EP0029373A1 - Selbstentlüftender Kühler für die Kühlkreisläufe von Brennkraftmaschinen - Google Patents

Selbstentlüftender Kühler für die Kühlkreisläufe von Brennkraftmaschinen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0029373A1
EP0029373A1 EP80401488A EP80401488A EP0029373A1 EP 0029373 A1 EP0029373 A1 EP 0029373A1 EP 80401488 A EP80401488 A EP 80401488A EP 80401488 A EP80401488 A EP 80401488A EP 0029373 A1 EP0029373 A1 EP 0029373A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compartment
water box
exchanger according
partition
opening
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP80401488A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0029373B1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Moranne
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chausson Usines SA
Original Assignee
Chausson Usines SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR7928313A external-priority patent/FR2469685A1/fr
Priority claimed from FR8004693A external-priority patent/FR2477277B2/fr
Application filed by Chausson Usines SA filed Critical Chausson Usines SA
Publication of EP0029373A1 publication Critical patent/EP0029373A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0029373B1 publication Critical patent/EP0029373B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0231—Header boxes having an expansion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P2025/00—Measuring
    • F01P2025/08—Temperature
    • F01P2025/52—Heat exchanger temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
    • F01P7/02—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air
    • F01P7/08—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being cooling-air by cutting in or out of pumps

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heat exchangers and more particularly to heat exchangers used in the cooling circuit of heat engines.
  • US patent 3,576,181 describes a device in which a water pump 7 or other suction device extracts air from the outlet water box from the exchanger to route it to a manifold that contains a reserve of coolant. Is provided within the partition a nurse and a siphon which have the function to prevent air or sheaves p iré by a pipe communicating the bottom of the nurse with the bottom of the water box the exchanger and, consequently, with a liquid supply tube leading to the device to be cooled.
  • DE 27 41 353 describes in an heat exchanger an outlet water box comprising three chambers in which are provided communication lights, connecting the upper part of the three chambers and a communication conduit connecting the lower part of the chamber intermediate with the most extreme chamber which includes a filling plug.
  • the air which may be in the highest tubes is sucked in due to the circulation which is established from the lowest part of the outermost chamber.
  • this outer chamber as well as the intermediate chamber contain air at their upper part and, when the circulation of the liquid in the exchanger is stopped, air can again enter the tubes located at the highest part of the exchanger.
  • US patent 3,051,450 includes an outlet water box divided into two compartments by a vertical partition having a communication hole.
  • the suction of the liquid coming from the tubes of the exchanger is done by a tube which is arranged in the first compartment which is the most close to the outlet of the tubes.
  • air can again enter the uppermost tubes since the two compartments form communicating vessels.
  • U.S. Patent 3,604,502 describes a water box which delimits two chambers separated by a partition but which can communicate by means of a valve placed at the top of the partition.
  • the two compartments of the water box are connected together by a bypass duct to create a suction in that of the compartments which communicates directly with the tubes.
  • US patent 4,098,328 describes a heat exchanger whose outlet water box is separated into two compartments by a perforated partition which constitutes a tranquilization grid so that the outermost compartment into which the filling pipe opens and also the coolant return line contains liquid which is stilled and therefore there is less risk of air bubbles being returned to the system.
  • Patent FR 75 22 444 published under No. 2,278,914 describes a device which is intended to be mounted on existing exchangers and which comprises a suction member penetrating into the water box outlet of the exchanger, this device comprising a valve mechanism to prevent the return of air after the suction of this air, suction which is produced in an attached manifold.
  • This French patent itself refers to patents US Re 27,965 and 3,601,181 which relate to similar objects.
  • the present invention creates a new exchanger which has the advantage of not requiring the installation of an independent expansion tank or manifold in the coolant circulation circuit.
  • the exchanger of the invention ensures permanent degassing of the circuit without there being any operation to be carried out after a first start-up.
  • the self-bleeding exchanger for engine cooling circuits of the type in which the tubes are arranged horizontally and connected by manifold plates covered by water boxes is characterized in that the outlet water box is divided vertically in two compartments, the first communicating with the tubes and the second with a filling base arranged at the top and with a liquid return pipe arranged at the bottom, the partition being pierced with an opening having a passage section introducing a pressure drop at least equal to the height of water in the box for the liquid flowing from one to the other compartment, this opening opening below the level of liquid being in the second compartment and one pipe open at its two ends extending from the highest part of the first compartment to a level of the second compartment located below the level of the liquid in this compartment.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a cooler exchanger for a vehicle which comprises tubes 1 arranged horizontally and opening into two collecting plates 2 and 3.
  • the tubes are connected to each other by dissipators 4 formed, in the example shown, by corrugated spacers,
  • the collector plates 2 and 3 are covered and tightly connected by water boxes 5, 6.
  • the water box 6 is produced according to the invention to constitute both a manifold and a self-draining device.
  • the drawing shows, in fact, that the water box 6 has internally a partition 7 which separates it in the vertical direction into two compartments 8 and 9,
  • the compartment 8 communicates with the different tubes 1 and is intended to be always filled with coolant.
  • the compartment 9 constitutes a manifold and a compartment for taking up the cooled liquid which is directed towards the cooling jackets of an engine by a tube 10 provided at the lower part of said compartment 9.
  • compartment 9 communicates, at its part upper, with a filling base 11 normally closed by a plug 12 which is advantageously of the type incorporating overpressure and vacuum valves.
  • the partition 7 has a light or opening of passage 13 which is preferably practiced in its lower part.
  • the passage section of the light 13 is chosen to create a pressure drop, the measurement of which is at least equal to the pressure corresponding to the height of water between said light 13 and the highest part of the compartment 8.
  • the partition 7 has at its upper part, and at a level at least equal to that of the tube 1 located the highest, a hole 14 in which is disposed the inlet of a conduit 15 which opens inside the compartment 9 , preferably at the bottom of the latter, so that the mouth of the pipe 15 is always located below the level 16 of the liquid in said compartment 9.
  • the pipe 15 is bent at its lower part at 17 so that the mouth of this pipe is directed upwards.
  • the liquid to be cooled coming from the jackets of the engine is brought for example by a hose to a tube 18 provided in the inlet water box 5 which distributes the liquid to be cooled in the tubes 1.
  • the water box 5 also includes a vent plug 19 placed at its upper part.
  • the vent plug 19 is opened as well as the filling plug 12, liquid is poured through the base 11 and gradually fills the exchanger and the circuit passing from compartment 9 through the light 13 and compartment 8.
  • the vent plug 19 is then replaced as well as the plug 12.
  • the engine is then heated to normal operating temperature , for example until the cooling fan is engaged, which is normally provided with the cooling radiator and which can be controlled by a thermostatic cartridge 20 placed in compartment 9.
  • a large part of the air still contained in the cooling circuit collects in compartment 9 in which the level of the liquid drops. This is due to the pressure drop created by the opening 13 which forces the liquid to rise to the highest tube of the exchanger by driving the air into the compartment 8 at the top of which this air tends to accumulate but from which it is discharged through the hole 14 and the pipe 15.
  • the filling is completed by the plug 12 without again opening the plug 19 and this leaving just a little air above the liquid level 16.
  • the level 16 is brought about 5 cm from the base 11 on which the plug 12 is fixed. The vehicle is then ready to go.
  • the liquid necessarily passes through all the tubes 1 including the one at the highest level because the circulation is always established, on the one hand, through the opening 13 and, on the other hand , through the hole 14 and the pipe 15, so that it is ensured that there is never any air in the tubes 1 located at the highest level.
  • the water boxes 5 and 6 can be produced in different ways and, in particular, the water box 6 forming a nurse can, for example, be produced as illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 5.
  • the part 21 in which the opening 13 and the hole 14 are made.
  • the two parts 21 and 22 can be made of molded synthetic material or of metal and they are combined by any suitable means known in the art.
  • the connection between the two parts is carried out after the installation of the pipe 15 which can be metallic or made of synthetic material and it is then glued or joined by another means, for example by friction, by ultrasound, etc.
  • the part 22 is produced as in FIG. 2 but the part 21a has, from the partition 7, clamps 23 clearly visible in FIG. 4.
  • hole 14 is deleted.
  • a pipe 15a is put in place, the bent end 17a passing through the opening 13 when this pipe is held in the clamps 23.
  • the upper end of the pipe 15a is bevelled and opens at the top of room 21a which is intended to delimit compartment 8.
  • This embodiment enables the pipe 15a to be put in place after the two parts 21a and 22 constituting the water box 6 have been combined.
  • the water box is made of molded material in a completely analogous way to an ordinary water box and there is in this water box a grid 24 comprising spacers 25 to keep it away from the bottom of the water box and thus delimit compartment 9.
  • a seal 26 is made to seal between the water box and the collector plate 3 so that this seal forms at the same time a diaphragm 27 in which the opening 13 is made.
  • the diaphragm 27 forms also the tabs 23 which are used for fitting the pipe 15a,
  • the water box 6 is made of molded material, preferably a synthetic resin, to delimit the two compartments 8 and 9 as well as the partition 7, but it is open at the end forming the filling base.
  • the legs 23 for the pipe 15a can thus come easily from molding.
  • a cover 28 is likewise formed by molding comprising the base 11 and the cover is then joined to the water box by ultrasound or by another method known in the art.
  • the box 5 is provided, in known manner, with a transverse partition 31 delimiting two superimposed compartments 5a, 6a.
  • the liquid to be cooled is brought into the compartment 5a by a pipe 18 and, due to the presence of the transverse partition 31, the liquid is brought to circulate first of all along the arrow f 1 towards the compartment 8 and, then, from the latter following the arrow f 2 , to be brought to compartment 6a which is provided with a discharge pipe 10a.
  • the compartment 8 is itself separated into two compartments 8, 8a by an auxiliary transverse partition 32 which delimits a calibrated lumen 13a introducing a pressure drop in the liquid flowing from the compartment 8 to the compartment 8a.
  • the pressure drop can for example be equal to the height of water in the water box and it is at least equal to a measure for which there is always a higher pressure in the compartment 8 than that prevailing at the lower mouth of the pipe 15.
  • a hole 33 is also provided in the partition 7 near its lower part and in any case below the liquid level 16 to allow the circuit to be filled and make it possible for the level 16 to be variable in the compartment 9 which forms the feeder.
  • the partition 32 can consist of a simple rib provided from the partition 7 to extend up to a certain distance from the collector plate 3.
EP80401488A 1979-11-16 1980-10-20 Selbstentlüftender Kühler für die Kühlkreisläufe von Brennkraftmaschinen Expired EP0029373B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7928313A FR2469685A1 (fr) 1979-11-16 1979-11-16 Echangeur autopurgeur pour circuits de refroidissement de moteurs
FR7928313 1979-11-16
FR8004693A FR2477277B2 (fr) 1980-03-03 1980-03-03 Echangeur autopurgeur pour circuits de refroidissement de moteurs
FR8004693 1980-03-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0029373A1 true EP0029373A1 (de) 1981-05-27
EP0029373B1 EP0029373B1 (de) 1984-06-27

Family

ID=26221438

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80401488A Expired EP0029373B1 (de) 1979-11-16 1980-10-20 Selbstentlüftender Kühler für die Kühlkreisläufe von Brennkraftmaschinen

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4366858A (de)
EP (1) EP0029373B1 (de)
BR (1) BR8007407A (de)
DE (1) DE3068367D1 (de)
ES (1) ES496878A0 (de)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2509788A1 (fr) * 1981-07-16 1983-01-21 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau a vase d'expansion integre pour un echangeur de chaleur, faisant par exemple partie d'un circuit de refroidissement de moteur a combustion interne
FR2511428A1 (fr) * 1981-08-12 1983-02-18 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et vase d'expansion, par exemple moule en une seule piece, en particulier pour un radiateur de moteur a combustion interne
FR2511489A1 (fr) * 1981-08-11 1983-02-18 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et de vase d'expansion, comprenant un conduit de degazage, en particulier pour un radiateur de moteur a combustion interne
EP0075750A2 (de) * 1981-09-30 1983-04-06 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Heizkörper
FR2514479A1 (fr) * 1981-10-13 1983-04-15 Valeo Echangeur de chaleur a circulation de liquide, en particulier pour un vehicule automobile
FR2535838A1 (fr) * 1982-11-10 1984-05-11 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et de vase d'expansion comprenant un conduit de degazage, en particulier pour un radiateur de moteur a combustion interne
FR2562225A1 (fr) * 1984-04-02 1985-10-04 Chausson Usines Sa Echangeur de chaleur a purge d'air automatique
FR2588647A1 (fr) * 1985-10-15 1987-04-17 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et de vase d'expansion pour echangeur de chaleur
FR2673445A1 (fr) * 1991-02-28 1992-09-04 Behr Gmbh & Co Radiateur a circulation transversale, notamment radiateur eau/air pour moteurs a combustion interne.
EP0554168A1 (de) * 1992-01-30 1993-08-04 Valeo Thermique Moteur Wärmetauscher und Verfahren zur Kühlung eines Verbrennungsmotors im Zweiphasenmodus
DE19502843A1 (de) * 1994-01-28 1995-08-03 Radiadores Ordonez S A Verbesserungen in Entgasungskreisläufen von Kühlern
DE102014010261A1 (de) 2013-07-11 2015-01-15 Audi Ag Fluid-führendes System, insbesondere Kühlmittelsystem
CN105525979A (zh) * 2014-10-21 2016-04-27 摩丁制造公司 具有集成缓冲槽的冷却组件
CN105644697A (zh) * 2014-11-27 2016-06-08 本田技研工业株式会社 鞍乘型车辆的储存箱构造

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2506001B1 (fr) * 1981-05-12 1986-02-07 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et vase d'expansion pour echangeur de chaleur
FR2536522A1 (fr) * 1982-11-18 1984-05-25 Valeo Boite a eau comprenant un passage de degazage et echangeur de chaleur comprenant une telle boite a eau
US4787445A (en) * 1987-01-08 1988-11-29 Susan E. Lund Hermetically sealed, relatively low pressure cooling system for internal combustion engines and method therefor
US6123144A (en) * 1997-04-15 2000-09-26 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Integrated heat exchanger and expansion tank
US6019171A (en) * 1998-11-18 2000-02-01 General Motors Corporation Down flow, two pass radiator with automatic air venting means
GB2366363B (en) * 2000-08-31 2005-03-30 Llanelli Radiators Ltd A heat exchanger header and tank unit
DE10062205A1 (de) * 2000-12-13 2002-06-20 Modine Mfg Co Querstromkühler
CN101876782B (zh) * 2005-09-28 2011-12-21 三洋电机株式会社 液冷装置
US7681537B2 (en) * 2008-08-17 2010-03-23 Cummins Intellectual Properties, Inc. Gas extractor for an engine coolant system
US20130327511A1 (en) 2012-06-06 2013-12-12 Tesla Motors, Inc. Passive air bleed for improved cooling systems
CN104373192B (zh) * 2014-11-25 2017-03-29 江苏常工动力机械有限公司 一种节水漏斗
KR20170069089A (ko) * 2015-12-10 2017-06-20 현대자동차주식회사 차량용 라디에이터
CN108397275A (zh) * 2018-04-19 2018-08-14 精进电动科技股份有限公司 一种梯度式汽车膨胀水箱

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US3051450A (en) * 1960-04-29 1962-08-28 Ford Motor Co Cooling system
US3455377A (en) * 1967-08-23 1969-07-15 Modine Mfg Co Liquid coolant radiator with air separating means
US3576181A (en) * 1969-06-02 1971-04-27 Cummins Engine Co Inc Apparatus for deaerating an engine cooling system
US3604502A (en) * 1969-09-04 1971-09-14 Modine Mfg Co Coolant deaeration system for internal combustion engine cooled by crossflow radiator
FR2278914A1 (fr) * 1974-07-18 1976-02-13 Avrea Walter Systeme de desaeration automatique du circuit de refroidissement d'un moteur
US4098328A (en) * 1977-06-16 1978-07-04 Borg-Warner Corporation Cross-flow radiator deaeration system
DE2741353A1 (de) * 1977-09-14 1979-03-15 Volkswagenwerk Ag Wasserkasten fuer einen querstromroehrenkuehler
DE2840813B1 (de) * 1978-09-20 1980-01-24 Laengerer & Reich Kuehler Kuehler mit vertikalen Kuehlrohren und einer Entlueftungseinrichtung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1710268A (en) * 1926-02-26 1929-04-23 Harrison Radiator Corp Cooling system for internal-combustion engines
US3533465A (en) * 1968-09-03 1970-10-13 Caterpillar Tractor Co Crossflow radiator system
US3623462A (en) * 1969-12-30 1971-11-30 Modine Mfg Co Radiator system for internal combustion engine
US3601181A (en) * 1970-03-09 1971-08-24 Saf Gard Products Inc Method and apparatus for purging air from internal combustion engine cooling systems
US3989103A (en) * 1973-04-19 1976-11-02 White Motor Corporation Method and apparatus for cooling and deaerating internal combustion engine coolant

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3051450A (en) * 1960-04-29 1962-08-28 Ford Motor Co Cooling system
US3455377A (en) * 1967-08-23 1969-07-15 Modine Mfg Co Liquid coolant radiator with air separating means
US3576181A (en) * 1969-06-02 1971-04-27 Cummins Engine Co Inc Apparatus for deaerating an engine cooling system
US3604502A (en) * 1969-09-04 1971-09-14 Modine Mfg Co Coolant deaeration system for internal combustion engine cooled by crossflow radiator
FR2278914A1 (fr) * 1974-07-18 1976-02-13 Avrea Walter Systeme de desaeration automatique du circuit de refroidissement d'un moteur
US4098328A (en) * 1977-06-16 1978-07-04 Borg-Warner Corporation Cross-flow radiator deaeration system
DE2741353A1 (de) * 1977-09-14 1979-03-15 Volkswagenwerk Ag Wasserkasten fuer einen querstromroehrenkuehler
DE2840813B1 (de) * 1978-09-20 1980-01-24 Laengerer & Reich Kuehler Kuehler mit vertikalen Kuehlrohren und einer Entlueftungseinrichtung

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2509788A1 (fr) * 1981-07-16 1983-01-21 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau a vase d'expansion integre pour un echangeur de chaleur, faisant par exemple partie d'un circuit de refroidissement de moteur a combustion interne
FR2511489A1 (fr) * 1981-08-11 1983-02-18 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et de vase d'expansion, comprenant un conduit de degazage, en particulier pour un radiateur de moteur a combustion interne
FR2511428A1 (fr) * 1981-08-12 1983-02-18 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et vase d'expansion, par exemple moule en une seule piece, en particulier pour un radiateur de moteur a combustion interne
EP0075750A2 (de) * 1981-09-30 1983-04-06 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Heizkörper
EP0075750A3 (en) * 1981-09-30 1983-10-05 Nissan Motor Company, Limited A heater core of an automotive air conditioning device
FR2514479A1 (fr) * 1981-10-13 1983-04-15 Valeo Echangeur de chaleur a circulation de liquide, en particulier pour un vehicule automobile
FR2535838A1 (fr) * 1982-11-10 1984-05-11 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et de vase d'expansion comprenant un conduit de degazage, en particulier pour un radiateur de moteur a combustion interne
FR2562225A1 (fr) * 1984-04-02 1985-10-04 Chausson Usines Sa Echangeur de chaleur a purge d'air automatique
US4747446A (en) * 1985-10-15 1988-05-31 Valeo Water box and expansion chamber device for a heat exchanger
EP0219417A1 (de) * 1985-10-15 1987-04-22 Valeo Wasserkasten- und Ausdehnungsgefässvorrichtung für einen Wärmetauscher
FR2588647A1 (fr) * 1985-10-15 1987-04-17 Valeo Dispositif de boite a eau et de vase d'expansion pour echangeur de chaleur
FR2673445A1 (fr) * 1991-02-28 1992-09-04 Behr Gmbh & Co Radiateur a circulation transversale, notamment radiateur eau/air pour moteurs a combustion interne.
ES2051205A2 (es) * 1991-02-28 1994-06-01 Behr Gmbh & Co Radiador de corriente transversal, en especial radiador de agua/aire para maquinas motrices de combustion interna.
EP0554168A1 (de) * 1992-01-30 1993-08-04 Valeo Thermique Moteur Wärmetauscher und Verfahren zur Kühlung eines Verbrennungsmotors im Zweiphasenmodus
FR2686968A1 (fr) * 1992-01-30 1993-08-06 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Echangeur de chaleur et procede pour le refroidissement d'un moteur thermique en mode biphasique.
DE19502843A1 (de) * 1994-01-28 1995-08-03 Radiadores Ordonez S A Verbesserungen in Entgasungskreisläufen von Kühlern
DE102014010261A1 (de) 2013-07-11 2015-01-15 Audi Ag Fluid-führendes System, insbesondere Kühlmittelsystem
DE102014010261B4 (de) * 2013-07-11 2018-02-22 Audi Ag Kühlmittelsystem
CN105525979A (zh) * 2014-10-21 2016-04-27 摩丁制造公司 具有集成缓冲槽的冷却组件
CN105644697A (zh) * 2014-11-27 2016-06-08 本田技研工业株式会社 鞍乘型车辆的储存箱构造
CN105644697B (zh) * 2014-11-27 2018-09-14 本田技研工业株式会社 鞍乘型车辆的储存箱构造

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR8007407A (pt) 1981-05-26
EP0029373B1 (de) 1984-06-27
ES8202636A1 (es) 1982-02-01
US4366858A (en) 1983-01-04
DE3068367D1 (en) 1984-08-02
ES496878A0 (es) 1982-02-01

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