Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
  • A61K31/542—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/545—Compounds containing 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. cephalosporins, cefaclor, or cephalexine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/429—Thiazoles condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/43—Compounds containing 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula, e.g. penicillins, penems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D499/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. penicillins, penems; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulfur-containing hetero ring

Definitions

• the present invention relates to 6-alpha- and 6-beta-(aminomethyl and 1-aminoethyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxides, said aminomethyl compounds opitonally substituted on amino nitrogen with benzyl, hydroxybenzyl, picolyl or phenethyl, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof and conventional esters thereof which are hydrolyzable in vivo; bis-methanediol esters thereof; or mixed methanediol esters with said beta-lactamase inhibitors and sulbactam (penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide), said methanediol esters also hyrolyzable in vivo.
• beta-lactamase inhibitors While some of these compounds possess antibacterial activity per se, their principal value is as beta-lactamase inhibitors. Thus they are useful in combination with conventional beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) against microorganisms resistant or partially resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics through production of beta-lactamase enzymes. Also encompassed by the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a present beta-lactamase inhibiting compound and a known beta-lactam antibiotic; bis-methanediol esters of the present beta-lactamase inhibiting compounds with either ampicillin or amoxicillin; pharmaceutical compositions of said bis-esters; and compounds useful as intermediates in the preparation of these compounds.
• Patent 4,237,051 have been previously described as beta-lactamase inhibitors useful in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics forthe treatment of bacterial infections.
• Antibacterial bis-esters of methanediol with penicillins and penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide (Bigham, U.S. Patent 4,244,951; Godtfredsen et al., U.S. Patent 4,342,772) have also been described.
• the present invention relates to compounds of the formulae wherein in a first alternative:
• each of the formulae (I) and (II) represent two different diastereoisomers (epimers).
• the side chains of these epimeric pairs are designated 1 R-aminoethyl and 1 S-aminoethyl.
• one epimer has side chain configuration R and the other S.
• Pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, those with hydrochloric acid, sufuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, benzene-sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthlenesufonic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
• Pharmaceutically-acceptable cationic salts include, but are not limited to, those of sodium, potassium, calcium, N,N'-dibenzylethylen- diamine, N-methylglucamine (meglumine) and diethanolamine.
• esters which are hydrolyzable under physiological conditions refers to those esters frequently referred to as "pro-drugs". Such esters are now as well-known and common in the penicillin art as pharmaceutically-acceptable salts. Such esters are generally used to enhance oral absorption, but in any event are readily hydrolyzed in vivo to the parent acid. Preferred esters show no tendency to hydrogenolyze under the conditions preferably employed for their preparation (see below).
• the more preferred ester forming radicals are:
• R' is other than hydrogen.
• R' is a radical group forming an ester hydrolyzed in vivo, the preferred radicals are defined above. Because it is readily prepared in a highly pure, crystalline state (directly useful in mammals as a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt) pivaloyloxymethyl 6-alpha-(aminoethyl)penicillanate 1,1-dioxide p-toluenesulfonate salt is a particularly valuable compound in this series.
• 6-alpha(aminomethyl) derivatives (II) wherein n is 1 and R' is 1,1 -dioxopencillanoyloxymethyl or n is 2 and R 1 is -CH 2 -.
• the compounds of the formulae (I) and (II) are useful as inhibitors of beta-lactamase enzymes.
• beta-lactam antibiotics penicillins and cephalosporins
• these compounds enhance the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins), particularly against those microorganisms which are resistant or partially resistant to the beta-lactam antibiotic through the production of enzymes (beta-lactamases) which would otherwise destroy or partially destroy the beta-lactam antibiotic.
• beta-lactam antibiotics penicillins and cephalosporins
• the beta-lactam antibiotics are one of the most well-known and widely-used class of antibacterial agents. These compounds are characterized by a nucleus consisting of a 2-azetidinone (beta-lactam) ring fused to either a thiazolidine or a dihydro-1,3-thiazine ring. When the nucleus contains a thiazolidine ring, the compounds are usually referred to generically as penicillins, whereas when the nucleus contains a dihydrothiazine ring, the compounds are referred to as cephalosporins.
• While the present compounds are effective in enhancing the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics in general, their preferred use is found in their combination with a penicillin or cephalosporin of established clinical utility, viz., amoxicillin, ampicillin, azlocillin, bacampicillin, carbenicillin, carbenicillin indanyl, carbenicillin phenyl, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefaloram, cefamandole, cefamandole nafate, cefaparole, cefatrizine, cefazolin, cefonicid, cefmenoxime, cefoxizime, cefoperazone, ceforanide, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephacetrile, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine,
• beta-lactams are generally USAN, i.e., United States Adopted Names. Preferred combinations are with ampicillin or an ampicillin derivative, with amoxicillin or an amoxicillin derivative or, most particularly with cefoperazone.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises in a ratio of 1:3 to 3:1 by weight a beta-lactamase inhibitor of the formula (I) or (II) and a beta-lactam antibiotic, in total amounts sufficient to successfully treat a bacterial infection in a mammal in a single or, more usually, multiple doses.
• antibacterial compounds having the stereochemical formulae wherein
• bis-methanediol esters (III) and (IV) are effective as antibacterials through their in vivo, hydrolysis to the corresponding beta-lactamase inhibitors of the formulae (I) and (II) and to the corresponding ampicillin, amoxicillin or amoxicillin substituted on phenolic oxygen. It will be further noted that such phenolic esters are also generally hydrolyzed in vivo to produce amoxicillin.
• the bis-methanediol ester compounds are formulated in to pharmaceutical compositions, suitable for either parenteral or oral administration in single or (more usually) multiple dosage for the treatment of bacterial infections in mammals.
• Preferred compounds of the formulae (III) and (IV) have Y as hydrogen or hydroxy; most preferred compounds have Y as hydrogen.
• Those compounds. of the present invention of the formulae (I) and (II) are generally prepared from benzyl 6,6-dibromopenicillanate or from benzyl 6-alpha-iodopenicillanate.
• a preferred route particularly for the 6-beta-(aminomethyl) series, involves as a first stage conversion of the dibromo compound to an epimeric mixture of mono-Grignard reagents. This is conveniently done by an exchange reaction using essentially one molar equivalent of methyl magnesium bromide in an ether solvent (ether, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane) at low temperature (-50°C to -100°C), conveniently at -78°C, the temperature of an acetone-dry ice bath.
• ether solvent ether, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane
• the mono-Grignard reagents are contacted with essentially 0.5 molar equivalents of benzyloxycarboxamidomethyl acetate (usually diluted with the same ether solvent and added to the cold Grignard reagent at such a rate that the low temperature of the reaction is maintained). Reaction time is not critical; 0.5 to 2 hours at -50° to -100°C is usually sufficient to achieve complete reaction.
• Mixed epimers of the above formulae (VII) and (VIII) wherein Y' is benzyloxycarbonylamino are readily recovered by acetic acid quench, concentration and chromatography. The mixture of epimers can be used directly in the next step, or if desired, separated by further column chromatography on silica gel.
• reaction-inert solvent is defined as a solvent which does not react with starting materials, reagents, intermediates or products in manner which significantly reduces the yield of the desired product.
• hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene or toluene.
• a second preferred route, particularly for the 6-alpha(aminomethyl) series, is to react a cold ether solution of the Grignard reagent from benzyl 6-alphaiodopenicillanate with a benzyloxycarboxamidomethyl acetate under conditions described above.
• the above sulfides of the formulae (V) and (VI), wherein A is S are oxidized with substantially 1 molar equivalent of a peracid, conveniently m-chloroperbenzoic acid, in a reaction-inert solvent such as ethyl acetate at 0°-50°C.
• DBN 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.OJnon-5-ene
• other sulfone forming reagents such as KMn0 4 can be used.
• the substrate in a reaction-inert solvent, is contacted with hydrogen in the presence of a noble metal catalyst, such as palladium, platinum or rhodium, optionally in the form of its oxide or a salt, or on a carrier such as carbon, an alkaline earth carbonate or alumina.
• a noble metal catalyst such as palladium, platinum or rhodium
• Temperature is not critical (e.g. 0-50°C), but is preferably 25°C or lower in order to minimize thermal degradation.
• Pressure can be varied over a wide range (subatmospheric to 100 atmospheres), but as a matter of convenience will generally be in the range of 1 to 7 atmospheres.
• the reaction inert solvent is preferably relatively low boiling so as to be readily removed by concentration in vacuo.
• Aqueous tetrahydrofuran is a solvent particularly well-suited for the present purpose.
• the preferred catalyst is palladium, supported on carbon.
• an in vivo hydrolyzable ester i.e., a compound of the formulae (1) or (II), wherein Q is hydrogen and R' is a radical group forming an ester which is hydrolyzable under physiological conditions
• the amino group of the 6-(aminoalkyl)penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide is first protected with a benzyloxycarbonyl group, using methods well-known in the art.
• benzyl chloroformate is added slowly to the amine in a reaction-inert solvent such as aqueous acetone or aqueous tetrahydrofuran while maintaining pH 8.0 at a temperature of 0-35°C, preferably 0 ⁇ 20°C.
• the protected esters (IX) and (X) are converted to the desired esters of the formula (I) or (II) wherein Q is hydrogen, retaining R' as the ester functionality, by hydrogenolysis, preferably in the presence of a weakly acidic buffer comprising equimolar quantities of a weakly basic amine, such as pyridine, and a strong acid such as mineral acid (e.g. HCI, HN0 3 , H 2 SO 4 ) or preferably a sulfonic acid (such as methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid), otherwise according to methods described above, taking care to minimize exposure to conditions (e.g.
• a weakly acidic buffer comprising equimolar quantities of a weakly basic amine, such as pyridine
• a strong acid such as mineral acid (e.g. HCI, HN0 3 , H 2 SO 4 ) or preferably a sulfonic acid
• ester directly from the reaction mixture in the form of the acid addition salt where the acid is the one used in the buffer.
• a particularly preferred buffer is pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate in which case the product is usually isolated as its p-toluenesulfonate salt.
• the compounds of the formulae (I) and (II) in the first alternative are readily prepared by reductive alkylation of the simple 6-(aminomethyl) compounds of the above formulae (I) and (II) wherein R and Q are both hydrogen, in the presence of an equimolar amount of the corresponding aldehyde, using sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent.
• sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent.
• One molar equivalent of the aldehyde is fully satisfactory; an excess of sodium cyanoborohydride is generally used, e.g., about two thirds of a mole per mole of substrate.
• Temperature is not critical and can be in the range of 0-50°C; conveniently ambient temperature is employed.
• the above-defined pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts of the present invention are readily prepared by standard methods. For example, and equivalent of the acid is combined with the free amine form of the compound in an organic or aqueous organic solvent.
• the salt is isolated by concentration and/ or the addition of a non-solvent. In some cases, the salt is isolated directly from a reaction mixture, without isolation of the free amine.
• the above-defined pharmaceutically-acceptable cationic salts of those compounds of the present invention having a free carboxylic acid group are also readily prepared by standard methods.
• an equivalent of the corresponding cationic hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate or of an amine is combined with the carboxylic acid in an organic or aqueous solvent, preferably at reduced temperature (e.g. 0-5°C), with vigorous agitation and slow addition of the base.
• the salt is isolated by concentration and/or the addition of a non-solvent. In some cases, the salt is isolated directly from a reaction mixture, without isolation of the free acid form.
• the bis-methanediol esters (III) and (IV), as well as those of the formulae (I) and (II) wherein n is 1 and R' is 1,1-dioxopenicillanoyloxymethyl or n is 2 and R' is -CH 2 -, are also prepared from the amino protected penicillanic acid acids (IX) and (X), wherein R' is H.
• the latter compounds are first converted to the corresponding chloromethyl esters.
• the preferred method is to convert the acid to its tetrabutylammonium salt, which is then reacted with excess chloromethyl iodide at 0-50°C, preferably at 25° or less.
• chloromethyl ester can be used directly in the next step, it is preferred to first convert the chloromethyl ester to the corresponding iodomethyl ester.
• Contact of the chloromethyl ester with sodium iodide in acetone at 0-50° until reaction is substantially complete represents conditions particularly well-suited to this purpose.
• the iodomethylester is then reacted, in a reaction inert solvent at 0-50°C, with a salt of penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide; a salt of the same amino protected penicillanic acid (IX) or (X) wherein R' is H; a salt of azidocillin [6-(D-2-phenyl-2-azidoacetamido)penicillanic acid]; or a salt of an ampicillin or amoxicillin derivative of the formula wherein Y" is H, benzyloxycarbonyloxy, (C 2 ⁇ C 7 alkoxycarbonyloxy, benzoyloxy, or benzoyloxy monosubstituted with (C l -C 4 )alkyl, (C 1 ⁇ C 4 alkoxy or halo (F, CI or Br).
• the preferred salt is the tetrabutylammonium salt, since it reacts very rapidly with the iodomethyl
• the bis-methanediol esters (III) and (IV), as well as the esters of the formula (I) or (II) where n is 1 and R 1 is 1,1-dioxopenicillanoyloxymethyl are prepared by reacting the above salt of an amino-protected penicillanic acid (IX) or (X), wherein R' is H, with a halomethyl ester (preferably and iodomethyl ester) of penicillanic acid 1,1-dioxide, of azidocillin, or of an amplicillin or amoxicillin derivative of the formula (XI) above.
• the resulting protected methanediol diester is then converted to the desired end product of the formula (I), (II) [where n is 1 and R' is 1,1-dioxopenicillnoyloxymethyl or n is 2 and R' is -CH 2 -], (III) or (IV) by hydrogenolysis, using methods detailed above; again minimizing exposure to conditions which cleave the sensitive methanediol ester bonds.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable mono- or diacid addition salts of these methanediol diesters are prepared using one or two equivalents of the acid, as appropriate, according to methods described above.
• This reaction is conveniently carried out at room temperature using trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride as reagent, in a reaction inert solvent such a methylene chloride in the presence of at least one equivalent of a tert-amine such as pyridine or diisopropylethylamine.
• the sulfonate group is displaced by azide, forming the azidomethyl compounds of the formulae (VII) and (VIII), wherein Y' is azido.
• An excellent reagent for this purpose is tetramethylguanidinium azide in moderate excess.
• the reaction is carried out at 0-25°C, preferably about 10°C, in a reaction-inert solvent such as chloroform or methylene chloride.
• the azido group is reduced to an amino group, yielding compounds of the formulae (VII) and (VIII) wherein Y' is amino.
• a convenient reagent for this purpose is hydrogen sulfide, in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethylamine in a reaction-inert solvent such as chloroform. Gaseous hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through the reaction mixture at 0-50°C until reduction is substantially complete (usually about 3 ⁇ 4 hours at 25°C).
• benzyl chloroformate as reagent in the presence of a tertiary amine such as pydridine or N,N-diisopropylethyl amine, in a reaction-inert solvent such as methylene chloride at 0-50°C, preferably at reduced temperature (0-10°C).
• a reaction-inert solvent such as methylene chloride at 0-50°C, preferably at reduced temperature (0-10°C).
• BHI brain heart infusion
• Overnight growth tubes are diluted 100 fold for use as the standard inoculum (20,000-10,000 cells in approximately 0.002 ml are placed on the agar surface; 20 ml of BHI agar/dish). Twelve 2 fold dilutions of the test compound are employed, with initial concentration of the test drug being 200 mcg/ml. Single colonies are disregarded when reading plates after 18 hours at 37°C. The susceptibility (MIC) of the test organism is accepted as the lowest concentration of compound capable of producing complete inhibition of growth as judged by the naked eye.
• MIC susceptibility
• Those compounds of the formulae (I) and (II) having said in vitro antibacterial activity are thus useful as industrial antimicrobials, for example in water treatment, slime control, paint preservation and wood preservation, as well as for topical application as disinfectant.
• a non-toxic carrier such as vegetable or mineral oil or an emollient cream.
• a non-toxic carrier such as vegetable or mineral oil or an emollient cream.
• liquid diluents or solvents such as water, alkanols, glycols or mixtures thereof.
• concentrations of the active ingredient of from about 0.1 percent to about 10 percent by weight, based on total composition.
• the compounds of the formulae (I) and (II) are of more particular value as potent inhibitors of microbial beta-lactamases. By this mechanism they increase the antibacterial effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) against many microorganisms, particularly those which produce a beta-lactamase.
• beta-lactam antibiotics penicillins and cephalosporins
• the ability of the said compounds of the formula (I) or (II) to increase the effectiveness of a beta-lactam antibiotic can be appreciated by reference to experiments in which the MIC values of the antibiotic alone, and compound of the formula (I) or (II) (having R' as hydrogen) alone, are determined.
• MIC's are then compared with the MIC values obtained with a combination of the given antibiotic and the compound for the formula (I) or (II), wherein R' is hydrogen.
• R' is hydrogen.
• the compounds of the formulae (I) and (II) enhance the antibacterial effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics in vivo. That is, they lower the amount of the antibiotic which is needed to protect mice against an otherwise lethal inoculum of certain beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
• acute experimental infections are produced in mice by the intraperitoneal inoculation of the mice with a standardized culture of the test organism suspended in 5 percent hog gastric mucin. Infection severity is standardized so that the mice receive a lethal dose of the organism (the lethal dose in the minimum inoculum of organism required to consistently kill 100 percent of the infected, non-treated control mice).
• the test compound in combination with the antibiotic is administered at various dosage levels, p.o.
• the compounds of formulae (1) and (II) to enhance the effectiveness of a beta-lactam antibiotic against beta-lactamase producing bacteria makes them valuable for coadministration with beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections in mammals, particularly man.
• the compound of the formula (I) or (II) can be comingled with the beta-lactam antibiotic, and the two agents thereby administered simultaneously.
• the compound of the formula (I) or (11) can be administered as a separate agent during a course of treatment with a beta-lactam antibiotic.
• a mixture of (I) or (II) with the beta-lactam antibiotic is administered preferably in formulation with standard pharmaceutical carriers or diluents.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a beta-lactam antibiotic and a compound of formula (I) or (II) will normally contain from about 5 to about 80 percent of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier by weight.
• the compounds of formula (I) or (II) in combination with another beta-lactam antibiotic can be administered orally or parenterally, i.e. intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally.
• the ratio of the daily dosages of the compounds of formula (I) or (II) and the beta-lactam antibiotic will normally be in the range of from about 1:3 to 3:1 by weight.
• the daily oral dosage of each component will normally be in the range of from about 10 to about 200 mg per kilogram of body weight and the daily parenteral dosage of each component will normally be about 10 to about 40 mg per kilogram of body weight. These daily doses will usually be divided. In some instances, the prescribing physician will determine that dosages outside these limits are necessary.
• beta-lactam compounds are effective when administered orally or parenterally, while others are effective only when administered by the parenteral route.
• a compound of formula (I) or (II) is to be used simultaneously (i.e. comingled) with a beta-lactam antibiotic which is effective only on parenteral administration, a combination formulation suitable for parenteral use will be required.
• a compound of formula (I) or (II) is to be used simultaneously (comingled) with a beta-lactam antibiotic which is effective orally or parenterally, combinations suitable for either oral or parenteral administration can be prepared.
• the compound When using the present antibacterial compounds of the formula (III) or (IV) for control of bacterial infections in a mammal, particularly man, the compound is administered alone, or mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
• Said carrier or diluent is chosen on the basis of the intended mode of administration.
• tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, powders, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions and suspensions, and the like are used, in accordance with standard pharamaceutical practice.
• the proportional ratio of active ingredient to carrier will naturally depend on the chemical nature, solubility and stability of the active ingredient, as well as the dosage contemplated.
• carriers which are commonly used include lactose, sodium citrate and salts of phosophoric acid.
• Various disintegrants such as starch, and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc, are commonly used in tablets.
• useful diluents are lactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, e.g. polyethylene glycols having molecular weights of from 2000 to 4000.
• the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavouring agents can be added.
• parenteral administration which includes intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous use
• sterile solutions of the active ingredient are usually prepared, and the p.H of the solutions are suitably adjusted and buffered.
• the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic.
• the daily dosage will be similar to that of other clinically used beta-lactam antibiotics.
• the prescribing physician will ultimately decide the dosage to be used in a human subject, the compounds of formula (III) or (IV) will normally be used orally at dosages in the range from about 20 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, and parenterally at dosages from about 10 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, usually in divided doses. In some instances, the prescribing physician will determine that dosage outside these limits are needed.
• proton nuclear magnetic resonance spetra are 60 MHz.
• Example 2 To a solution of title product of Example 2 (8.0 g, 0.0176 mole) in 200 ml ethyl acetate cooled to 0-5°C was added m-chloroperbenzoic acid (10.68 g, 0.0528 mole). The mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred for 6 hours, recooled to 0-5°C and diluted with 50 ml of saturated NaHS0 3 . The organic layer was separated, washed 2 x 50 ml saturated NaHC0 3 and 2 x 50 ml H 2 0, dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated in vacuo to a viscous oil (8.6 g).
• Example 4 By the procedure of Example 4, the title 1,1-dioxide of the preceding Example (3.3 g, 6.79 mmoles) was converted to present title product (3.1 g crude) and purified by column chromatography on 150 g silica gel, eluting with 1:9 ethyl acetate:CHCl 3 in 20 ml fractions.
• Example 5 Title product of Example 5 (1.9 g), THF (40 ml), H 2 0 (40 ml) and 10% Pd/C (1.9 g) were combined and hydrogenated at 50 psig for 1 hour. Catalyst was recovered by filtration and THF removed from the filtrate in vacuo. The aqueous layer was washed with 30 ml ethyl acetate, freeze dried to a white powder and a first crystalline crop (0.26 g) obtained by trituration of the powder with 5 ml water.
• a second crop (0.14 g) crystallized on addition of 10 ml of acetone to the mother liquor and a third crop (0.35 g) by evaporating the second mother liquor to 2 ml and adding 50 ml of acetone.
• Tetramethylguanidinium azide (2.96 g, 18.7 mmoles) was added to a solution of benzyl 6-beta-bromo-6-alpha-trifluoromethylsulfonyloxymethylpenicillanate (8.296 g, 15.6 mmoles) in chloroform (50 ml) at 10°C. The reaction mixture was stirred for one hour and then reduced to one third volume and filtered through a pad of silica gel.
• NMR data showed the residue to comprise the desired product contaminated with triethylamine [pnmr/CDCl 3 /delta/TMS 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.64 (s, 3H), 3.35 (s, 2H), 4.51 (s, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 7.33 (s, 5H)].
• Example 7 Title beta-aminomethyl product of Example 7 (0.1 g) was reacted with phenylacetaldehyde (0.098 ml) by the method of the preceding Example. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and solids recovered by trituration with 20 ml ethyl acetate.
• Example 7 Title beta-aminomethyl product of Example 7 (0.1 g, 0.38 mmole) was slurried in 4 ml of water. 4-Pyridinecarbaldehyde (0.040 ml, 0.42 mmole) and then sodium cyanoborohydride (15.8 mg, 0.25 mmole) were added and the mixture stirred under nitrogen for 30 minutes at room temperature.
• Example 8 The title alpha-aminomethyl compound of Example 8 (0.5 g, 1.91 mmoles) was reacted with benzaldehyde (0 . 194 mi, 1.91 mmole) and sodium cyanoborohydride (79.4 mg, 1.259 g) in a total of 26 ml of. methanol according to the method of Example 16. Following the 30 minutes stir period the reaction mixture was clarified by filtration and concentrated in vacuo to a foamy residue. The residue was dissolved in 50 ml of ethyl acetate and crude product (0.45 g) precipitated by adding hexane.
• the aqueous layer was freeze dried to yield purified title product as a yellow solid [0.18 g, pnmr/D 2 0/delta/DSS 1.55 (3H, s), 1.70 (3H, s), 2.9 ⁇ 4.0 (7H, m), 4.34 (1 H, s), 5.10 (1 H, d), 7.43 (5H, s)].
• Example 20 The procedure of Example 20, substituting 4-pyridinecarbaldehyde (0.1892 ml) for benzaldehyde gave title product. Isolation was modified in that, following filtration of the reaction mixture, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a yellow foam, which was triturated with ethyl acetate, taken up in 10 ml H 2 0 and washed with 20 ml fresh ethyl acetate.
• the required Grignard agent was prepared essentially according to the method of DiNinno et al., J. Org. Chem. 42, pp. 2960-2965 (1977).
• benzyl 6-alpha-iodopenicillanate was dissolved in 75 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran and cooled to -78°C under dry N 2 .
• Methylmagnesium bromide (5.6 ml of 3M in ether) was added dropwise. After stirring an additional 15 minutes, a solution of benzyloxycarbonylaminomethyl acetate (1.87 g) in 25 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran was added in one portion.
• Fractions 20-24 contained 1.3 g of a side product (oil); fractions 25-34 contained 0.62 g of a 3:2 beta:alpha mixture of title products by pnmr assay. Fractions 35-60 contained 2.2 g of a 3:1 alpha:beta mixture of title products.
• Benzyl 6-alpha-bromo-6-beta-(1R-hydroxyethyl)penicillanate (DiNinno et al., J. Org. Chem. 42, pp. 2960-2965, 1977; 20.28 g, 0.0489 mole) was dissolved in 400 ml CH 2 CI 2 and chilled with an acetone-ice bath. Pyridine (7.91 ml, 2 equivalents) was added and then, dropwise, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (11.58 ml, 1.4 equivalents) maintaining temperature ⁇ 5°.
• Benzyl chloroformate (5.10 ml, 1.2 equivalents) was dissolved in 20 ml of CH 2 CI 2 , chilled in an acetone-ice bath.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, stripped of CH 2 Cl 2 in vacuo, diluted with ethyl acetate and water (pH was noted to be 8.2), and adjusted to pH 2.0 with dilute HC1.
• Example 31 Title product of Example 31 (4.25 g, 0.0085 mole) was dissolved in 100 ml CH 2 CI 2 . DBN (0.96 ml, 1 equivalent) was added dropwise and the mixture stirred three minutes at 25°, then quenched by adding to 1 ml (2 equivalents) of glacial CH 3 C0 2 H. The quenched mixture was diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 , washed in sequence with dilute HCI (pH 2.5), water and saturated NaCl, and evaporated in vacuo to yield crude title product as a white foam, 4.5 g.
• Example 26 By the procedure of Example 26, benzyl 6-beta-bromo-6-alpha-(1-hydroxymethyl)penicillanate (a mixture of side chain epimers; DiNinno et al., /oc cit.; 8.90 g, 0.0214 mole) was converted to present title products. On addition of 1:1 hexane:ether a first crop of solids crystallized (4.70 g) which was primarily the 1 R side chain epimer. (If desired, this epimer is carried through the procedures of Examples 25-30 to yield the title product of Example 32).
• Second and third crops (primarily 1S side-chain epimer) of title product of the preceding Example were converted to present title product (primarily 1R side chain epimer) by the procedure of Example 27.
• Example 28 Title product of the previous Example (primarily the 1R side chain epimer; 2.91 g, 0.0066 mole) was converted to present title products according to the procedure of Example 28. Following removal of CHCI 3 used as reaction solvent, the residue was distributed between ether and 1N HCI (200 ml). The ether layer was separated and extracted 1 x 200 ml 1 N HCI. The combined aqueous layers were layered with ethyl acetate and the pH adjusted to 8.5. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with fresh ethyl acetate. the ethyl acetate layers were combined and evaporated to yield a mixture of title products (primarily the 1R isomer) as an oil, 1.53 g.
• the isomers were separated by column chromatography on 200 g silica gel, eluting with 1:1 CH 2 CI 2 :ethyl acetate, monitoring by tlc (3:2 CH 2 Cl 2 :ethyl acetate). Clean, faster moving fractions (R f 0.52) were combined and evaporated to yield title 1S isomer (0.172 g), which, if desired, is converted by the procedures of Examples 29-32 to title product of Example 34. Middle cuts gave a mixture of title products (0.45 g), which, if desired, is rechromatographed to yield additional pure products.
• Example 30 By the procedure of Example 30, title product of the preceding Example (0.877 g, 0.0016 mole) was converted to present title product. After stripping, the benzene used as solvent, the residue was triturated 4 x 50 ml with hexane to yield crude product as an oil (627 mg).
• Example 6 Title product of Example 6 (11.2 g) in THF (70 ml) and H 2 0 (50 ml) in the presence of 6 g 10% Pd/Cwas partially hydrogenated at 50 psig for 30 minutes. Catalyst was removed by filtration over a pad of diatomaceous earth, THF was distilled from the filtrate in vacuo, and the aqueous residue was extracted with 100 ml ethyl acetate.
• Example 8 Title product of Example 8 (3.0 g, 11.45 moles) was dissolved in 100 ml 1:1 H 2 O:methanol. The pH was adjusted and maintained at 8.3-8.7 as benzyl chloroformate (1.79 g, 12.59 mole) was added dropwise over several minutes. Following a brief period of stirring the pH was adjusted to 6.0 with 1 N HCI and THF removed by distillation in vacuo. The aqueous residue was extracted with 30 ml of ethyl acetate and the extract discarded. Fresh ethyl acetate (50 ml) was added and the pH adjusted to 1.8 with 1 N HCI. The aqueous layer was extracted with 50 ml fresh ethyl acetate.
• Example 16 Title product of Example 16 (0.56 g, 1.43 mmoles) was dissolved in 50 ml CH 2 CI 2 . H 2 0 (20 ml) was added and the pH adjusted to 8.6 with 1N NaOH. NaHC0 3 (0.121 g, 1.43 mmoles) was added followed by tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (0.488 g, 1.43 mmoles) in portions, while maintaining pH 8.0-8.3 with 1N NaOH, until near the end of the addition, when the pH was allowed to drop to 7.0. After stirring the mixture 15 minutes, the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted 1 x 30 ml fresh CH 2 Cl 2 .
• Pd/C (10%, 2 g) was prehydrogenated in 20 ml of water.
• a solution of title product of the preceding Example (0.96 g, 1.226 mmoles) in 30 ml THF and then pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (0.615 g, 2.452 mmoles) were added, and the mixture hydrogenated for 1.5 hours at 50 psig.
• Catalyst was recovered by filtration over diatomaceous earth with THF and H 2 0 wash. THF was removed from the combined filtrate and washes by concentration in vacuo.
• Example 16 Title product of Example 16 (0.5 g, 1.26 mmoles) was dissolved in 50 ml CH 2 CI 2 . H 2 0 (10 ml) was added and. the pH adjusted to 8.6 with 1N NaOH. NaHC0 3 (0.106 g, 1.26 mmoles) and then tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (0.428 g, 1.26 mmoles) were added. The pH, which dropped to 5.0, was adjusted to 7.5 with 1N NaOH.
• the residue was slurried in 30 ml of ethyl acetate and crystalline tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.33 g) recovered by filtration.
• the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the residue was slurried in 30 ml of ethyl acetate and crystalline tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.33 g) recovered by filtration.
• Pd/C (10%, 1.2 g) was prehydrogenated in 10 ml H 2 0. Pyridinium tosylate (0.482 g, 1.92 mmoles) and then a solution of title product of the preceding Example in 30 ml THF were added and the mixture hydrogenated at 50 psig for 1 hour. Catalyst was recovered by filtration over diatomaceous earth, with THF/ H 2 0 wash. THF was removed from the combined filtrate and washed by concentration in vacuo. The aqueous residue was extracted 1 x 30 ml ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated to yield 60 mg of solids. The aqueous layer was concentrated to 10 ml.
• aqueous mother liquor was freeze dried to yield 160 mg solids. These were slurried in a small amount of water, filtered, washed with a small amount of ethyl acetate and dried to yield an additional 70 mg of purified title product, having identical mp and pnmr.
• Example 49 title product of Example 16 (0.396 g, 1.0 mmole) was converted to its tetrabutylammonium salt. The latter was dissolved in 30 ml bromochloromethane, stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours, concentrated in vacuo to a foam, and chromatographed on 50 g silica gel with 20% ethyl acetate/CHCI 3 as eluant in 20 ml fractions.
• Example 16 Title product of Example 16 (0.17 g, 0.429 mmole) was converted to its tetrabutylammonium salt (0.27 g) according to the procedure of Example 49. The latter was dissolved in 10 ml acetone and added to a solution of title product of the preceding Example (0.23 g, 0.429 mmole) in 10 ml acetone. The mixture was stirred 15 minutes, concentrated to a foam in vacuo and the foam slurried in 20 ml ethyl acetate.
• Example 52 title product of the preceding Example was hydrogenated. After recovery of catalyst and removal of THF, the aqueous residue was extracted 3 x 20 ml ethyl acetate and freeze dried to yield title product, 0.19 g, pnmr/DMSO-d 6 /TMS/delta (250 MHz): 1.37 (6H, s), 1.50 (6H, s), 2.31 (6H, s), 3.40 (4H, m), 3.94 (2H, m), 4.77 (2H, s), 5.30 (2H, m), 5.98 (2H, m), 7.32 (8H, ABq).

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