrochemically roughened substrates in particular are subjected to an anodization step to build up a thin oxide layer.
  • electrolytes such as H z S0 4 , H 3 P0 4 , H 2 C 2 O 4 , H 3 BO 3 , amidosulfonic acid, sulfosuccinic acid, sulfosalicylic acid or mixtures thereof.
  • the oxide layers built up in these electrolytes or electrolyte mixtures differ in structure, layer thickness and resistance to chemicals.
  • aqueous H 2 SO 4 or H 3 PO 4 solution are used.
  • Aluminum oxide layers produced in this way are amorphous and, in the case of offset printing plates, usually have a layer weight of approximately 1 to 8 g / m 2 , corresponding to a layer thickness of approximately 0.3 to 2.5 ⁇ m.
  • the oxide layers are characterized by a fine channel-like structure; they have good mechanical resistance, which in particular protects the filigree structure of an electrochemically roughened aluminum against abrasion.
  • a disadvantage of using an anodically oxidized carrier material for offset printing plates is the relatively low resistance of the oxide layers produced in H 2 SO 4 electrolytes to alkaline solutions, such as are increasingly being used, for example, in the processing of presensitized offset printing plates, preferably in contemporary developer solutions for exposed negative- or especially positive-working light-sensitive layers.
  • the process for the anodic oxidation of aluminum supports, in particular for printing plates, according to DE-A-23 28 311 (US-A-3 836 437) is carried out in a 5 to 50% strength aqueous Na 3 PO 4 solution at a temperature of 20 up to 40 ° C, a current density of 0.8 to 3.0 A / dm 2 and for a period of 3 to 10 min.
  • the aluminum oxide layer produced in this way should have a weight of 10 to 200 mg / m 2 .
  • a carrier material for printing plates which carries an oxide layer which consists of anodic oxidation of aluminum in an aqueous solution of H 3 PO 3 or a mixture H 2 SO 4 / H 3 PO 3 is generated; Then this relatively porous oxide layer is overlaid with a second oxide film of the “barrier layer” type, which can be formed, for example, in aqueous solutions containing boric acid, tartaric acid or borates by anodic oxidation.
  • Both the first stage (example 3, 5 min) and the second stage (example 3, 2 min) are carried out very slowly, as well as the second at a relatively high temperature (80 °).
  • An oxide layer produced in these electrolytes is often more resistant to alkaline media than an oxide layer produced in an electrolyte based on H 2 SO 4 solution; it also has some other advantages, such as a lighter surface, better water flow or low adsorption of dyes (“fog” in the non-image areas), but it also has significant disadvantages.
  • oxide layer weights of up to about 1.5 g / m 2 can be produced, a layer thickness that naturally offers less protection against mechanical abrasion than a thicker one in an H 2 S0 4 electrolyte produced oxide layer. Due to the larger pore volume and diameter of an oxide layer built up in H 3 P0 4 , the mechanical stability of the oxide itself is also lower, which results in a further loss in terms of abrasion resistance.
  • the process for the production of printing plate support materials made of aluminum according to DE-OS-22 51 710 is carried out in such a way that the aluminum is first anodically oxidized in an electrolyte containing H 2 SO 4 and this oxide layer subsequently in a 5 to 50% by volume aqueous H 3 PO 4 solution is aftertreated without the action of electric current.
  • the actual oxide layer should have a weight per unit area of 1 to 6 g / m 2 , this weight decreasing significantly when immersed in the aqueous H 3 P0 4 solution, for example by about 2 to per minute immersion time in an aqueous H 3 P0 4 solution 3 g / m2.
  • Electrochemical treatment in the H 3 PO 4 solution should also be possible (example 11) or the use of a mixed electrolyte composed of H 3 PO 4 / H 2 SO 4 (example 12), in which case an oxide layer is also removed.
  • support materials for printing plates made of aluminum are anodized so that they act as central conductors first through a bath with aqueous H 3 P0 4 and an anode and then into a bath with aqueous H z S0 4 and run a cathode.
  • the two electrodes can also be connected to an AC voltage source.
  • the treatment with H 3 PO 4 can be a pure immersion treatment or that neutral or alkaline solutions would also be possible instead of the acids.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to propose a method for increasing the alkali resistance of carrier materials for offset printing plates on the basis of roughened and anodically oxidized aluminum, which is relatively quick and without great effort in modern belt systems can be carried out in which the proportion of the oxide redissolution is low or a redissolution does not occur.
  • the known positive individual properties of oxide layers produced in aqueous sulfuric acid or aqueous phosphoric acid should also be retained in their current combination.
  • the invention relates to a process for the production of plate, film or tape-shaped support materials for offset printing plates made of chemically, mechanically and / or electrochemically roughened aluminum or one of its alloys by a two-stage anodic oxidation in a) an aqueous electrolyte based on sulfuric acid and then b) an aqueous electrolyte containing anions containing phosphorus, at a voltage between 10 and 100 V and at a temperature of 10 to 80 ° C.
  • the process according to the invention is then characterized in that compounds containing Al 3 + ions are added in stage a) and stage b) in an aqueous electrolyte containing a phosphoric acid, including the known phosphoric acid and / or a salt, with a Alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium cation and a Phosphoroxo, Phosphorfluoro- and / or Phosphoroxofluoro anion for a period of 1 to 60 seconds.
  • a phosphoric acid including the known phosphoric acid and / or a salt
  • stage b) is carried out for a period of 5 to 60 seconds, at a voltage between 20 and 80 V and at a temperature of 15 to 60 ° C.
  • the alkali resistance of the layers produced by the process according to the invention generally remains - relatively independent of the electrolyte concentration - in a comparable range, ie in a range of approximately ⁇ 50%, provided that the zincate test times are used as a basis; a certain exception is Na 3 PO 4 , which - with increasing electrolyte concentration - also results in increases in alkali resistance of up to about 100%.
  • the current profile can be characterized approximately in such a way that, after a very short initial current density of approximately 3 to 10 A / dm 2, this drops to values of less than 1 A / dm 2 after approximately 2 to 5 seconds, and already after approximately 10 to 20 seconds to drop towards 0.
  • the alkali resistance of the layers generally also increases; An exception to this is the execution of the process in an electrolyte containing KPF 6 , since a maximum of about 40 V occurs in the alkali resistance. With the exposure times of a maximum of 60 seconds used in the process according to the invention, only a very slight redissolving of the oxide layer occurs, for example, from about 2.8 g / m 2 to about 2.5 to 2.7 g / m when using acids in stage b) m 2 , ie up to about 0.3 g / m 2 . If, on the other hand, salts, in particular neutral salts, are used in room b), there is practically no change in the oxide layer weight. When using higher temperatures in the process according to the invention, the redissolution of the oxide layer can occasionally be accelerated, so that in these cases work should be carried out in the middle or lower temperature range.
  • Aluminum carrier materials are still mechanical (e.g. by brushing and / or with abrasive treatments), chemical (e.g. by etching agents) or electrochemical (e.g. by AC treatment in aqueous HCI, HN0 3 - or in salt solutions ) roughened.
  • Aluminum printing plates with electrochemical roughening are used in particular in the process according to the invention.
  • the process parameters in the roughening stage are in the following ranges: the temperature of the electrolyte between 20 and 60 ° C, the active substance (acid, salt) concentration between 5 and 100 g / I, the current density between 15 and 130 A / dm 2 , the residence time between 10 and 100 sec and the electrolyte flow rate on the surface of the workpiece to be treated between 5 and 100 cm / sec; AC is usually used as the type of current, but modified types of current such as AC with different amplitudes of the current strength are also possible for the anode and cathode currents.
  • the average roughness depth R z of the roughened surface is in the range from about 1 to 15 ⁇ m, in particular in the range from 3 to 8 ⁇ m.
  • the roughness depth is determined in accordance with DIN 4768 in the version from October 1970, the roughness depth R z is then the arithmetic mean of the individual roughness depths of five adjacent individual measuring sections.
  • the individual roughness depth is defined as the distance between two parallels to the middle line that touch the roughness profile at the highest or lowest point within the individual measurement sections.
  • the individual measuring section is the fifth part of the length of the part of the roughness profile which is used directly for evaluation and is projected perpendicularly onto the middle line.
  • the middle line is the line parallel to the general direction of the roughness profile from the shape of the geometrically ideal profile, which divides the roughness profile so that the sum of the material-filled areas above it and the material-free areas below it are equal.
  • a first anodic oxidation of the aluminum then follows in a further process step [step a)].
  • This is carried out in an electrolyte based on H 2 S0 4 , as shown at the beginning when the prior art was assessed.
  • a suitable electrolyte according to the invention additionally contains Al 3 + ions, which are introduced, for example, in the form of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .
  • the Al 3+ content can also be adjusted to values of more than 12 g / l.
  • Direct current is preferably used for anodic oxidation in this stage, but also in stage b) explained above, but alternating current or a combination of these types of current (e.g. direct current with superimposed alternating current) can also be used.
  • the layer weights of the aluminum oxide layer produced in stage a) can range from approximately 1 to 8 g / m 2 , corresponding to a layer thickness of approximately 0.3 to 2.5 m, and are preferably approximately 1.4 to 3 .0 g / m 2 , corresponding to about 0.4 to 1.0 m.
  • This oxide layer is then treated further in step b) after rinsing with water.
  • These roughened and two-stage anodically oxidized carrier materials are used in the production of offset printing plates having a light-sensitive layer, although they can also be additionally hydrophilized beforehand, for example, as explained in the description of the prior art.
  • all layers are suitable as light-sensitive layers which, after exposure, optionally with subsequent development and / or fixation, provide an imagewise surface from which printing can take place. They are applied either to the manufacturer of presensitized printing plates or directly by the consumer to the carrier material produced according to the invention.
  • Negative-working condensation products from aromatic diazonium salts and compounds with active carbonyl groups preferably condensation products from diphenylamine diazonium salts and formaldehyde, which are described, for example, in DE-C-596 731, 1 138 399, 1 138 400, 1 138 401, 1 142 871, 1 154123, US-A-2 679 498 and 3 050 502 and GB-A-712 606.
  • Negative mixed condensation products of aromatic diazonium compounds for example according to DE-A-20 24 244, which each have at least one unit of the general types A (-D) n and B connected by a double-bonded intermediate member derived from a condensable carbonyl compound.
  • A is the remainder of a compound containing at least two aromatic carbocyclic and / or heterocyclic nuclei, which is capable of condensing with an active carbonyl compound in an acidic medium at at least one position.
  • D is a diazonium salt group attached to an aromatic carbon atom of A; n is an integer from 1 to 10; and B is the remainder of a compound free of diazonium groups and capable of condensing with an active carbonyl compound in an acid medium at at least one position on the molecule.
  • Positive-working layers according to DE-A-2610 842 which contain a compound which cleaves off on irradiation, a compound which has at least one C-0-C group which can be cleaved off by acid (e.g. an orthocarboxylic acid ester group or a carboxylic acid amide acetal group) and optionally contain a binder.
  • acid e.g. an orthocarboxylic acid ester group or a carboxylic acid amide acetal group
  • optionally contain a binder e.g. an orthocarboxylic acid ester group or a carboxylic acid amide acetal group
  • the monomers used here are, for example, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters or reaction products of diisocyanates with part esters of polyhydric alcohols, as described, for example, in US Pat. Nos. 2,760,863 and 3,060,023 and DE-A-20 64 079 and 23 61 041 .
  • photoinitiators are u. a. Benzoin, benzoin ethers, multinuclear quinones, acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, quinazoline derivatives or synergistic mixtures of different ketones.
  • soluble organic polymers can be used as binders, e.g. B. polyamides, polyesters, alkyd resins, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, gelatin or cellulose ether.
  • Negative working layers according to DE-A-30 36 077, which contain a diazonium salt polycondensation product or an organic azido compound as the photosensitive compound and a high molecular weight polymer with pendant alkenylsulfonyl or cycloalkenylsulfonylurethane groups as the binder.
  • photoconductive layers such as z. B. in DE-C-11 17 391, 15 22 497, 15 72 312, 23 22 046 and 2322047 are described, applied to the carrier materials produced according to the invention, whereby highly light-sensitive, electrophotographic printing plates are formed.
  • the sample of a defined size which is protected by a layer of lacquer on the back, is moved in a bath containing an aqueous solution of 6 g / l of NaOH.
  • the weight loss suffered in this bath is determined gravimetrically. Times of 1, 2, 4 or 8 minutes are selected as the treatment time in the alkaline bath.
  • a bright rolled aluminum sheet with a thickness of 0.3 mm was degreased with an aqueous alkaline pickling solution at a temperature of about 50 to 70 ° C.
  • the electrochemical roughening of the aluminum surface was carried out using alternating current in an electrolyte containing HN0 3 , a surface roughness having an R Z value of about 6 ⁇ m being obtained.
  • the subsequent anodic oxidation was carried out in one process in accordance with the process described in DE-OS 28 11396 aqueous electrolytes containing H z S0 4 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , which resulted in a layer weight of 2.8 g / m 2 .
  • the printing plate thus produced was quick to develop and free of fog.
  • the bright appearance of the carrier surface resulted in a very good contrast between image and non-image areas.
  • the circulation was 200,000.
  • the printing form obtained was perfect in terms of copying and printing technology and had a very good contrast after exposure, the print run was 150,000.
  • Example 2 An aluminum strip prepared as described in Example 2 was immersed in a further treatment step (additional hydrophilization) in a 0.2% aqueous solution of polyvinylphosphonic acid at 50 ° C. for 20 seconds. After drying, the support material additionally hydrophilized in this way was further processed as described in Example 2, the ink-repelling effect of the non-image areas being able to be improved. An even more favorable hydrophilization was achieved with the complex-type reaction products described in DE-OS 31 26 636 from a) such polymers as polyvinylphosphonic acid and b) a salt of an at least divalent metal cation.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
  • Electrochemical Coating By Surface Reaction (AREA)
  • Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)

Claims (5)

1. Procédé pour la fabrication de matériaux de support en forme de plaques, de feuilles ou de rubans pour plaques d'impression offset, en aluminium ou en un de ses alliages, grainé chimiquement, mécaniquement et/ou électrochimiquement, par une oxydation anodique en deux étapes dans a) un électrolyte aqueux à base d'acide sulfurique et, ensuite, b) un électrolyte aqueux ayant une teneur en anions contenant du phosphore, à une tension comprise entre 10 et 100 V et à une température de 10 à 80 °C, caractérisé par le fait que, dans l'étape a), on ajoute des composés contenant des ions AI3+, et on effectue l'étape b) dans un électrolyte aqueux ayant une teneur en un acide oxygéné du phosphore, y compris celle en l'acide phosphorique connu en soi et/ou un sel avec un cation alcalin, alcalino-terreux ou ammonium et un anion phosphoroxo, phosphofluoro ou phosphoroxofluoro, pendant une durée de 1 à 60 secondes.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que l'on effectue b) pendant une durée de 5 à 60 secondes, à une tension comprise entre 20 et 80 V et à une température de 15 à 60 °C.
3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'en b) l'électrolyte aqueux contient 5 à 500 g/l d'un composé phosphoroxo.
4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'en b) l'électrolyte aqueux contient 1 à 50 g/l d'un composé phosphofluoro ou phosphÕroxofluoro.
5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé par le fait qu'après l'étape b) on effectue en plus une hydrophilisation.
EP83100462A 1982-02-23 1983-01-20 Procédé pour la production de matériaux de support pour des plaques d'impression offset Expired EP0086957B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83100462T ATE22043T1 (de) 1982-02-23 1983-01-20 Verfahren zur herstellung von traegermaterialien fuer offsetdruckplatten.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3206470 1982-02-23
DE19823206470 DE3206470A1 (de) 1982-02-23 1982-02-23 Verfahren zur herstellung von traegermaterialien fuer offsetdruckplatten

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0086957A1 EP0086957A1 (fr) 1983-08-31
EP0086957B1 true EP0086957B1 (fr) 1986-09-10

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EP83100462A Expired EP0086957B1 (fr) 1982-02-23 1983-01-20 Procédé pour la production de matériaux de support pour des plaques d'impression offset

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4554057A (fr)
EP (1) EP0086957B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS58153698A (fr)
AT (1) ATE22043T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU557950B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1205418A (fr)
DE (2) DE3206470A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES520002A0 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA83947B (fr)

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DE3328048A1 (de) * 1983-08-03 1985-02-21 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Verfahren zur zweistufigen anodischen oxidation von traegermaterialien aus aluminium fuer offsetdruckplatten
DE3418111A1 (de) * 1984-05-16 1985-11-21 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Verfahren zur nachbehandlung von aluminiumoxidschichten mit phosphoroxo-anionen enthaltenden waessrigen loesungen und deren verwendung bei der herstellung von offsetdruckplattentraegern
US4731317A (en) * 1984-06-08 1988-03-15 Howard A. Fromson Laser imagable lithographic printing plate with diazo resin
DE3425860A1 (de) * 1984-07-13 1986-01-16 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Traegermaterial fuer druckplatten aus einer aluminiumlegierung und druckplatte aus diesem material
JPH06103390B2 (ja) * 1984-11-13 1994-12-14 三菱化成株式会社 感光性平版印刷版
US5277788A (en) * 1990-10-01 1994-01-11 Aluminum Company Of America Twice-anodized aluminum article having an organo-phosphorus monolayer and process for making the article
ES2036127B1 (es) * 1991-05-16 1994-02-01 Sers S A Plancha para la impresion y procedimiento para su fabricacion.
US5382347A (en) * 1991-08-18 1995-01-17 Yahalom; Joseph Protective coatings for metal parts to be used at high temperatures
JP3705457B2 (ja) * 1996-07-02 2005-10-12 富士写真フイルム株式会社 アルミニウム材の陽極酸化処理方法
US6145565A (en) * 1997-05-22 2000-11-14 Fromson; Howard A. Laser imageable printing plate and substrate therefor
US20060019585A1 (en) * 2004-07-26 2006-01-26 Zayat Charles D Device for circular grinding, sanding and stripping tools to attach to any power drive
DE102011106764B4 (de) * 2011-07-05 2013-03-14 Eads Deutschland Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung einer haftvermittelnden Schicht auf einer Oberfläche eines Titanwerkstoffs durch anodische Oxidation , Verwendung einer Lösung für die anodische Oxidation und haftvermittelnde Schicht

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA83947B (en) 1983-10-26
US4554057A (en) 1985-11-19
EP0086957A1 (fr) 1983-08-31
AU557950B2 (en) 1987-01-15
CA1205418A (fr) 1986-06-03
ATE22043T1 (de) 1986-09-15
JPS58153698A (ja) 1983-09-12
ES8400935A1 (es) 1983-12-01
ES520002A0 (es) 1983-12-01
JPH0342200B2 (fr) 1991-06-26
DE3206470A1 (de) 1983-09-01
DE3365930D1 (en) 1986-10-16
AU1147483A (en) 1983-09-01

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