DE2709035C2 - Verfahren zum Auflösen von kollagenhaltigen Abfallstoffen der Lederherstellung - Google Patents
Verfahren zum Auflösen von kollagenhaltigen Abfallstoffen der LederherstellungInfo
- Publication number
- DE2709035C2 DE2709035C2 DE2709035A DE2709035A DE2709035C2 DE 2709035 C2 DE2709035 C2 DE 2709035C2 DE 2709035 A DE2709035 A DE 2709035A DE 2709035 A DE2709035 A DE 2709035A DE 2709035 C2 DE2709035 C2 DE 2709035C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- acidic
- proteinases
- hydrolysis
- collagen
- waste materials
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 28
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 title claims description 18
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 title claims description 18
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 claims description 39
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 claims description 39
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000019833 protease Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 102000057297 Pepsin A Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 108090000284 Pepsin A Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940111202 pepsin Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940024999 proteolytic enzymes for treatment of wounds and ulcers Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000006439 Aspergillus oryzae Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000002247 Aspergillus oryzae Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 241000228251 Aspergillus phoenicis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 18
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 14
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 14
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 108090000526 Papain Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 235000019834 papain Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229940055729 papain Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010004032 Bromelains Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000001554 Hemoglobins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010054147 Hemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000019835 bromelain Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 102000029816 Collagenase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108060005980 Collagenase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108090000270 Ficain Proteins 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002424 collagenase Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019836 ficin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- POTUGHMKJGOKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ficin Chemical compound FI=CI=N POTUGHMKJGOKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000002797 proteolythic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000228245 Aspergillus niger Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000015636 Oligopeptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010038807 Oligopeptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000684698 Paecilomyces sp. (in: Hypocreales) Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000693530 Staphylococcus aureus Staphylokinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000042002 Trametes sanguinea Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000008043 acidic salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010051873 alkaline protease Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000020054 awamori Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035617 depilation Effects 0.000 description 1
- ADHFGLVXSIGCIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazanium sulfate hydrochloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].Cl.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ADHFGLVXSIGCIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007515 enzymatic degradation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007071 enzymatic hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- MJIHNNLFOKEZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lansoprazole Chemical compound CC1=C(OCC(F)(F)F)C=CN=C1CS(=O)C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N1 MJIHNNLFOKEZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019419 proteases Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000004252 protein component Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
- A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
- A23J3/341—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of animal proteins
- A23J3/342—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of animal proteins of collagen; of gelatin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
- C02F3/342—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used characterised by the enzymes used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09H—PREPARATION OF GLUE OR GELATINE
- C09H1/00—Pretreatment of collagen-containing raw materials for the manufacture of glue
- C09H1/04—Pretreatment of collagen-containing raw materials for the manufacture of glue of hides, hoofs, or leather scrap
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/913—Aspergillus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
- Y10S435/913—Aspergillus
- Y10S435/918—Aspergillus oryzae
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2709035A DE2709035C2 (de) | 1977-03-02 | 1977-03-02 | Verfahren zum Auflösen von kollagenhaltigen Abfallstoffen der Lederherstellung |
| AR270950A AR222790A1 (es) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-02-02 | Procedimiento para disolver materiales de desecho de la elaboracion del cuero que contienen colageno |
| FR7804096A FR2382459A1 (fr) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-02-14 | Procede pour dissoudre des dechets de la fabrication du cuir contenant du collagene |
| JP2274078A JPS53108154A (en) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-02-28 | Process for solving collagenncontained waste from leather production |
| US05/882,616 US4293647A (en) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-02-28 | Method of dissolving collagen-containing tissues |
| IT67422/78A IT1111410B (it) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-03-01 | Procedimento per la disgregazione di cascami contenenti collageno nella lavorazione del cuoio |
| GB8126/78A GB1548140A (en) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-03-01 | Hydrolysis process |
| BR7801230A BR7801230A (pt) | 1977-03-02 | 1978-03-01 | Processo para dissolucao de materiais residuais,contendo colagenio,da producao de couro |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2709035A DE2709035C2 (de) | 1977-03-02 | 1977-03-02 | Verfahren zum Auflösen von kollagenhaltigen Abfallstoffen der Lederherstellung |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2709035A1 DE2709035A1 (de) | 1978-09-07 |
| DE2709035C2 true DE2709035C2 (de) | 1986-09-18 |
Family
ID=6002589
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2709035A Expired DE2709035C2 (de) | 1977-03-02 | 1977-03-02 | Verfahren zum Auflösen von kollagenhaltigen Abfallstoffen der Lederherstellung |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4293647A (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPS53108154A (enExample) |
| AR (1) | AR222790A1 (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR7801230A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2709035C2 (enExample) |
| FR (1) | FR2382459A1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1548140A (enExample) |
| IT (1) | IT1111410B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2412265A1 (fr) * | 1977-12-20 | 1979-07-20 | Roehm Gmbh | Procede de traitement des dechets de sang, de corps d'animaux, d'os et de viande |
| DE2813075A1 (de) | 1978-03-25 | 1979-10-11 | Roehm Gmbh | Aufbereitungsverfahren von kollagenhaltigem rohmaterial |
| FR2516927B1 (fr) * | 1981-11-26 | 1986-05-23 | Merieux Fond | Procede de preparation industrielle de materiaux collageniques a partir de tissus placentaires humains, materiaux collageniques humains obtenus, leur application comme biomateriaux |
| US4908220A (en) * | 1988-03-31 | 1990-03-13 | North Carolina State University | Feather-lysate, a hydrolyzed feather feed ingredient and animal feeds containing the same |
| US4959311A (en) * | 1988-03-31 | 1990-09-25 | North Carolina State University | Method of degrading keratinaceous material and bacteria useful therefore |
| DE3929740A1 (de) * | 1989-09-07 | 1991-03-14 | Hoechst Ag | Hochmolekulare eiweissfettsaeurekondensationsprodukte mit sehr guter haut- und schleimhautvertraeglichkeit |
| US5700354A (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1997-12-23 | Ranpak Corp. | Paper strengthened with solubilized collagen and method |
| US5316942A (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1994-05-31 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Process for the production of low-cost soluble high-molecular weight collagen |
| US5711853A (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1998-01-27 | Ranpak Corp. | Paper strengthened with solubilized collagen and method |
| US5744002A (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1998-04-28 | Ranpak Corp. | Paper strengthened with solubilized collagen and method |
| US5670369A (en) * | 1996-06-25 | 1997-09-23 | Ranpak Corporation | Method for the production of soluble collagen |
| US6539643B1 (en) * | 2000-02-28 | 2003-04-01 | James Hardie Research Pty Limited | Surface groove system for building sheets |
| CN108410935A (zh) * | 2018-04-09 | 2018-08-17 | 陕西科技大学 | 一种基于层级可控降解技术从含铬废皮渣中制备胶原集合体及胶原的方法 |
| CN111647584B (zh) * | 2020-05-14 | 2021-10-22 | 中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所 | 低温酸性蛋白酶PsAPA及其制备方法和应用 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2363646A (en) * | 1941-05-08 | 1944-11-28 | Armour & Co | Hide treatment |
| US2480761A (en) * | 1945-09-14 | 1949-08-30 | Hatters Fur Exchange Inc | Process of recovering fur, hair, or wool from hide scraps and skins |
| BE590303A (fr) * | 1960-01-26 | 1960-08-16 | Japan Leather Mfg Co | Solubilisation de fibres de collagène insolubles et reconstitution de celles-ci |
| US3121049A (en) * | 1960-09-19 | 1964-02-11 | Nihon Hikaku | Method for colloidally dispersing collagen |
| US3131130A (en) * | 1961-07-31 | 1964-04-28 | Ethicon Inc | Method of producing soluble collagen |
| US3314861A (en) * | 1963-05-11 | 1967-04-18 | Fujii Tadahiko | Method for solubilizing insoluble collagen fibers |
| FR1450430A (fr) | 1964-11-19 | 1966-06-24 | Nihon Hikaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Procédé de mise en solution de fibres collagènes au moyen d'enzymes protéolytiques |
| US3530037A (en) * | 1967-03-20 | 1970-09-22 | Tomio Nishihara | Method for solubilization of collagen fibers with proteolytic enzymes |
| CH515994A (de) * | 1968-04-13 | 1971-11-30 | Roehm Gmbh | Enzymatisches Enthaarungsverfahren |
| US3529530A (en) * | 1968-12-11 | 1970-09-22 | Devro Inc | Edible water soluble collagen film |
| US3616205A (en) * | 1970-02-03 | 1971-10-26 | Nihon Hikaku Kk | Solubilization of insoluble collagen |
| US3664844A (en) * | 1970-02-10 | 1972-05-23 | Devro Inc | Edible collagen film |
| JPS5242777B2 (enExample) | 1971-10-28 | 1977-10-26 |
-
1977
- 1977-03-02 DE DE2709035A patent/DE2709035C2/de not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-02-02 AR AR270950A patent/AR222790A1/es active
- 1978-02-14 FR FR7804096A patent/FR2382459A1/fr active Granted
- 1978-02-28 JP JP2274078A patent/JPS53108154A/ja active Granted
- 1978-02-28 US US05/882,616 patent/US4293647A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1978-03-01 IT IT67422/78A patent/IT1111410B/it active
- 1978-03-01 GB GB8126/78A patent/GB1548140A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-03-01 BR BR7801230A patent/BR7801230A/pt unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR7801230A (pt) | 1978-11-28 |
| FR2382459A1 (fr) | 1978-09-29 |
| IT7867422A0 (it) | 1978-03-01 |
| FR2382459B1 (enExample) | 1982-09-17 |
| DE2709035A1 (de) | 1978-09-07 |
| GB1548140A (en) | 1979-07-04 |
| AR222790A1 (es) | 1981-06-30 |
| JPS6152180B2 (enExample) | 1986-11-12 |
| JPS53108154A (en) | 1978-09-20 |
| US4293647A (en) | 1981-10-06 |
| IT1111410B (it) | 1986-01-13 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
| D2 | Grant after examination | ||
| 8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
| 8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |