DE69309116T2 - Regeneratives Wärmeaustauschmaterial - Google Patents
Regeneratives WärmeaustauschmaterialInfo
- Publication number
- DE69309116T2 DE69309116T2 DE69309116T DE69309116T DE69309116T2 DE 69309116 T2 DE69309116 T2 DE 69309116T2 DE 69309116 T DE69309116 T DE 69309116T DE 69309116 T DE69309116 T DE 69309116T DE 69309116 T2 DE69309116 T2 DE 69309116T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- heat storage
- heat
- storage material
- storage device
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 title 1
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims description 163
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 104
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009954 braiding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- QNRATNLHPGXHMA-XZHTYLCXSA-N (r)-(6-ethoxyquinolin-4-yl)-[(2s,4s,5r)-5-ethyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]methanol;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.C([C@H]([C@H](C1)CC)C2)CN1[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C1=CC=NC2=CC=C(OCC)C=C21 QNRATNLHPGXHMA-XZHTYLCXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009690 centrifugal atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002887 superconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
- F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
- F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
- F02G1/044—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines having at least two working members, e.g. pistons, delivering power output
- F02G1/0445—Engine plants with combined cycles, e.g. Vuilleumier
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D17/00—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G2250/00—Special cycles or special engines
- F02G2250/18—Vuilleumier cycles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2225/00—Synthetic polymers, e.g. plastics; Rubber
- F05C2225/08—Thermoplastics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
- F25B2309/003—Gas cycle refrigeration machines characterised by construction or composition of the regenerator
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
- F25B2321/002—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects by using magneto-caloric effects
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP137592 | 1992-01-08 | ||
| JP26186292 | 1992-09-30 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69309116D1 DE69309116D1 (de) | 1997-04-30 |
| DE69309116T2 true DE69309116T2 (de) | 1997-07-31 |
Family
ID=26334584
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69309116T Expired - Lifetime DE69309116T2 (de) | 1992-01-08 | 1993-01-06 | Regeneratives Wärmeaustauschmaterial |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5332029A (OSRAM) |
| EP (1) | EP0551983B1 (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE69309116T2 (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5593517A (en) * | 1993-09-17 | 1997-01-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Regenerating material and refrigerator using the same |
| JP3293446B2 (ja) * | 1996-02-21 | 2002-06-17 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 蓄冷器 |
| EP0882938B1 (en) * | 1996-02-22 | 2004-11-03 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Regenerator material for very low temperature use |
| JPH10132404A (ja) * | 1996-10-24 | 1998-05-22 | Suzuki Shiyoukan:Kk | パルス管冷凍機 |
| US6003320A (en) * | 1996-10-30 | 1999-12-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Cold accumulating material for extremely low temperature cold, refrigerator using the same and heat shielding member |
| US5934078A (en) * | 1998-02-03 | 1999-08-10 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Reciprocating active magnetic regenerator refrigeration apparatus |
| JP2001021245A (ja) * | 1999-07-09 | 2001-01-26 | Irie Koken Kk | 蓄冷材及び蓄冷器 |
| US6318090B1 (en) * | 1999-09-14 | 2001-11-20 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Ductile magnetic regenerator alloys for closed cycle cryocoolers |
| US7114340B2 (en) * | 2000-03-08 | 2006-10-03 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Method of making active magnetic refrigerant materials based on Gd-Si-Ge alloys |
| WO2002012800A1 (en) | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-14 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Rotating bed magnetic refrigeration apparatus |
| US20040000149A1 (en) * | 2002-07-01 | 2004-01-01 | Kirkconnell Carl S. | High-frequency, low-temperature regenerative heat exchanger |
| WO2003004945A1 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2003-01-16 | Raytheon Company | High frequency, low temperature regenerative heat exchanger |
| BRPI0206797B1 (pt) | 2001-12-12 | 2016-12-27 | Astronautics Corp | dispositivo de transferência de calor |
| AU2003287576A1 (en) * | 2002-11-13 | 2004-06-03 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Intermetallic articles of manufacture having high room temperature ductility |
| GB0309191D0 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2003-05-28 | Oxford Magnet Tech | Regenerative heat exchanger |
| US7038565B1 (en) | 2003-06-09 | 2006-05-02 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Rotating dipole permanent magnet assembly |
| US6946941B2 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-09-20 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Permanent magnet assembly |
| KR101225305B1 (ko) * | 2004-02-03 | 2013-01-22 | 애스트로노틱스 코포레이션 오브 아메리카 | 영구자석 조립체 |
| US7549296B2 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2009-06-23 | Atlas Scientific | Low temperature cryocooler regenerator of ductile intermetallic compounds |
| KR100684527B1 (ko) * | 2005-11-10 | 2007-02-20 | 주식회사 대우일렉트로닉스 | 자기냉동기용 자기열교환유닛 |
| EP2038591A4 (en) * | 2006-07-10 | 2013-05-01 | Daewoo Electronics Corp | MAGNETIC REFRIGERATOR TYPE SHUTTLE |
| WO2010003926A1 (en) * | 2008-07-08 | 2010-01-14 | Technical University Of Denmark | Magnetocaloric refrigerators |
| JP4703699B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-04 | 2011-06-15 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁気冷凍用磁性材料、磁気冷凍デバイスおよび磁気冷凍システム |
| BR112012003125A2 (pt) * | 2009-08-10 | 2016-03-01 | Basf Se | leito de trocador de calor recheado, processo para produzir leitos de trocador de calor, e, uso de um leito de trocador de calor. |
| US20110139404A1 (en) * | 2009-12-16 | 2011-06-16 | General Electric Company | Heat exchanger and method for making the same |
| US20110154832A1 (en) * | 2009-12-29 | 2011-06-30 | General Electric Company | Composition and method for producing the same |
| US20140331689A1 (en) * | 2013-05-10 | 2014-11-13 | Bin Wan | Stirling engine regenerator |
| JP6165618B2 (ja) * | 2013-06-20 | 2017-07-19 | 住友重機械工業株式会社 | 蓄冷材および蓄冷式冷凍機 |
| WO2016204294A1 (ja) * | 2015-06-19 | 2016-12-22 | 株式会社フジクラ | 熱交換器、磁気ヒートポンプ装置、及び、熱交換器の製造方法 |
| JP7218988B2 (ja) | 2015-06-19 | 2023-02-07 | マグネート ベー．フェー． | パックスクリーン型磁気熱量素子 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL161196C (nl) * | 1974-09-02 | 1980-01-15 | Philips Nv | Warmtegenerator, waarvan de vulmassa een zeldzaam aardelement bevat. |
| US4332135A (en) * | 1981-01-27 | 1982-06-01 | The United States Of America As Respresented By The United States Department Of Energy | Active magnetic regenerator |
| JPS60204852A (ja) * | 1984-03-30 | 1985-10-16 | Tokyo Inst Of Technol | 磁気冷凍用磁性材料 |
| JPH07101134B2 (ja) * | 1988-02-02 | 1995-11-01 | 株式会社東芝 | 蓄熱材料および低温蓄熱器 |
| US5186765A (en) * | 1989-07-31 | 1993-02-16 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Cold accumulating material and method of manufacturing the same |
| EP0477917B1 (en) * | 1990-09-28 | 1994-03-23 | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation | Magnetic substances for refrigeration at very low temperatures |
-
1992
- 1992-12-31 US US07/999,715 patent/US5332029A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-01-06 DE DE69309116T patent/DE69309116T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-01-06 EP EP93300063A patent/EP0551983B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69309116D1 (de) | 1997-04-30 |
| US5332029A (en) | 1994-07-26 |
| EP0551983A3 (OSRAM) | 1994-02-16 |
| EP0551983B1 (en) | 1997-03-26 |
| EP0551983A2 (en) | 1993-07-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
| 8320 | Willingness to grant licences declared (paragraph 23) | ||
| R071 | Expiry of right |
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