DK174077B1 - Fremgangsmåde til carbonhydriddampreformering under anvendelse af en guldholdig nikkeldampreformingkatalysator - Google Patents
Fremgangsmåde til carbonhydriddampreformering under anvendelse af en guldholdig nikkeldampreformingkatalysator Download PDFInfo
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- DK174077B1 DK174077B1 DK199700683A DK68397A DK174077B1 DK 174077 B1 DK174077 B1 DK 174077B1 DK 199700683 A DK199700683 A DK 199700683A DK 68397 A DK68397 A DK 68397A DK 174077 B1 DK174077 B1 DK 174077B1
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- gold
- nickel
- reforming
- vapor reforming
- Prior art date
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 54
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 43
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims description 25
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 22
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 22
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims description 11
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 15
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Au] MSNOMDLPLDYDME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 naphtha Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 3
- KSSJBGNOJJETTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N COC1=C(C=CC=C1)N(C1=CC=2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C=2C=C1)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC(=CC=C1C=1C=CC(=CC=13)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC Chemical compound COC1=C(C=CC=C1)N(C1=CC=2C3(C4=CC(=CC=C4C=2C=C1)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC(=CC=C1C=1C=CC(=CC=13)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)N(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)C1=C(C=CC=C1)OC)C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC KSSJBGNOJJETTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003775 Density Functional Theory Methods 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDNJWBJWOBSENL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[O--].[Mg++].[Co++] Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[Mg++].[Co++] SDNJWBJWOBSENL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical class [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015220 hamburgers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005469 synchrotron radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003452 thorium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/40—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/892—Nickel and noble metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1005—Arrangement or shape of catalyst
- C01B2203/1011—Packed bed of catalytic structures, e.g. particles, packing elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
- C01B2203/1058—Nickel catalysts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
Description
* j - i - DK 174077 B1
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår fremstilling af hydrogen og/eller carbonmonoxidrige gasser ved carbonhydrid dampreforming og nærmere bestemt dampreforming af et car-bonhydridfødemateriale under anvendelse af en guldholdig 5 nikkeldampreforming katalysator.
Ved de kendte processer til fremstilling af hydrogen og/eller carbonmonoxidrige gasser sendes en blanding af carbonhydrider og damp- og/eller carbondioxid ved forhøjet temperatur og tryk gennem en reaktor som er forsynet med en 10 katalysator hovedsagelig med nikkel som aktivt katalytisk bestanddel.
Egnede carbonhydridfødematerialer til dampreforming er eksempelvis naturgas, raffinaderiafgasser, propan, naphtha, og flydendegjorte petroleum gasser. Reaktionerne, 15 der foregår ved dampreforming af methan, er: (1) CH4 + H20 -* CO + 3H2 (2) CH4 + C02 -*· 2CO + 2H2 (3) CO + H20 -» C02 + H2 20
Udover reforming reaktionerne (1) og (2), forløber andre carbondannende reaktioner: (4) ch4 -* c + 2H2 25 (5) 2CO -* C + C02
Carbon der dannes ved disse reaktioner er skadelige på forskellige måder. Carbon nedsætter katalysatorens aktivitet ved at blokere dens aktive sider. Carbondannelse 30 kan endvidere forårsage afskalling og pulverisering af katalysatorpartikler, hvilket forøger trykfaldet over katalysatorlejet og medfører afbrydelse af reformingpro-cessen ved tilstopning af reaktoren.
- 2 - DK 174077 B1
Det er kendt at forhindre carbondannelse ved at man forøger damp/carbonforholdet i procesgassen eller ved at nedsætte molvægten af fødematerialet, således at carbon-dannelsespotentialet reduceres.
5 Forøgelse af damp/carbonforholdet vil imidlertid føre til reducerede udbytter af CO, idet carbonmonoxid omdannes til carbondioxid. Det er således nødvendigt for at opretholde hydrogen og/eller carbonmonoxidproduktionen ved en ønsket rate, at anvende større mængder katalysator og 10 fødemateriale, hvilket forringer reformingprocessens økono mi.
Forskellige forsøg har været gjort for at undertrykke carbonaflejring uden at indvirke på det optimale dampcarbonforhold.
15 En metode til at forhindre carbondannelse under reformingprocessen til fremstilling af reducerende gasser med et højt reduktionspotentiale er anført i GB patent-skrift nr. 2.015.027. Ved denne metode reformes methanrig fødegas over en understøttet nikkelkatalysator i nærvær af 20 2 til 10 volumen ppm svovl eller svovlforbindelser i føden.
Tilstedeværelse af svovl modvirker carbondannelse og sikrer tilfredsstillende reformingaktivitet af katalysatoren ved omsætning til carbonmonoxid og hydrogen.
Yderligere har man foreslået en række andre kataly-25 satorer der bevirker nedsat carbonaflejring. Generelt består de kendte katalysatorer med en undertrykkende virkning på carbonafsætning hovedsagelig af nikkel med alkalipromotorer. Ulemperne med alkalipromoterede katalysatorer er deres lave aktivitet og alkaliraetallernes mobilitet, som 30 bevirker vandring og fordampning af alkalipromotoren under katalysatorens drift.
Alkalifrie katalysatorer er foreslået i US patent nr. 3.926.583 hvor en nikkel, jern eller kobolt reforming-katalysator fremstilles ved at man reducerer en forløber 35 omfattende en blanding af magnesium, aluminium spinel med DK 174077 B1 - 3 - en blandet fast fase af nikkel, jern eller koboltoxider, og i US patent nr. 3,791,993 der beskriver en nikkel, jern eller kobolt magnesiurnoxidreforming katalysator. Andre promotorer er foreslået. US patent nr. 4.060.498 nævner en 5 dampreformingproces med en sølvpromoteret nikkelkatalysator på en varmebestandig oxidbærer. Ydermere kendes fra EP patent nr. 470.626 at Gruppe IVa og Va metaller undertrykker carbondannelse. Mængder mellem 0,1 til 30% (vægt) beregnet på mængden af metallisk nikkel, germanium, tin, 10 bly, arsen, antimon og bismut er indbygget i nikkelkatalysatorerne .
Elementer fra Gruppe Ib er ikke nævnt i dette patentskrift. I litteraturen hævdes at tilsætning af guld ingen effekt har hverken på carbondannelse eller på reform-15 ingaktivitet (jf. Mono and bi-metallic catalysts for steam reforming Ph.D. Thesis by Isar-Ul Haque, University of New South Wales, 1990).
For nylig har STM studier (L.P. Nielsen et al.,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 754) vist at guld kan danne en 20 legering på overfladen af et nikkelenkrystal selvom disse elementer ikke er blandbare i bulk. Ydermere forudsiger beregninger, der anvender tæthedsfunktionsteorier, at tilsætning af mindre mængder guld kan forandre reaktiviteten af nabonikkelatomer (jf. P. Kratzer et al., J. Chem. Phys.
25 105 (13) (1996) 5595). Molekylstrålestudier af nikkel enkrystaller promoteret med mindre mængder guld har bekræftet dette (P.M. Holmblad et al., J. Chem. Phys. 104 (1996) 7289).
Det er opfindelsens formål at forhindre carbonaf-30 sætning ved dampreforming af carbonhydrider.
Det har vist sig, at tilsætning af små mængder guld til en nikkelkatalysator tilvejebringer en katalysator med mindsket tendens til carbonafsætning ved dampreforming af carbonhydrider, selvom guld nedsætter dens katalytiske DK 174077 B1 - 4 - aktivitet er katalysatoren stadigvæk tilstrækkelig aktiv ved dampreformingprocessen.
Baseret på ovenstående observation tilvejebringes ved opfindelsen en fremgangsmåde til katalytisk dampreform-5 ing af carbonhydridfødemateriale med væsentligt reduceret carbondannelse, hvilken fremgangsmåde er kendetegnet ved at man gennemfører dampreformingen i kontakt med en understøttet nikkelkatalysator, der yderligere indeholder guld i en mængde på mellem 0.01 og 30 vægt% beregnet på nikkel-10 mængden i katalysatoren.
Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) studier bekræfter at guldet findes på nikkeloverfladen {Annual Report fra Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor,
Hamburg (HASYLAB), 1996 p. 761; Science 279 (1998) 1913) og 15 den nøjagtige mængde af guld i katalysatoren afhænger af nikkeloverfladens areal.
Den guldholdige nikkelkatalysator kan fremstilles ved samimprægnering eller sekventiel imprægnering af et bærermateriale med opløsninger af nikkelsalte eller salte 20 af guldpromoteren. Egnede salte er klorider, nitrater, carbonater, acetater eller oxalater.
Bærermaterialet kan vælges fra gruppen af aluminiumoxid, magnesiumoxid, titanoxid, siliciumoxid, zirko-niumoxid, beryliumoxid, thoriumoxid, lantanoxid, kalcium-25 oxid og forbindelser eller blandinger deraf. Foretrukne materialer omfatter aluminiumoxid, kalciumaluminater og magnesiumaluminiumspinel. En promoteret katalysator, der opnås på denne måde kan anvendes ved fremstilling af hydrogen og/eller carbonmonoxidrige gasser ved dampreforming af 30 methan eller højere carbonhydrider.
De fremstillede hydrogen og/eller carbonmonoxidrige gasser kan anvendes i mange processer. Hydrogen anvendes i hele verden i raffinaderier, mens blandinger af hydrogen og carbonmonoxid anvendes eksempelvis til syntese af oxyge-35 nerede carbonhydrider og syntetiske brændstoffer. Et vig- DK 174077 B1 - 5 - tigt anvendelsesområde for hydrogenrige gasser er fremstilling af ammoniak og methanol.
Nikkelguld katalysatoren ifølge opfindelsen anbringes typisk som fast leje i en topfødet rørreforming 5 reaktor. Afhængig af procesbetingelserne er faren for carbondannelse typisk højest i toplaget i rørreaktoren.
Således kan det være tilstrækkeligt at anbringe nikkelguld katalysatoren som et lag i den øvre del af et fast leje af en konventionel nikkeldampreforming katalysator. Herved 10 udgør laget af nikkelguldkatalysatoren fortrinsvis 5-50% af katalysatorlejet. Opfindelsen beskrives nærmere i de følgende eksempler.
Eksempel 1 15 Dampreformingaktivitet.
En guldholdig nikkelkatalysator i overensstemmelse med opfindelsen fremstilledes til sammenligning med en ren nikkelkatalysator, begge indeholdende 17 vægt% nikkel, ved sekventiel imprægnering af en spinelbærer med nikkelnitrat 20 og guldtetraaminnitrat, [Au(NH3)4] (N03)3. Forud for impræg neringen med guld dekomponeredes nikkelnitratet. Den rene-nikkelkatalysator blev fremstillet på samme vis, dog uden imprægnering med guldtetraaminnitrat. Efter tørring anbragtes af de fremstillede katalysatorpiller i en reaktor 25 og aktiveredes under opvarmning til 350°C i hydrogen ved atmosfærisk tryk.
Dampreforming aktiviteten bestemmes under følgende betingelser: 30 Katalysatorstørrelse mm 4x4
Katalysatormængde g 0,2
Temperatur °C 400-650°C
Fødegassammensætning Nl/h CH4 4,0 35 H20 16,0 H2 1,6 DK 174077 B1 - 6 -
Aktiviteterne opnået ved 550°C er vist i Tabel 1.
Tabel 1
Dampreformingaktivitet ved 550°C.
100 ‘ Au/Ni Relativ Aktivitet _vægt/vægt_
Kat. 1 0,00__100_
Kat. 2 1,85 65 iSSSBB:^^SSSS^aSAsaBSS=is=SS^SS^=SS^=S=SSSBBSB:
Det fremgår af Tabel l at den guldholdige nikkelkatalysator viser en mindre aktivitet i dampreforming sammenlignet med en ren nikkelkatalysator.
5 Eksempel 2 TGA målinger.
Carbonaflejringshastigheder på reformingkatalysa-torerne, der er fremstillet som beskrevet i Eksempel 1 ved dampreforming af butan blev målt gravimetrisk ved forskel-10 lige temperaturer mellem 450°C og 550°C. Temperaturen blev øget med 0,5°C/min. Konventionel eksperimentel opstilling med et opvarmet reaktorrør koblet til en on-line mikrovægt blev anvendt ved målingerne. En katalysatorpille (0,1 g) blev anbragt i en kurv ophængt i en af vægtens arme. Den 15 totale strømningsmængde og koncentration af fødestrømmen, der passerede over katalysatorpillen er opstillet forneden.
Total flow-mængde = 21,82 Nl/h
Butan = 3,76 vol.% 20 Damp = 22,91 vol.%
Hydrogen = 4,58 vol.%
Nitrogen = 68,74 vol.% DK 174077 B1 - 7 -
Tabel 1
Dampreformingaktivitet ved 550°C.
5 100 * Au/Ni Relativ Aktivitet _vægt /vægt____________
Kat. 1 0,00__100_
Kat. 2 1,85____ 65 10
Det fremgår af Tabel 1 at den guldholdige nikkelkatalysator viser en mindre aktivitet i dampreforming sammenlignet med en ren nikkelkatalysator.
15 Eksempel 2 TGA målinger.
Carbonaflejringshastigheder på reformingkatalysa-torerne, der er fremstillet som beskrevet i Eksempel 1 ved dampreforming af butan blev målt gravimetrisk ved forskel-20 lige temperaturer mellem 450°C og 550°C. Temperaturen blev øget med 0,5°C/min. Konventionel eksperimentel opstilling med et opvarmet reaktorrør koblet til en on-line mikrovægt blev anvendt ved målingerne. En katalysatorpille (0,1 g) blev anbragt i en kurv ophængt i en af vægtens arme. Den 25 totale strømningsmængde og koncentration af fødestrømmen, der passerede over katalysatorpillen er opstillet forneden.
Total flow-mængde = 21,82 Nl/h
Butan = 3,76 vol.% 30 Damp = 22,91 vol.%
Hydrogen = 4,58 vol.%
Nitrogen = 68,74 vol.% - 8 - DK 174077 B1
Carbonaflejringshastigheden ved ovenfor anførte betingelser er afbildet i Fig. 1, der viser mængden af carbon (g carbon/g katalysator · 100) ved forskellige temperaturer (°C) afsat på Kat. 2, fremstillet under Ek-5 sempel 1; i sammenligning med en konventionel nikkelrefor-ming katalysator som også blev fremstillet under Eksempel 1.
Som det fremgår af Fig. 1 er katalysatoren ifølge opfindelsen betydeligt forbedret med henblik på carbondan-10 nelsesresistens under dampreforming.
j
Claims (4)
1. Fremgangsmåde til katalytisk dampreforming af carbonhydridfødemateriale med væsentligt reduceret car- 5 bondannelse, hvilken fremgangsmåde er kendetegnet ved at man gennemfører dampreformingen i kontakt med en understøttet nikkelbaseret katalysator, der yderligere indeholder guld i en mængde på mellem 0,01 og 3 0 vægt% beregnet på nikkelmængden i katalysatoren.
2. Fremgangsmåde ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at mængden af guld ligger på mellem 0,001 og 10 vægt% beregnet på katalysatorens totalvægt.
3. Fremgangsmåde ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at den guldholdige nikkelkatalysator er anbragt som et toplag i et fastleje af en nikkeldampreforming katalysator.
4. Fremgangsmåde ifølge krav 3, kendetegnet ved, at 20 toplaget udgør mellem 5% og 50% af det samlede katalysatorleje.
Priority Applications (13)
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DK199700683A DK174077B1 (da) | 1997-06-10 | 1997-06-10 | Fremgangsmåde til carbonhydriddampreformering under anvendelse af en guldholdig nikkeldampreformingkatalysator |
EP98109988A EP0884274B1 (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-02 | Process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons |
ES98109988T ES2209002T3 (es) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-02 | Proceso para reformacion de hidrocarburos con vapor. |
DE69818748T DE69818748T2 (de) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-02 | Verfahren zur Dampfreformierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen |
NZ330609A NZ330609A (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-05 | Process for catalytic steam reforming of carbon feedstock to produce hydrogen or carbon monoxide |
CA002239843A CA2239843C (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-08 | Process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons |
JP16074698A JP4233633B2 (ja) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-09 | 炭化水素のスチームリフォーミング法 |
AU69980/98A AU738898B2 (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-09 | Process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons |
NO19982649A NO321201B1 (no) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-09 | Fremgangsmate for a undertrykke dannelsen av fast karbon under en fremgangsmate for katalytisk dampreformering av et hydrokarbonrastoff |
MXPA/A/1998/004630A MXPA98004630A (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-09 | Process for reforming with hydrocarbon steam |
KR10-1998-0021279A KR100508792B1 (ko) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-09 | 탄화수소의증기개질방법 |
CN98115428A CN1130305C (zh) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-10 | 蒸汽转化烃的方法 |
US09/095,408 US5997835A (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1998-06-10 | Process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons |
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DK199700683A DK174077B1 (da) | 1997-06-10 | 1997-06-10 | Fremgangsmåde til carbonhydriddampreformering under anvendelse af en guldholdig nikkeldampreformingkatalysator |
DK68397 | 1997-06-10 |
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US (1) | US5997835A (da) |
EP (1) | EP0884274B1 (da) |
JP (1) | JP4233633B2 (da) |
KR (1) | KR100508792B1 (da) |
CN (1) | CN1130305C (da) |
AU (1) | AU738898B2 (da) |
CA (1) | CA2239843C (da) |
DE (1) | DE69818748T2 (da) |
DK (1) | DK174077B1 (da) |
ES (1) | ES2209002T3 (da) |
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DK173897B1 (da) * | 1998-09-25 | 2002-02-04 | Topsoe Haldor As | Fremgangsmåde til autotermisk reforming af et carbonhydridfødemateriale indeholdende højere carbonhydrider |
EP1209121A1 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2002-05-29 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Process for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and/or methanol |
JP4098508B2 (ja) * | 2001-08-20 | 2008-06-11 | 財団法人 ひろしま産業振興機構 | 炭化水素と水蒸気とを反応させるための触媒の製造方法および当該触媒を使用した炭化水素から水素を製造する方法 |
DE10219723B4 (de) | 2002-05-02 | 2005-06-09 | Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung ungesättigter halogenhaltiger Kohlenwasserstoffe sowie dafür geeignete Vorrichung |
US6911161B2 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2005-06-28 | Conocophillips Company | Stabilized nickel-containing catalysts and process for production of syngas |
EP2206552A3 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2011-03-09 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for the preparation of catalysts for hydrogen generation |
EP1587753A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2005-10-26 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Alkali-containing catalyst formulations for low and medium temperature hydrogen generation |
CA2511173A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-07-15 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Noble metal-free nickel catalyst formulations for hydrogen generation |
CN1729140B (zh) * | 2002-12-20 | 2010-04-21 | 本田技研工业株式会社 | 用于氢产生的不含铂的钌-钴催化剂配方 |
CN1729141B (zh) | 2002-12-20 | 2010-04-28 | 本田技研工业株式会社 | 用于氢产生的铂-碱金属/碱土金属催化剂配方 |
CN1729139A (zh) * | 2002-12-20 | 2006-02-01 | 本田技研工业株式会社 | 用于氢产生的催化剂配方 |
WO2004058395A2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2004-07-15 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Platinum-ruthenium containing catalyst formulations for hydrogen generation |
AU2003297354A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2004-07-22 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Platinum and rhodium and/or iron containing catalyst formulations for hydrogen generation |
DE10319811A1 (de) | 2003-04-30 | 2004-11-18 | Uhde Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Einkoppeln von elektromagnetischer Strahlung in einen Reaktor sowie Reaktor enthaltend diese Vorrichtung |
ES2295728T3 (es) * | 2003-06-12 | 2008-04-16 | Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S | Celula de combustible y anodo. |
US7829035B2 (en) | 2006-01-19 | 2010-11-09 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Oxidation catalyst |
US20100068130A1 (en) * | 2008-09-17 | 2010-03-18 | Frederick Carl Wilhelm | Process for the Production of Hydrogen Gas Employing a Thermally Stable Catalyst |
US20100147749A1 (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2010-06-17 | American Air Liquide, Inc. | Multi-Metallic Catalysts For Pre-Reforming Reactions |
FR2949078B1 (fr) | 2009-08-17 | 2011-07-22 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de preparation d'un catalyseur supporte ni/sn pour l'hydrogenation selective d'hydrocarbures polyinsatures |
FR2949077B1 (fr) | 2009-08-17 | 2011-07-22 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de preparation d'un catalyseur supporte a base de ni et d'un metal du groupe ib pour l'hydrogenation selective d'hydrocarbures polyinsatures |
US9079167B2 (en) * | 2011-02-07 | 2015-07-14 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | NOx purification catalyst |
CN106486682B (zh) * | 2016-09-27 | 2020-07-14 | 上海交通大学 | 球形核壳状PdxNi1-x@Pt/C催化剂及其制备 |
CN114308061B (zh) * | 2020-09-29 | 2023-08-22 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | NiAu双金属合金纳米催化剂及其合成与应用 |
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GB1032754A (en) * | 1962-12-17 | 1966-06-15 | Ici Ltd | Improvements in or relating to the steam reforming of hydrocarbons and catalysts therefor |
US3926583A (en) * | 1967-06-12 | 1975-12-16 | Haldor Topsoe As | Process for the catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons |
GB1182829A (en) * | 1967-06-12 | 1970-03-04 | Haldor Frederik Axel Topsoe | Improvements in or relating to Nickel Catalysts. |
US3666412A (en) * | 1968-10-21 | 1972-05-30 | Du Pont | Dispersed phase activated and stabilized metal catalysts |
US4060498A (en) * | 1972-06-02 | 1977-11-29 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons |
GB2015027B (en) * | 1978-02-03 | 1982-06-23 | Haldor Topsoe As | Reforming process |
DK166995B1 (da) * | 1990-08-09 | 1993-08-16 | Topsoe Haldor As | Katalysator til dampreforming af carbonhydrider og anvendelse ved fremstilling af hydrogen- og/eller carbonmonoxidrige gasser |
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- 1998-06-02 ES ES98109988T patent/ES2209002T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-02 EP EP98109988A patent/EP0884274B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-02 DE DE69818748T patent/DE69818748T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-05 NZ NZ330609A patent/NZ330609A/en unknown
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- 1998-06-09 KR KR10-1998-0021279A patent/KR100508792B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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CA2239843C (en) | 2008-01-15 |
CN1211560A (zh) | 1999-03-24 |
DE69818748D1 (de) | 2003-11-13 |
NO982649D0 (no) | 1998-06-09 |
EP0884274A1 (en) | 1998-12-16 |
NZ330609A (en) | 1999-10-28 |
JP4233633B2 (ja) | 2009-03-04 |
DK68397A (da) | 1998-12-11 |
AU6998098A (en) | 1998-12-17 |
KR100508792B1 (ko) | 2005-11-25 |
ES2209002T3 (es) | 2004-06-16 |
JPH1179704A (ja) | 1999-03-23 |
NO321201B1 (no) | 2006-04-03 |
AU738898B2 (en) | 2001-09-27 |
MX9804630A (es) | 1998-12-31 |
EP0884274B1 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
CN1130305C (zh) | 2003-12-10 |
US5997835A (en) | 1999-12-07 |
KR19990006806A (ko) | 1999-01-25 |
DE69818748T2 (de) | 2004-08-05 |
CA2239843A1 (en) | 1998-12-10 |
NO982649L (no) | 1998-12-11 |
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