DE2945321A1 - Verfahren zur fixierung toxischer materialien in einer glasmatrix durch ionenaustausch - Google Patents
Verfahren zur fixierung toxischer materialien in einer glasmatrix durch ionenaustauschInfo
- Publication number
- DE2945321A1 DE2945321A1 DE19792945321 DE2945321A DE2945321A1 DE 2945321 A1 DE2945321 A1 DE 2945321A1 DE 19792945321 DE19792945321 DE 19792945321 DE 2945321 A DE2945321 A DE 2945321A DE 2945321 A1 DE2945321 A1 DE 2945321A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- radioactive
- glass
- cations
- porous
- silicon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 62
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 title claims description 38
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 title claims description 12
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 151
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 133
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 132
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 110
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims description 78
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000005368 silicate glass Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- -1 ammonium cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical group [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium atom Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001408 cation oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940006487 lithium cation Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 115
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 description 88
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000002901 radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 37
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 30
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 28
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 26
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 17
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000010857 liquid radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 10
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001767 cationic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 6
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical class OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001427 strontium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium nitrate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 238000001479 atomic absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
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- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910020175 SiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PBZHKWVYRQRZQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O Chemical compound [Si+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PBZHKWVYRQRZQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- UMOUULORONOVAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanium lithium hydroxide nitrate Chemical compound [OH-].[NH4+].[N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Li+] UMOUULORONOVAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001423 beryllium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001649 bromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 1
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001417 caesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001942 caesium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NCMHKCKGHRPLCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium(1+) Chemical compound [Cs+] NCMHKCKGHRPLCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940006165 cesium cation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002894 chemical waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005115 demineralization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002328 demineralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002274 desiccant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004031 devitrification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005429 filling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010858 gaseous radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium monoxide Inorganic materials [Ge]=O PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZVUZTTDXWACDHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Au+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZVUZTTDXWACDHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002927 high level radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002925 low-level radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010812 mixed waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003758 nuclear fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005624 silicic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002900 solid radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002915 spent fuel radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940006465 strontium cation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PWYYWQHXAPXYMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium(2+) Chemical compound [Sr+2] PWYYWQHXAPXYMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000925 very toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004457 water analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
- C03C1/002—Use of waste materials, e.g. slags
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J39/00—Cation exchange; Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/08—Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/14—Base exchange silicates, e.g. zeolites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
- C03C1/02—Pretreated ingredients
- C03C1/026—Pelletisation or prereacting of powdered raw materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C11/00—Multi-cellular glass ; Porous or hollow glass or glass particles
- C03C11/005—Multi-cellular glass ; Porous or hollow glass or glass particles obtained by leaching after a phase separation step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
- C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
- C03C23/0095—Solution impregnating; Solution doping; Molecular stuffing, e.g. of porous glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/06—Glass compositions containing silica with more than 90% silica by weight, e.g. quartz
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/06—Glass compositions containing silica with more than 90% silica by weight, e.g. quartz
- C03C3/061—Glass compositions containing silica with more than 90% silica by weight, e.g. quartz by leaching a soluble phase and consolidating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/04—Treating liquids
- G21F9/06—Processing
- G21F9/12—Processing by absorption; by adsorption; by ion-exchange
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/28—Treating solids
- G21F9/30—Processing
- G21F9/301—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
- G21F9/302—Processing by fixation in stable solid media in an inorganic matrix
- G21F9/305—Glass or glass like matrix
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide
- C03C2201/10—Doped silica-based glasses containing boron or halide containing boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/20—Doped silica-based glasses containing non-metals other than boron or halide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/20—Doped silica-based glasses containing non-metals other than boron or halide
- C03C2201/23—Doped silica-based glasses containing non-metals other than boron or halide containing hydroxyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals
- C03C2201/34—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing rare earth metals
- C03C2201/3435—Neodymium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals
- C03C2201/40—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing transition metals other than rare earth metals, e.g. Zr, Nb, Ta or Zn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2201/00—Glass compositions
- C03C2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03C2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals
- C03C2201/50—Doped silica-based glasses containing metals containing alkali metals
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US95922278A | 1978-11-09 | 1978-11-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2945321A1 true DE2945321A1 (de) | 1980-06-19 |
Family
ID=25501790
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19792945321 Withdrawn DE2945321A1 (de) | 1978-11-09 | 1979-11-09 | Verfahren zur fixierung toxischer materialien in einer glasmatrix durch ionenaustausch |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4469628A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS55109449A (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU533879B2 (enExample) |
| BE (1) | BE879880A (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR7907257A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1129188A (enExample) |
| CH (1) | CH650614A5 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2945321A1 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2440778B1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB2050681B (enExample) |
| IL (1) | IL58891A (enExample) |
| SE (1) | SE452672B (enExample) |
| ZA (1) | ZA796049B (enExample) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3909288A1 (de) * | 1988-03-28 | 1989-10-12 | Doryokuro Kakunenryo | Verfahren zum glaseinschmelzen von fluessigem radioaktivem abfall |
| DE3841219A1 (de) * | 1988-12-07 | 1990-06-13 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur behandlung von mit schwermetallen belastetem muell |
Families Citing this family (37)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3047697A1 (de) * | 1980-12-18 | 1982-07-15 | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Wiederaufarbeitung von Kernbrennstoffen mbH, 3000 Hannover | "vorrichtung zur aufnahme und zum transport von radioaktiven fluesigkeiten" |
| US4460292A (en) * | 1982-07-15 | 1984-07-17 | Agritec, Inc. | Process for containment of liquids as solids or semisolids |
| US4659477A (en) * | 1982-08-16 | 1987-04-21 | Pedro B. Macedo | Fixation of anionic materials with a complexing agent |
| US4530963A (en) * | 1982-08-20 | 1985-07-23 | Devoe-Holbein International, N.V. | Insoluble chelating compositions |
| US4687581A (en) * | 1984-01-30 | 1987-08-18 | Pedro B. Macedo | Method of separating and purifying cations by ion exchange with regenerable porous glass |
| EP0180308A1 (en) * | 1984-10-25 | 1986-05-07 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Borosilicate zeolite for nuclear waste disposal |
| US4793920A (en) * | 1985-12-11 | 1988-12-27 | Lee Scientific, Inc. | Chromatography columns with cast porous plugs and methods of fabricating same |
| SE455656B (sv) * | 1986-01-15 | 1988-07-25 | Eka Nobel Ab | Sett for behandling av avfall fran en kernreaktoranleggning innehallande med radioaktiva metaller bemengd, organisk jonbytarmassa |
| US4759879A (en) * | 1986-01-28 | 1988-07-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Glass former composition and method for immobilizing nuclear waste using the same |
| US4780239A (en) * | 1986-05-22 | 1988-10-25 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Ion exchange resin for immobilizing radioactive waste |
| US4735784A (en) * | 1986-07-11 | 1988-04-05 | Morrison-Knudsen Company, Inc. | Method of treating fluoride contaminated wastes |
| EP0333757B1 (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1993-05-12 | LITOVITZ, Theodore Aaron | Process for the chromatographic separation of metal ions |
| US4902426A (en) * | 1987-06-30 | 1990-02-20 | Pedro B. Macedo | Ion exchange compositions |
| US4793933A (en) * | 1987-11-16 | 1988-12-27 | Rostoker, Inc. | Waste treatment method for metal hydroxide electroplating sludges |
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- 1979-11-07 BE BE0/198010A patent/BE879880A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-07 FR FR7927446A patent/FR2440778B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1979-11-07 GB GB7938535A patent/GB2050681B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-08 AU AU52650/79A patent/AU533879B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-11-08 BR BR7907257A patent/BR7907257A/pt unknown
- 1979-11-08 CH CH10014/79A patent/CH650614A5/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-08 SE SE7909262A patent/SE452672B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-11-09 JP JP14457479A patent/JPS55109449A/ja active Granted
- 1979-11-09 DE DE19792945321 patent/DE2945321A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-11-09 CA CA339,611A patent/CA1129188A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-09 ZA ZA00796049A patent/ZA796049B/xx unknown
- 1979-12-06 IL IL58891A patent/IL58891A/xx unknown
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1982
- 1982-04-21 US US06/370,437 patent/US4469628A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| GB1293552A (en) * | 1969-02-07 | 1972-10-18 | British Petroleum Co | Disproportionation catalysts |
| GB1306408A (en) * | 1969-05-27 | 1973-02-14 | Kernforschungsanlage Juelich | Reprocessing method for fuel and or breeder elements of nuclear reactors |
| US4110096A (en) * | 1974-04-22 | 1978-08-29 | Macedo Pedro B | Method of precipitation of a dopant in a porous silicate glass |
| US4056112A (en) * | 1974-05-02 | 1977-11-01 | Calvin Calmon | Containment and removal of radioactive spills by depositing a crosslinked ion exchange composition in a dry form over region of spill |
| DE2547935A1 (de) * | 1974-11-15 | 1976-06-10 | Atomenergi Ab | Verfahren zum entfernen und unschaedlichmachen eines radioaktiven isotopen aus einer wasserloesung |
| DE2534014A1 (de) * | 1975-07-30 | 1977-02-17 | Kernforschung Gmbh Ges Fuer | Thermodynamisch stabiles glaskeramikprodukt oder glaskeramikaehnliches produkt zur endgueltigen beseitigung hochradioaktiver abfaelle |
| JPS53106682A (en) * | 1977-03-01 | 1978-09-16 | Hitachi Ltd | Supporting method for hydrated metal oxide on carrier |
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| DE2814204A1 (de) * | 1977-04-04 | 1978-10-19 | Theodore A Litovitz | Fixierung von radioaktiven materialien in einer glasmatrix |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3909288A1 (de) * | 1988-03-28 | 1989-10-12 | Doryokuro Kakunenryo | Verfahren zum glaseinschmelzen von fluessigem radioaktivem abfall |
| DE3909288C2 (de) * | 1988-03-28 | 1999-05-06 | Japan Nuclear Cycle Dev Inst | Verfahren zum Glaseinschmelzen von flüssigem radioaktivem Abfall |
| DE3841219A1 (de) * | 1988-12-07 | 1990-06-13 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur behandlung von mit schwermetallen belastetem muell |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS55109449A (en) | 1980-08-22 |
| IL58891A (en) | 1983-09-30 |
| CA1129188A (en) | 1982-08-10 |
| ZA796049B (en) | 1980-10-29 |
| FR2440778B1 (fr) | 1987-08-21 |
| FR2440778A1 (fr) | 1980-06-06 |
| GB2050681A (en) | 1981-01-07 |
| GB2050681B (en) | 1982-08-04 |
| AU533879B2 (en) | 1983-12-15 |
| AU5265079A (en) | 1980-05-15 |
| SE452672B (sv) | 1987-12-07 |
| CH650614A5 (fr) | 1985-07-31 |
| US4469628A (en) | 1984-09-04 |
| JPS6344418B2 (enExample) | 1988-09-05 |
| SE7909262L (sv) | 1980-06-27 |
| BR7907257A (pt) | 1980-09-09 |
| BE879880A (fr) | 1980-05-07 |
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