CN1960962B - 使用甘油制备烷基酯的方法 - Google Patents
使用甘油制备烷基酯的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1960962B CN1960962B CN2004800298759A CN200480029875A CN1960962B CN 1960962 B CN1960962 B CN 1960962B CN 2004800298759 A CN2004800298759 A CN 2004800298759A CN 200480029875 A CN200480029875 A CN 200480029875A CN 1960962 B CN1960962 B CN 1960962B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/03—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/02—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen
- C07C69/22—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen having three or more carbon atoms in the acid moiety
- C07C69/30—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen having three or more carbon atoms in the acid moiety esterified with trihydroxylic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
- C11C3/003—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with alcohols
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
- C11C3/04—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils
- C11C3/06—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils with glycerol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
- C11C3/04—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils
- C11C3/08—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils with fatty acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
- C11C3/04—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils
- C11C3/10—Ester interchange
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Preparing Plates And Mask In Photomechanical Process (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1NNaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 22.0 | 760 | 96.60 | 无 | ||
10 | 61.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
25 | 121.3 | 760 | 无 | |||
50 | 169.7 | 760 | 无 | |||
60 | 180.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
65 | 179.5 | 350 | 无 | |||
95 | 179.5 | 350 | 无 | |||
105 | 179.4 | 350 | 1.1951 | 11.152 | 52.35 | 无 |
125 | 180.1 | 350 | 无 | |||
130 | 180.9 | 250 | 无 | |||
145 | 180.6 | 250 | 1.5196 | 11.084 | 40.92 | 无 |
175 | 179.6 | 250 | 1.3568 | 7.850 | 32.46 | 无 |
220 | 179.5 | 250 | 1.4444 | 6.050 | 23.50 | 无 |
280 | 179.8 | 250 | 1.6529 | 4.584 | 15.56 | 无 |
290 | 180.0 | 180 | 无 | |||
295 | 180.6 | 100 | 无 | |||
325 | 179.8 | 100 | 无 | |||
340 | 179.9 | 100 | 2.0267 | 4.056 | 11.23 | 30毫升/小时 |
400 | 180.1 | 100 | 1.6630 | 2.328 | 7.85 | 30毫升/小时 |
410 | 180.1 | 90 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
420 | 180.1 | 50 | 30毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1NNaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
460 | 180.1 | 60 | 2.5286 | 2.138 | 4.74 | 30毫升/小时 |
640 | 180.0 | 50 | 2.5232 | 0.435 | 0.97 | 30毫升/小时 |
760 | 180.0 | 50 | 2.6908 | 0.250 | 0.52 | 30毫升/小时 |
820 | 180.0 | 50 | 3.0017 | 0.248 | 0.46 | 30毫升/小时 |
880 | 180.0 | 50 | 2.5690 | 0.194 | 0.42 | 30毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 20.4 | 760 | 94.10 | 无 | ||
15 | 62.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
30 | 106.4 | 760 | 无 | |||
45 | 131.2 | 760 | 无 | |||
60 | 157.1 | 760 | 无 | |||
75 | 177.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
80 | 180.4 | 760 | 无 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
90 | 181.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
105 | 180.3 | 760 | 无 | |||
120 | 180.5 | 760 | 1.3349 | 12.848 | 53.99 | 无 |
135 | 180.7 | 760 | 无 | |||
140 | 180.3 | 350 | 无 |
150 | 180.4 | 350 | 1.8577 | 13.610 | 41.10 | 无 |
170 | 180.1 | 350 | 无 | |||
190 | 180.0 | 350 | 1.6703 | 9.378 | 31.50 | 无 |
195 | 179.7 | 250 | 无 | |||
235 | 179.5 | 250 | 2.3303 | 8.814 | 21.22 | 无 |
240 | 180.8 | 170 | 无 | |||
245 | 181.7 | 100 | 无 | |||
305 | 180.0 | 100 | 1.8723 | 4.284 | 12.84 | 无 |
365 | 180.5 | 100 | 2.3596 | 3.495 | 8.31 | 无 |
370 | 178.7 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
435 | 180.0 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
465 | 179.9 | 40 | 2.2633 | 1.040 | 2.58 | 30毫升/小时 |
615 | 180.1 | 40 | 2.8797 | 0.182 | 0.35 | 30毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 20.4 | 760 | 104.20 | 无 | ||
15 | 71.4 | 760 | 无 | |||
30 | 111.2 | 760 | 无 | |||
35 | 121.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
45 | 140.5 | 760 | 无 | |||
60 | 166.0 | 760 | 无 | |||
75 | 180.4 | 760 | 1.6758 | 24.830 | 83.12 | 无 |
90 | 179.8 | 760 | 无 | |||
105 | 179.4 | 760 | 1.5155 | 17.476 | 64.69 | 无 |
135 | 180.3 | 760 | 1.1391 | 10.158 | 50.03 | 无 |
145 | 181.4 | 350 | 无 | |||
165 | 180.0 | 350 | 1.8234 | 12.272 | 37.76 | 无 |
195 | 180.2 | 350 | 无 | |||
200 | 179.5 | 250 | 无 | |||
225 | 179.7 | 250 | 2.0317 | 8.580 | 23.69 | 无 |
230 | 179.9 | 160 | 无 | |||
235 | 180.1 | 100 | 无 | |||
255 | 179.1 | 100 | 无 | |||
285 | 180.5 | 100 | 2.3684 | 5.854 | 13.87 | 30毫升/小时 |
135 | 180.3 | 760 | 1.1391 | 10.158 | 50.03 | 无 |
290 | 179.9 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
345 | 179.8 | 40 | 2.0354 | 2.452 | 6.76 | 30毫升/小时 |
405 | 180.1 | 40 | 2.1778 | 0.802 | 2.07 | 30毫升/小时 |
465 | 179.9 | 40 | 2.3043 | 0.190 | 0.46 | 30毫升/小时 |
525 | 180.0 | 40 | 1.9636 | 0.138 | 0.39 | 30毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 20.4 | 76 | 104.20 | 无 | ||
15 | 72.8 | 76 | 无 | |||
25 | 101.5 | 76 | 无 | |||
30 | 112.5 | 76 | 无 | |||
35 | 123.2 | 76 | 无 | |||
40 | 133.1 | 76 | 无 | |||
50 | 151.5 | 76 | 无 |
65 | 173.2 | 76 | 无 | |||
75 | 181.2 | 76 | 无 | |||
90 | 180.8 | 76 | 1.2199 | 15.8780 | 73.02 | 无 |
65 | 173.2 | 76 | 无 | |||
100 | 179.9 | 76 | 无 | |||
105 | 180.2 | 76 | 无 | |||
110 | 181.0 | 76 | 无 | |||
120 | 179.5 | 76 | 1.3880 | 13.4200 | 54.24 | 无 |
130 | 179.2 | 76 | 无 | |||
135 | 179.7 | 55 | 无 | |||
140 | 181.3 | 35 | 无 | |||
160 | 178.8 | 35 | 无 | |||
165 | 178.4 | 25 | 无 | |||
180 | 180.6 | 25 | 1.3293 | 8.2000 | 34.61 | 无 |
215 | 179.4 | 25 | 无 | |||
240 | 180.4 | 25 | 1.3045 | 4.9940 | 21.48 | 无 |
245 | 181.6 | 10 | 无 | |||
300 | 179.7 | 10 | 1.2125 | 2.7960 | 12.94 | 无 |
310 | 180.2 | 4 | 无 | |||
360 | 179.9 | 4 | 1.4515 | 2.1060 | 8.14 | 无 |
370 | 179.7 | 4 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
420 | 180.1 | 4 | 1.3065 | 0.5260 | 2.26 | 30毫升/小时 |
570 | 180 | 4 | 2.0472 | 0.1440 | 0.39 | 30毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 24.8 | 760 | 104.20 | 无 | ||
15 | 82.5 | 760 | 无 | |||
40 | 139.6 | 760 | 无 | |||
60 | 173.2 | 760 | 无 | |||
70 | 180.1 | 760 | 无 |
75 | 180.1 | 760 | 1.0755 | 17.1360 | 89.38 | 无 |
90 | 179.2 | 760 | 无 | |||
105 | 180.2 | 760 | 无 | |||
120 | 180.1 | 760 | 0.8893 | 9.4660 | 59.71 | 无 |
130 | 180.6 | 760 | 无 | |||
135 | 179.5 | 350 | 无 | |||
165 | 178.6 | 350 | 0.9661 | 7.4100 | 43.03 | 无 |
205 | 182.7 | 350 | 1.5781 | 8.9740 | 31.90 | 无 |
210 | 180.0 | 100 | 无 | |||
300 | 181.3 | 100 | 1.3542 | 4.4440 | 18.41 | 无 |
310 | 180.2 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
420 | 180.0 | 40 | 1.8068 | 2.2180 | 6.89 | 30毫升/小时 |
600 | 180.1 | 4 | 1.8589 | 0.3300 | 1.00 | 30毫升/小时 |
610 | 180.1 | 5 | 60毫升/小时 | |||
660 | 180.0 | 5 | 1.8270 | 0.1280 | 0.39 | 60毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 16.4 | 760 | 112.00 | |||
30 | 81.6 | 760 | ||||
65 | 136.7 | 760 | ||||
95 | 169.9 | 760 | ||||
100 | 172.2 | 760 | ||||
110 | 177.4 | 760 | ||||
115 | 180.2 | 760 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
130 | 182.0 | 760 | 1.7476 | 17.350 | 55.70 | |
155 | 180.6 | 760 | ||||
160 | 180.1 | 400 | ||||
165 | 180.0 | 350 | ||||
170 | 182.2 | 250 | ||||
190 | 180.3 | 250 | 2.0585 | 12.072 | 32.90 | |
200 | 179.9 | 250 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
230 | 180.4 | 250 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
230 | 178.8 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
250 | 181.0 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 |
255 | 180.0 | 40 | 2.3054 | 6.766 | 16.46 | 30毫升/小时 |
300 | 180.1 | 40 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
370 | 179.6 | 40 | 3.2247 | 2.268 | 3.95 | 30毫升/小时 |
435 | 179.6 | 40 | 4.0911 | 0.301 | 0.41 | 30毫升/小时 |
480 | 179.6 | 40 | 2.7252 | 0.100 | 0.21 | 30毫升/小时 |
时间[分钟] | 反应器[℃] | 压力[托] | 试样[克] | 毫升0.1N NaOH | AV[meq/g] | 氮气吹洗 |
0 | 33 | 760 | 96.60 | 无 | ||
15 | 77.6 | 760 | 无 | |||
30 | 128.6 | 760 | 无 | |||
45 | 160.6 | 760 | 无 | |||
60 | 177.5 | 760 | 1.7029 | 25.616 | 84.39 | 无 |
65 | 180.3 | 500 | 无 | |||
70 | 181.7 | 450 | 无 | |||
90 | 180.5 | 450 | 1.1478 | 13.330 | 65.15 | 无 |
120 | 180.0 | 450 | 1.4322 | 12.616 | 49.42 | 无 |
150 | 180.1 | 450 | 无 | |||
165 | 180.3 | 450 | 无 | |||
180 | 179.5 | 450 | 1.5293 | 8.768 | 32.16 | 无 |
185 | 180.5 | 370 | 无 | |||
188 | 181.1 | 350 | 无 | |||
270 | 180.1 | 350 | 1.7471 | 5.120 | 16.44 | 无 |
285 | 180.0 | 350 | 无 | |||
300 | 180.5 | 350 | 无 |
302 | 180.5 | 290 | 无 | |||
305 | 181.1 | 250 | 无 | |||
330 | 180.5 | 250 | 1.5455 | 3.466 | 12.58 | 无 |
345 | 178.8 | 150 | 30毫升/小时 |
302 | 180.5 | 290 | 无 | |||
360 | 180.7 | 100 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
390 | 180.1 | 100 | 1.9501 | 3.036 | 8.73 | 30毫升/小时 |
405 | 180.1 | 60 | 无 | |||
420 | 180.1 | 60 | 无 | |||
450 | 179.4 | 60 | 2.1709 | 2.274 | 5.88 | 无 |
510 | 179.7 | 50 | 1.4046 | 0.944 | 3.77 | 无 |
690 | 180.1 | 40 | 2.6843 | 0.885 | 1.85 | 无 |
710 | 179.6 | 15 | 30毫升/小时 | |||
740 | 179.9 | 15 | 2.4716 | 0.416 | 0.94 | 30毫升/小时 |
实施例 | Wt%甘油 | 最终的AV | 反应时间[分钟] | Rxn温度[℃] | 加入的催化剂 |
1 | 20(P) | 0.42 | 880 | 180 | 无 |
2 | 20(C) | 0.35 | 615 | 180 | 无 |
3 | 20(C) | 0.39 | 525 | 180 | 无 |
4 | 15(C) | 0.39 | 570 | 180 | 无 |
5 | 15(C) | 0.39 | 660 | 180 | 无 |
实施例 | Wt%甘油 | 最终的AV | 反应时间[分钟] | Rxn温度[℃] | 加入的催化剂 |
6* | 10(R) | 0.50 | 360 | 200 | 0.5wt%DBTO |
7 | 20(C) | 0.41 | 435 | 180 | 0.5wt%KAc |
8 | 20(P) | 0.94 | 740 | 180 | 0.2wt%TBT |
9* | 5.75(R) | 0.37 | 480 | 230 | 无 |
10 | 25(R) | 0.34 | 450 | 230 | 无 |
Claims (18)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/639,048 | 2003-08-12 | ||
US10/639,048 US6822105B1 (en) | 2003-08-12 | 2003-08-12 | Method of making alkyl esters using glycerin |
PCT/US2004/021592 WO2005019153A1 (en) | 2003-08-12 | 2004-07-07 | Method of making alkyl esters using glycerin |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1960962A CN1960962A (zh) | 2007-05-09 |
CN1960962B true CN1960962B (zh) | 2010-10-20 |
Family
ID=33435515
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN2004800298759A Active CN1960962B (zh) | 2003-08-12 | 2004-07-07 | 使用甘油制备烷基酯的方法 |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6822105B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1660429B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4872047B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101073721B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1960962B (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE432917T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2004267023C1 (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0413519B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2535639C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE602004021396D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2328245T3 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1103069A1 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2005019153A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (104)
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US8088183B2 (en) * | 2003-01-27 | 2012-01-03 | Seneca Landlord, Llc | Production of biodiesel and glycerin from high free fatty acid feedstocks |
US6822105B1 (en) * | 2003-08-12 | 2004-11-23 | Stepan Company | Method of making alkyl esters using glycerin |
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DE602006008720D1 (de) * | 2005-10-10 | 2009-10-08 | Council Scient Ind Res | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Dialkylcarbonaten |
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WO2007071046A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-28 | University Of Saskatchewan | Process for the preparation of biodiesel |
US20070148311A1 (en) * | 2005-12-22 | 2007-06-28 | Bunge Oils, Inc. | Phytosterol esterification product and method of make same |
US7622600B1 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2009-11-24 | Redland Industries, Inc. | System and method for the continuous production of bio-diesel |
US7828978B2 (en) * | 2006-01-11 | 2010-11-09 | Doug Geier | Simultaneous synthesis and purification of a fatty acid monoester biodiesel fuel |
DE102006019763B4 (de) * | 2006-01-23 | 2009-04-09 | Wulfenia Beteiligungs Gmbh | Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Brennstoffen aus pflanzlichen und tierischen Fettabfällen sowie Anlage zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
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US6822105B1 (en) | 2004-11-23 |
BRPI0413519A (pt) | 2006-10-10 |
KR20070031259A (ko) | 2007-03-19 |
CA2535639A1 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
EP1660429B1 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
ATE432917T1 (de) | 2009-06-15 |
BRPI0413519B1 (pt) | 2014-05-27 |
EP1660429A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
HK1103069A1 (en) | 2007-12-14 |
ES2328245T3 (es) | 2009-11-11 |
US7087771B2 (en) | 2006-08-08 |
CA2535639C (en) | 2010-08-31 |
JP2007502271A (ja) | 2007-02-08 |
KR101073721B1 (ko) | 2011-10-13 |
WO2005019153A1 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
AU2004267023A1 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
US20050075509A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
CN1960962A (zh) | 2007-05-09 |
DE602004021396D1 (de) | 2009-07-16 |
AU2004267023C1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
JP4872047B2 (ja) | 2012-02-08 |
AU2004267023B2 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
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