DE3701652C2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- DE3701652C2 DE3701652C2 DE3701652A DE3701652A DE3701652C2 DE 3701652 C2 DE3701652 C2 DE 3701652C2 DE 3701652 A DE3701652 A DE 3701652A DE 3701652 A DE3701652 A DE 3701652A DE 3701652 C2 DE3701652 C2 DE 3701652C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- bond
- sensor
- bonding
- arm
- force
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100401100 Caenorhabditis elegans mes-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011157 data evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L24/85—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/002—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating specially adapted for particular articles or work
- B23K20/004—Wire welding
- B23K20/005—Capillary welding
- B23K20/007—Ball bonding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/10—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating making use of vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
- B23K31/12—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to investigating the properties, e.g. the weldability, of materials
- B23K31/125—Weld quality monitoring
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/08—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using ultrasonic vibrations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/92—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
- B29C66/922—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by measuring the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
- B29C66/9221—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by measuring the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by measuring the pressure, the force or the mechanical power
- B29C66/92211—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by measuring the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by measuring the pressure, the force or the mechanical power with special measurement means or methods
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/95—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
- B29C66/951—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 by measuring or controlling the vibration frequency and/or the vibration amplitude of vibrating joining tools, e.g. of ultrasonic welding tools
- B29C66/9515—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 by measuring or controlling the vibration frequency and/or the vibration amplitude of vibrating joining tools, e.g. of ultrasonic welding tools by measuring their vibration amplitude
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/96—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process
- B29C66/961—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process involving a feedback loop mechanism, e.g. comparison with a desired value
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/74—Apparatus for manufacturing arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies
- H01L24/78—Apparatus for connecting with wire connectors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/94—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time
- B29C66/944—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time by controlling or regulating the time
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/95—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
- B29C66/951—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 by measuring or controlling the vibration frequency and/or the vibration amplitude of vibrating joining tools, e.g. of ultrasonic welding tools
- B29C66/9513—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 by measuring or controlling the vibration frequency and/or the vibration amplitude of vibrating joining tools, e.g. of ultrasonic welding tools characterised by specific vibration frequency values or ranges
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- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/45001—Core members of the connector
- H01L2224/45099—Material
- H01L2224/451—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof
- H01L2224/45117—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 400°C and less than 950°C
- H01L2224/45124—Aluminium (Al) as principal constituent
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- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/45001—Core members of the connector
- H01L2224/45099—Material
- H01L2224/451—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof
- H01L2224/45138—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 950°C and less than 1550°C
- H01L2224/45144—Gold (Au) as principal constituent
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- H01L2224/74—Apparatus for manufacturing arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and for methods related thereto
- H01L2224/78—Apparatus for connecting with wire connectors
- H01L2224/7825—Means for applying energy, e.g. heating means
- H01L2224/783—Means for applying energy, e.g. heating means by means of pressure
- H01L2224/78301—Capillary
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- H01L2224/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L2224/85—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector
- H01L2224/852—Applying energy for connecting
- H01L2224/85201—Compression bonding
- H01L2224/85205—Ultrasonic bonding
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- H01L2224/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L2224/85—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector
- H01L2224/859—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a wire connector involving monitoring, e.g. feedback loop
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- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L24/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
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- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/00014—Technical content checked by a classifier the subject-matter covered by the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group, being disclosed without further technical details
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- H01L2924/01005—Boron [B]
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- H01L2924/01013—Aluminum [Al]
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- H01L2924/01079—Gold [Au]
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- H01L2924/10—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
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- H01L2924/14—Integrated circuits
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- H01L2924/19—Details of hybrid assemblies other than the semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
- H01L2924/1901—Structure
- H01L2924/1904—Component type
- H01L2924/19043—Component type being a resistor
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Wire Bonding (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Die Bonding (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873701652 DE3701652A1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-01-21 | Ueberwachung von bondparametern waehrend des bondvorganges |
US07/140,122 US4854494A (en) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-12-31 | Monitoring bond parameters during the bonding process |
EP88100121A EP0275877B1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1988-01-07 | Überwachung von Bondparametern während des Bondvorganges |
AT88100121T ATE113225T1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1988-01-07 | Überwachung von bondparametern während des bondvorganges. |
DE3851900T DE3851900D1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1988-01-07 | Überwachung von Bondparametern während des Bondvorganges. |
JP63007388A JPS63191927A (ja) | 1987-01-21 | 1988-01-14 | ボンデイング工程中のボンデイングパラメータ監視装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873701652 DE3701652A1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-01-21 | Ueberwachung von bondparametern waehrend des bondvorganges |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3701652A1 DE3701652A1 (de) | 1988-08-04 |
DE3701652C2 true DE3701652C2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1992-06-17 |
Family
ID=6319221
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873701652 Granted DE3701652A1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1987-01-21 | Ueberwachung von bondparametern waehrend des bondvorganges |
DE3851900T Expired - Fee Related DE3851900D1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1988-01-07 | Überwachung von Bondparametern während des Bondvorganges. |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE3851900T Expired - Fee Related DE3851900D1 (de) | 1987-01-21 | 1988-01-07 | Überwachung von Bondparametern während des Bondvorganges. |
Country Status (5)
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19917372A1 (de) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-10-19 | Busch Dieter & Co Prueftech | Oberflächentemperaturmeßgerät und -meßverfahren |
DE4131565C2 (de) * | 1991-09-18 | 2002-04-25 | Bleich Karl Heinz | Verfahren zur Optimierung des Schweißprozesses bei Bondverfahren |
DE10314499A1 (de) * | 2003-03-27 | 2004-10-14 | Gesellschaft für angewandte Physik mbH | Vorrichtung zum Drahtbonden und Verfahren zum Steuern des Bondprozesses |
DE102004026826A1 (de) * | 2004-05-28 | 2006-01-05 | Schunk Ultraschalltechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zum Messen und/oder Regeln der Schwingungsamplitude eines Ultraschallschwingers sowie Ultraschallschweißvorrichtung |
DE102005044048B4 (de) * | 2004-09-30 | 2007-05-03 | Unaxis International Trading Ltd. | Wire Bonder |
US8020746B2 (en) | 2006-09-05 | 2011-09-20 | Technische Universitaet Berlin | Method and device for controlling the generation of ultrasonic wire bonds |
Families Citing this family (56)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH088271B2 (ja) * | 1988-11-01 | 1996-01-29 | 株式会社新川 | ワイヤボンデイング装置 |
JP2708222B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-31 | 1998-02-04 | 株式会社東芝 | ボンディング装置 |
JPH0353137A (ja) * | 1989-07-20 | 1991-03-07 | Yakichi Higo | 応力測定法 |
US5065933A (en) * | 1990-09-19 | 1991-11-19 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Electronic device manipulating apparatus and method |
ATE117611T1 (de) * | 1991-02-15 | 1995-02-15 | Esec Sa | Verfahren und einrichtung zur messung der schwingungsamplitude an einem energietransducer. |
JP2665080B2 (ja) * | 1991-08-02 | 1997-10-22 | 山形日本電気株式会社 | 半導体製造装置 |
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1987
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- 1987-12-31 US US07/140,122 patent/US4854494A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-01-07 EP EP88100121A patent/EP0275877B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-07 DE DE3851900T patent/DE3851900D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-01-07 AT AT88100121T patent/ATE113225T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-14 JP JP63007388A patent/JPS63191927A/ja active Granted
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4131565C2 (de) * | 1991-09-18 | 2002-04-25 | Bleich Karl Heinz | Verfahren zur Optimierung des Schweißprozesses bei Bondverfahren |
DE19917372A1 (de) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-10-19 | Busch Dieter & Co Prueftech | Oberflächentemperaturmeßgerät und -meßverfahren |
DE19917372B4 (de) * | 1999-04-16 | 2009-01-02 | Prüftechnik Dieter Busch AG | Meßgerät zum Erfassen der Temperatur und der Schwingungen einer Oberfläche |
DE10314499A1 (de) * | 2003-03-27 | 2004-10-14 | Gesellschaft für angewandte Physik mbH | Vorrichtung zum Drahtbonden und Verfahren zum Steuern des Bondprozesses |
DE10314499B4 (de) * | 2003-03-27 | 2005-03-10 | Angewandte Physik Mbh Ges | Vorrichtung zum Drahtbonden |
DE102004026826A1 (de) * | 2004-05-28 | 2006-01-05 | Schunk Ultraschalltechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zum Messen und/oder Regeln der Schwingungsamplitude eines Ultraschallschwingers sowie Ultraschallschweißvorrichtung |
DE102004026826B4 (de) * | 2004-05-28 | 2010-01-14 | Schunk Ultraschalltechnik Gmbh | Ultraschallschweißvorrichtung und Konverter einer Ultraschallschweißvorrichtung |
DE102005044048B4 (de) * | 2004-09-30 | 2007-05-03 | Unaxis International Trading Ltd. | Wire Bonder |
US8020746B2 (en) | 2006-09-05 | 2011-09-20 | Technische Universitaet Berlin | Method and device for controlling the generation of ultrasonic wire bonds |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3851900D1 (de) | 1994-12-01 |
EP0275877A2 (de) | 1988-07-27 |
JPS63191927A (ja) | 1988-08-09 |
JPH0552064B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1993-08-04 |
EP0275877B1 (de) | 1994-10-26 |
ATE113225T1 (de) | 1994-11-15 |
US4854494A (en) | 1989-08-08 |
EP0275877A3 (de) | 1991-03-06 |
DE3701652A1 (de) | 1988-08-04 |
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