EP0027643B1 - Antenne directionnelle pour un brouilleur travaillant en poursuite de cible avec un radar - Google Patents

Antenne directionnelle pour un brouilleur travaillant en poursuite de cible avec un radar Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0027643B1
EP0027643B1 EP80106313A EP80106313A EP0027643B1 EP 0027643 B1 EP0027643 B1 EP 0027643B1 EP 80106313 A EP80106313 A EP 80106313A EP 80106313 A EP80106313 A EP 80106313A EP 0027643 B1 EP0027643 B1 EP 0027643B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
diagram
protection
antenna arrangement
self
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80106313A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0027643A1 (fr
Inventor
Anton Dipl.-Ing. Brunner
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Publication of EP0027643A1 publication Critical patent/EP0027643A1/fr
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Publication of EP0027643B1 publication Critical patent/EP0027643B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/005—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns providing two patterns of opposite direction; back to back antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/12—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems
    • H01Q3/16—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems for varying relative position of primary active element and a reflecting device
    • H01Q3/20—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical relative movement between primary active elements and secondary devices of antennas or antenna systems for varying relative position of primary active element and a reflecting device wherein the primary active element is fixed and the reflecting device is movable
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a jamming directional antenna arrangement which can be tracked with a target working with radar and which emits interference radiation against the target in order to detect the radar of both a distant object (external protection) and of itself or of an object located in its immediate vicinity (self-protection). by preventing that goal.
  • Such a jamming directional antenna arrangement is intended to emit interference radiation from the ground or from the ship against aircraft flying at a constant height or from the aircraft against objects on the ground or on the water in such a way that the same interference effect regardless of the distance is achieved, and that this is possible both for the individual protection case and for the external protection case.
  • interference antennas In order to achieve an optimal interference effect at the receiving location, interference antennas often have a pencil-shaped radiation beam. However, this results in the difficulty of alignment and tracking on two levels, for example in the horizontal and vertical levels.
  • the counterpart with the lowest antenna expenditure is an omnidirectional radiator, the disadvantage of which, however, is the low antenna gain and the ease of detection.
  • the object of the invention is, on the one hand, to reduce the effort required for pencil-shaped bundling and, on the other hand, to avoid the disadvantages of the unbundled antenna arrangement.
  • the antenna arrangement should be simple, small, light and can be swiveled quickly so that it can be used universally and can be directed at different objects in a rapidly changing manner.
  • this object is achieved in that a separate antenna is provided for external protection and for internal protection, that the two antennas have a sharply focused radiation diagram in the horizontal plane, that the radiation diagram of the external protection antenna in the vertical plane has a cosec 2- Diagram is or at least closely approximates a cosec 2 diagram that the radiation diagram of the intrinsic protective antenna in the vertical plane is essentially the shape of a semicircle, the diameter of which when the antenna arrangement is attached to the ground in the direction of the zenith and when attached to an aircraft in the direction of of the nadir, is a graph showing that - starting from the ground - in the middle elevation angle range again towards the ground or - starting from the aircraft axis - in the middle elevation angle range again - towards the aircraft, and that the two antennas switched between them can be structurally comb are formed and rotatable together about an axis perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
  • a single antenna is provided for external protection and for internal protection, which generates a sharply focused radiation diagram in the horizontal plane and a radiation diagram in the vertical plane, which has a medium diagram form between a cosec 2 diagram or at least a cosec 2 diagram closely approximated and essentially the shape of a semicircle, the diameter of which runs in the direction of the zenith when the antenna arrangement is attached to the floor and in the direction of the nadir when mounted on an aircraft, but starting from the floor - in the middle elevation angle range back towards the ground or - starting from the aircraft axis - in the middle elevation angle range again towards the aircraft, the diagram corresponds to the fact that the antenna diagram can be tilted in the vertical plane, so that the main beam direction in one case with a direction that is most favorable for external protection ( small one elevation angle) and in the other case agrees with a direction that is most favorable for self-protection (larger elevation angle), that the antenna is designed to be rotatable about an axis perpendic
  • An antenna arrangement designed according to the invention thus only needs to be tracked in the horizontal plane. It therefore only needs to be movable on this level and is appropriately instructed by a reconnaissance system.
  • your radiation pattern covers a large elevation angle range - depending on which of the antennas is switched on - with the external protection or self-protection effect.
  • Due to the antenna arrangement designed according to the invention the jammer can be adapted to the respective threat situation and it is possible to quickly switch back and forth between several objects. It is pointed out once again that until the time of the invention it was only known to use a jamming transmitter for external and internal protection, which for both types of protection has either pencil-shaped radiation or an omnidirectional characteristic.
  • An omnidirectional radiation pattern such as can exist in principle with a jamming transmitter and is also emitted with known conventional jamming transmitters, is not possible with a omnidirectional search radar, since the target angle information is lost.
  • a completely different line of thinking leads to the cosec 2 diagram of one interfering antenna, namely the external protection antenna, than to the cosec 2 diagram of a search radar antenna. While this diagram form is intended to ensure coverage from the horizon to a certain height in the case of the radar search radar, this diagram form is obtained in the case of external protection because it is assumed that the target to be disturbed from the ground flies at a constant height and the radiated interference power squares of the target distance must be proportional so that a constant interference power arrives at the destination.
  • the claimed “semicircular” radiation diagram of the intrinsic protective antenna is not known from round-robin radar technology, even with the multi-lobe technology for 3D radar mentioned, especially not in combination with an underlying cosec 2 diagram. From the magazine «Elektrotechnik 51, (1969), 4, 19.2.69, pages 22 to 25, in particular Figures 1 and 4, it is only known to receive several fan beams one above the other for the purpose of determining the target height, so that due to an amplitude comparison between the individual characteristics of the Elevation angle can be determined. A multi-lobe is covered here that is covered as much as possible. cosec 2 diagram.
  • antenna tracking is carried out only in the horizontal plane and a suitably shaped, broader radiation pattern is used in the elevation plane, by means of which the elevation angle range in question is covered.
  • the optimal shaping of the radiation diagram in this elevation angle range assuming a constant flight altitude or an interference effect up to a certain altitude depends on the task of the jammer.
  • the well-known Kosekans-squared law should be aimed for.
  • the line of constant flight altitude can be regarded as a relative field strength diagram of the interfering antenna.
  • This law also applies if the jammer 1 is on board a flying object and is intended to jam a target 3 on the ground.
  • the representation of Fig. 1 is then only to be turned upside down.
  • the disturber 1 is at height H.
  • the graph G F (9) with the most distant target then coincides with the ground.
  • FIG. 2 serves to explain the self-protection, the horizontal distance a likewise being plotted on the abscissa and the flight height h being plotted on the ordinate.
  • the interferer 4 is to protect itself or an object located directly in its vicinity, there are entirely different conditions than with the external protection according to FIG.
  • the radar on board the target 5 has, it is assumed, the system at the interferer 4 detected and receiving a useful power N which is dependent on the reflecting cross section of the system. This useful power depends on the function from the distance r.
  • the angular range in the vicinity of the zenith or nadir in the case of an on-board disturbance therefore requires the greatest amount of energy, but is unimportant here because of the shortness of the overflight phase and because of the limited ability to act. It is therefore favorable to follow the semicircular shape in the coverage diagram only up to a medium elevation angle and then to have the radiation diagram broken off. For the elevation angles near the ground in the lowest part of the semicircle, however, the diagram level should be raised somewhat to compensate for ground disturbances.
  • the optimal radiation diagram types for interferers shown in FIG. 3 then arise for the two cases of external and internal protection.
  • the optimal radiation diagram for external protection is designated 7 and the optimal radiation diagram for internal protection 8.
  • FIG. 4 The relationship between the optimal self-protection diagrams and different approach heights is shown in FIG. 4. Due to the shorter distance at low approach heights, more interference power is required. The diagram shape and thus the antenna design remains unaffected. The critical angle is designated a and the maximum distance E. In contrast, the form of the diagram in the case of external interference due to the maximum range depends on the flight altitude and is determined by the 'relationship between the detection altitude and range. This also affects the antenna design.
  • a double-curved reflector makes it easy to implement a radiation diagram formed in the vertical plane.
  • the different radiation diagrams of FIG. 3 can only be generated by different antennas or reflectors. If an interferer had only one of the two tasks, i.e. H. either own or third-party protection, it would suffice to select a suitable arrangement. If, on the other hand, the interferer is to protect himself or another object depending on the threat, this can be done by a combination of two antennas, which is possible in a compact manner, particularly in the X / Ku band frequency range. There are various expedient possibilities for this, which are shown in FIGS. 5 to 8. If the principle of the rotating reflector and fixed radiator is used, then an antenna design according to FIG.
  • the two primary radiators of the two antennas are designed as fixed horn radiators 9 and 10.
  • the two reflectors 11 and 12 are arranged essentially obliquely one above the other, but rotatable with respect to one another about a common, vertical axis 13.
  • the two reflectors 11 and 12 are combined in a packet-like manner with a holder 14 and are mounted in a bearing 15 with as little inertia as possible, in order to enable short turning and setting times.
  • the two feed lines 16 and 17, like the two horns 9 and 10, are fixed, the feed line 17 for the upper horn 10 being brought up on the outside. This results in slight shadowing, which, however, does not significantly affect the radiation diagrams.
  • the lower antenna which consists of the horn antenna 9 and the rotating reflector 11, serves as an external protection antenna, while the antenna arranged at the top, which is composed of the horn antenna 10 and the rotating reflector 12, is provided for self-protection.
  • the entire antenna is covered by a likewise fixed radome 18, for example made of a low-loss integral polyurethane foam, to which the feed line 17 for the upper horn 10 can be attached.
  • circularly polarized horns are used in an advantageous manner, for which frequency bandwidths up to an octave can be achieved.
  • FIG. 6 Another embodiment of an antenna arrangement for external and internal protection according to the invention is shown in FIG. 6. Only one of the two primary radiators, namely the horn radiator 19, is fixed, while the other horn radiator 20 together with the two reflectors 21 and 22, which are arranged obliquely one above the other, but are arranged back to back to each other, is rotatably mounted about a common, vertical axis.
  • the feed line 23 to the upper horn 20 thus rotates with the two reflectors 21 and 22 and is connected to the jammer via a rotary coupling 24.
  • shading by a feed line no longer occurs and any polarization, e.g. B.
  • a linear polarization with 45 ° can also be selected.
  • the antenna consisting of the fixed horn 19 and the rotating reflector 21 is used for external protection and the upper antenna consisting of the rotating horn 20 and the co-rotating reflector 22 is used for self-protection. 6, the entire antenna is covered by a radome 25 for protection reasons.
  • the reflectors of the two antennas are arranged back to back, as a result of which the main beam directions of the two antennas are offset from one another by 180 ° in azimuth.
  • this is with the different tasks of the two. Antennas irrelevant.
  • FIG. 7 A further possible embodiment for an antenna arrangement for external and internal protection according to the invention is shown in FIG. 7.
  • the two antennas are arranged side by side in such a way that the two reflectors 26 and 27 are approximately at a height and back to back to each other.
  • Both reflectors 26 and 27 are mounted rotatably about a common vertical axis together with the two primary emitters assigned to them in the form of horn emitters 28 and 29.
  • a rotary coupling 30 is provided for the electrical connection to the rotatably mounted horn radiators 28 and 29.
  • the switch 31 for switching between external and internal protection lies between the single-channel rotary coupling 30 and the feed lines 32 and 33 to the two horn radiators 28 and 29.
  • the rotary base for the entire antenna is designated by 34.
  • the polarization can be chosen arbitrarily for the two antennas arranged next to one another, but is preferably linear 45 °. Although the arrangement requires a larger overall diameter than the arrangements according to FIGS. 5 and 6, it is smaller.
  • This antenna is also covered with a radiation-permeable radome 36.
  • a common azimuthal main beam direction of the two antennas is achieved if these are attached one above the other in accordance with the arrangement according to FIG. 8.
  • the two reflectors 36 and 37 are mounted one above the other on a common holder 38 and are acted upon by two horns 39 and 40, respectively.
  • Both reflectors 36 and 37 are mounted rotatably about a common vertical axis together with the two horn radiators 39 and 40 assigned to them.
  • a rotary coupling 41 is provided for the electrical connection to the rotatably mounted horns 39 and 40.
  • the polarization for both antennas can also be used here can be chosen arbitrarily, but is preferably linear and is 45 °.
  • the arrangement according to FIG. 8 is higher than that according to FIG. 7, but requires a smaller diameter for this. It is surrounded by a radiation-permeable radome 45.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 can in principle be expanded by additional emitters on both sides of the existing horn emitters, so that they enable radar operation with monopulse reception for azimuth tracking.
  • the frequency bandwidth must be narrowed and the antenna dimension may have to be increased.
  • a less complex antenna embodiment can be realized if only the rough diagram form is important.
  • only one antenna which consists of a reflector and a primary radiator and is designed to be tiltable, is used.
  • the vertical diagrams for external and internal protection no longer show the different forms shown in FIG. 3, but a common middle diagram form.
  • the two different main beam directions of the antenna are set by tilting it. '
  • the optimal ranges over the entire elevation angle range are no longer achieved.
  • the interfering antenna combination For the use of the interfering antenna combination according to the invention, it is assumed that there is a radar or reconnaissance device which determines the azimuth angle of the object to be interfered with. Since these devices in most cases only carry out a target location in the azimuth, an interfering antenna combination, which is also only tracked in the azimuth, works optimally with it.
  • the instruction and target tracking of the interfering antenna is controlled by the radar or reconnaissance device.
  • the interfering antenna can be adjusted from one object to the other by a rapid rotary movement.
  • a small antenna size, a lightweight design of the reflectors made of metallized foam and a radome that blocks the wind forces and the air supply from the outside enable the very high rotational speeds (e.g. 300 revolutions per minute) and accelerations required for this. Is the threat from different objects different? H. If third-party or internal protection must be granted, switch from one antenna to the other during instruction.
  • An antenna combination constructed in accordance with the invention which can be swiveled quickly, can be used to achieve an effective disturbance of several objects with external or internal protection.

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Claims (14)

1. Dispositif d'antenne directionnelle de brouilleur (1 ; 4) apte à poursuivre une cible (3 ; 5), travaillant avec un radar, et qui émet un rayonnement perturbateur en direction de la cible afin d'empêcher la détection radar aussi bien d'un objet éloigné (2) (protection d'éléments étrangers) que du dispositif lui-même ou d'un objet situé dans son environnement immédiat (protection personnelle), par cette cible, caractérisé par le fait que pour la protection d'éléments étrangers et pour la protection personnelle il est prévu des antennes particulières respectives, que les deux antennes possèdent, dans le plan horizontal, un diagramme de rayonnement en forme de faisceau ferré, que le diagramme de rayonnement (7) de l'antenne pour la protection d'éléments étrangers est un diagramme en cosécante carrée, dans le plan vertical, ou se rapproché au moins fortement d'un diagramme en cosécante carrée, que le diagramme de rayonnement (8) de l'antenne de protection personnelle est, dans le plan vertical, un diagramme possédant sensiblement la forme d'un demi-cercle, dont le diamètre s'étend suivant la direction du zénith, dans le cas de l'installation du dispositif d'antenne au sol, et en direction du nadir, dans le cas de l'installation du dispositif dans un avion, mais qui - à partir du sol - revient au sol dans la plage médiane des angles d'élévation ou - à partir de l'axe de l'avion - revient à nouveau à l'avion dans la plage médiane des angles d'élévation, et que les deux antennes, entre lesquelles on peut effectuer une commutation, sont combinées du point de vue construction et sont réalisées de façon à pouvoir tourner en commun autour d'un axe perpendiculaire au plan horizontal.
2. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la variation du niveau du diagramme de rayonnement (8) de l'antenne de protection personnelle dans le plan vertical est légèrement relevée, dans la plage des angles d'élévation les plus faibles, par rapport à la forme circulaire idéale.
3. Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications précédente, caractérisé par le fait que chacune des deux antennes est constituée par la réunion d'un émetteur primaire (9, 10) et d'un réflecteur (11, 12) à double courbure.
4. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé par le fait que les deux émetteurs primaires (9, 10) des deux antennes sont fixes et que les deux réflecteurs (11, 12) sont superposés essentiellement obliquement, mais sont disposés dos à dos de manière à pouvoir tourner autour d'un axe commun (13).
5. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé par le fait que l'un des deux émetteurs primaires (19) est monté fixe et que l'autre (20) est monté de façon à pouvoir tourner autour d'un axe commun, ainsi que les deux réflecteurs (21, 22) qui sont superposés en position oblique, mais sont disposés réciproquement dos à dos, et qu'il est prévu un accouplement tournant à haute fréquence (24) pour le raccordement de l'émetteur primaire monté rotatif.
6. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 4 ou 5, caractérisé par le fait que la polarisation au moins des émetteurs primaires fixes (9, 10 ; 19) ou de l'émetteur primaire fixe est circulaire.
7. Dispositif d'antenne suivant l'une des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que le réflecteur inférieur (11) faisant partie des deux réflecteurs est associé à l'antenne utilisée pour la protection d'éléments étrangers et que le réflecteur (12) fait partie de l'antenne utilisée pour la protection personnelle.
8. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé par le fait que les deux antennes sont disposées côte à côte de telle sorte que les deux réflecteurs (26, 27) sont situés approximativement à une même hauteur et dos à dos, que les deux réflecteurs (26, 27) sont montés, ainsi que les deux émetteurs primaires (28, 29) qui leur sont associés, de manière à pouvoir tourner autour d'un axe vertical commun et qu'il est prévu un accouplement tournant (30) pour réaliser la liaison électrique avec les émetteurs primaires (28, 29) montés rotatifs.
9. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé par le fait que les deux antennes sont superposées et sont montées de façon à pouvoir tourner ensemble autour d'un axe vertical commun, et qu'un accouplement rotatif (41) est prévu pour la liaison électrique avec les émetteurs primaires (39, 40) montés rotatifs.
10. Dispositif d'antenne suivant l'une des revendications 8 à 10, caractérisé par le fait que la polarisation du rayonnement d'antenne est linéaire à 45°.
11. Dispositif d'antenne suivant la revendication 8 ou 10, caractérisé par le fait que le commutateur (31 ; 42) servant à réaliser la commutation entre la protection d'éléments étrangers et la protection personnelle est situé entre l'accouplement tournant (30 ; 41) réalisé sous la forme d'un canal et les conducteurs d'alimentation (32, 33 ; 43, 44) aboutissant aux émetteurs primaires (28, 29 ; 39, 40).
12. Dispositif d'antenne suivant l'une des revendications 3 à 11, caractérisé par le fait que des émetteurs supplémentaires servant au fonctionnement du radar avec une réception monopulse pour la poursuite en azimut sont également prévus des deux côtés de l'émetteur primaire de chacune des deux antennes.
13. Dispositif d'antenne directionnelle de brouilleur (1 ; 4) apte à poursuivre une cible (3 ; 5), travaillant avec un radar, et qui émet un rayonnement perturbateur en direction de la cible afin d'empêcher la détection radar aussi bien d'un objet éloigné (2) (protection d'éléments étrangers) et que du dispositif lui-même ou d'un objet situé dans son environnement immédiat (protection personnelle), par cette cible, caractérisé par le fait que pour la protection d'éléments étrangers et pour la protection personnelle il est prévu une seule antenne qui produit, dans le plan horizontal, un diagramme de rayonnement en forme de faisceau serré et, dans le plan vertical, un diagramme de rayonnement qui correspond à une forme moyenne de diagramme se situant entre un diagramme en cosécante carrée ou au moins un diagramme se rapprochant fortement d'un diagramme en cosécante carrée, et un diagramme qui possède pour l'essentiel la forme d'un demi-cercle, dont le diamètre s'étend suivant la direction du zénith, lors de l'installation du dispositif d'antenne au sol, et en direction du nadir dans le cas de l'installation du dispositif dans un avion, mais qui - à partir du sol - revient au sol dans la plage moyenne des angles d'élévation ou - à partir de l'axe de l'avion - revient à l'avion dans la plage moyenne des angles d'élévation, que le diagramme d'antenne peut basculer dans le plan vertical de telle sorte que la direction principale de rayonnement coïncide dans ce cas avec une direction favorable pour la protection d'éléments étrangers (angle d'élévation inférieur) et coïncide dans l'autre cas avec une direction favorable pour la protection personnelle (angle d'élévation supérieur), que l'antenne est réalisée de façon à -pouvoir tourner autour d'un axe perpendiculaire au plan horizontal et qu'il est prévu un dispositif permettant de réaliser la commutation entre la protection d'éléments étrangers et la protection personnelle, et dont la commande est réalisée en commun avec la commande du basculement du diagramme.
14. Dispositif d'antenne suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait qu'il est prévu, pour recouvrir l'ensemble du dispositif, un radôme fixe (18 ; 25 ; 35 ; 45), constitué par exemple par une mousse intégrée de polyuréthane présentant peu de pertes.
EP80106313A 1979-10-22 1980-10-16 Antenne directionnelle pour un brouilleur travaillant en poursuite de cible avec un radar Expired EP0027643B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2942557A DE2942557C2 (de) 1979-10-22 1979-10-22 Richtantennenanordnung bzw. Richtantenne für einen Störsender
DE2942557 1979-10-22

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EP0027643A1 EP0027643A1 (fr) 1981-04-29
EP0027643B1 true EP0027643B1 (fr) 1985-06-05

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US (1) US4529990A (fr)
EP (1) EP0027643B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE2942557C2 (fr)
NO (1) NO803123L (fr)

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EP0027643A1 (fr) 1981-04-29
NO803123L (no) 1981-04-23
DE2942557A1 (de) 1981-04-30
US4529990A (en) 1985-07-16
DE2942557C2 (de) 1983-01-27

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