DE1203756B - Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung von Olefinen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung von OlefinenInfo
- Publication number
- DE1203756B DE1203756B DEF28445A DEF0028445A DE1203756B DE 1203756 B DE1203756 B DE 1203756B DE F28445 A DEF28445 A DE F28445A DE F0028445 A DEF0028445 A DE F0028445A DE 1203756 B DE1203756 B DE 1203756B
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- mixture
- hydrocarbons
- cracking
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 47
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 33
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 32
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 46
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 acetylene hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010724 circulating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 16
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- SWDGQFQKNKEWHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N B(F)(F)F.[Ag] Chemical compound B(F)(F)F.[Ag] SWDGQFQKNKEWHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMQMZMRVKUZKQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu+ Chemical class [Cu+] VMQMZMRVKUZKQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001361 allenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002352 steam pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C11/02—Alkenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/005—Processes comprising at least two steps in series
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/11—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by absorption, i.e. purification or separation of gaseous hydrocarbons with the aid of liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/40—Ethylene production
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
- Y10S585/909—Heat considerations
- Y10S585/91—Exploiting or conserving heat of quenching, reaction, or regeneration
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL251595D NL251595A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1959-05-15 | ||
| DEF28445A DE1203756B (de) | 1959-05-15 | 1959-05-15 | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung von Olefinen |
| GB17300/60A GB947923A (en) | 1959-05-15 | 1960-05-16 | Process for the manufacture of olefines |
| US30400A US3180904A (en) | 1959-05-15 | 1960-05-16 | Process for the manufacture of olefins |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEF28445A DE1203756B (de) | 1959-05-15 | 1959-05-15 | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung von Olefinen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE1203756B true DE1203756B (de) | 1965-10-28 |
Family
ID=7092882
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEF28445A Pending DE1203756B (de) | 1959-05-15 | 1959-05-15 | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Erzeugung von Olefinen |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3180904A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE1203756B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB947923A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| NL (1) | NL251595A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3433850A (en) * | 1963-06-26 | 1969-03-18 | Petro Tex Chem Corp | Preparation of unsaturated hydrocarbons |
| US3475510A (en) * | 1966-04-13 | 1969-10-28 | Lummus Co | Ethylene and synthesis gas process |
| US3923921A (en) * | 1971-03-01 | 1975-12-02 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Naphtha steam-cracking quench process |
| US3862898A (en) * | 1973-07-30 | 1975-01-28 | Pullman Inc | Process for the production of olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbons |
| US4107226A (en) * | 1977-10-19 | 1978-08-15 | Pullman Incorporated | Method for quenching cracked gases |
| US6395952B1 (en) * | 1996-08-16 | 2002-05-28 | Stone & Webster Process Technology, Inc. | Chemical absorption process for recovering olefins from cracked gases |
| ES2529841B2 (es) * | 2012-02-17 | 2015-10-05 | Uop Llc | Procesos y aparatos de procesado de hidrocarburos para la preparación de mono-olefinas |
| US8586811B2 (en) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-11-19 | Uop Llc | Processes and hydrocarbon processing apparatuses for preparing mono-olefins |
| CN113336619A (zh) * | 2021-05-13 | 2021-09-03 | 华陆工程科技有限责任公司 | 一种利用羰基合成气制备乙炔气体的方法 |
| CN114216111A (zh) * | 2021-11-09 | 2022-03-22 | 北方华锦化学工业股份有限公司 | 全废锅流程裂解气冷却工艺 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1050328B (de) * | 1959-02-12 | Chemische Werke Hüls Aktiengesellschaft, Marl (Kr. Recklinghausen) | Verfahren zum Regenerieren von Dehydrierkatalysatoren |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2429134A (en) * | 1945-09-11 | 1947-10-14 | Jasco Inc | Extraction of diolefins |
| US2672489A (en) * | 1948-07-10 | 1954-03-16 | Gyro Process Co | Pyrolysis of gaseous hydrocarbons for the production of unsaturated compounds |
| US2889384A (en) * | 1954-11-11 | 1959-06-02 | Ici Ltd | Production of olefinic gases from hydrocarbon oils |
| BE547407A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1955-04-28 | |||
| US2855433A (en) * | 1955-05-13 | 1958-10-07 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Recovery of olefin hydrocarbons |
| US2878262A (en) * | 1956-10-18 | 1959-03-17 | Pure Oil Co | Hydrocarbon pyrolysis process |
| US2953521A (en) * | 1957-03-18 | 1960-09-20 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Liquid-liquid heat exchange in mixed phase hydrocarbon conversions |
| US2945076A (en) * | 1957-04-15 | 1960-07-12 | Gulf Research Development Co | Process for producing olefins |
| US2942042A (en) * | 1957-10-15 | 1960-06-21 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Ethylene purification |
-
0
- NL NL251595D patent/NL251595A/xx unknown
-
1959
- 1959-05-15 DE DEF28445A patent/DE1203756B/de active Pending
-
1960
- 1960-05-16 US US30400A patent/US3180904A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1960-05-16 GB GB17300/60A patent/GB947923A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1050328B (de) * | 1959-02-12 | Chemische Werke Hüls Aktiengesellschaft, Marl (Kr. Recklinghausen) | Verfahren zum Regenerieren von Dehydrierkatalysatoren |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB947923A (en) | 1964-01-29 |
| NL251595A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1900-01-01 |
| US3180904A (en) | 1965-04-27 |
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