CN1938868A - 具有用于大的光信号接收区的电极结构的光电二极管 - Google Patents

具有用于大的光信号接收区的电极结构的光电二极管 Download PDF

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CN1938868A
CN1938868A CNA2005800106217A CN200580010621A CN1938868A CN 1938868 A CN1938868 A CN 1938868A CN A2005800106217 A CNA2005800106217 A CN A2005800106217A CN 200580010621 A CN200580010621 A CN 200580010621A CN 1938868 A CN1938868 A CN 1938868A
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electrode
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柳汉权
宋瑄镐
李在一
具本朝
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Abstract

公开一种光电二极管的结构,其能够使受光区具有大的口径。该光电二极管包括:受光区,具有用于光电转换的化合物半导体的结结构;第一电极,具有网状结构,该网状结构与位于该受光区一侧的光输入区域欧姆接触;以及第二电极,形成在该受光区的另一侧,并与该第一电极相对应。

Description

具有用于大的光信号接收区的电极结构的光电二极管
技术领域
本发明涉及一种光电二极管,更具体地,涉及一种具有能够构成大的受光区以增加受光量的电极结构的光电二极管。
背景技术
光电二极管当受光区越大时,受光量越大,因此当光电二极管耦接至光纤时,它可以支持更准确的数据传输操作,并使得对准容易。
然而,当扩大受光区时,光电二极管的渡越时间(transit time)和载流子输运时间延长,因此运行速度变得迟滞(late),并且频率响应速度、即光电二极管最基本的电特性也变得迟滞。
图1示出普通光电二极管的结构。参照图1,光电二极管包括:InP衬底10,形成于衬底10上的受光区11,以及欧姆接触于衬底10上并与受光区11相邻的电极垫12。在这种连接中,对应于受光区11中吸收的光子而产生电子-空穴对,因此,载流子通过电极垫12输运到外部电路。
在如上述构成的光电二极管中,当光输入InP时,由于光电效应而在价电子带中形成空穴,并且在导电带中产生电子,价电子带中的电子通过光电效应被激发到导电带,从而产生电子-空穴对。因此,载流子通过PN结结构(junctionstructure)提供的电场移动到电极,然后被输运到外部电路。特别地,近来正在积极地开展对于PIN光电二极管的研究,在PIN光电二极管中,I层、即本征半导体层插入在PN结结构中。
通常,为了让光电二极管更好地检测光信号,没有输入光信号时的电流即暗电流应该低,并且与输入光相对应的输出电流的维恩响应度(Wienresponsivity)应该高。此外,二极管电容、寄生电容以及载流子输运时间也是影响光电二极管运行速度的变量。
对于通常的平坦(flat)PIN光电二极管,如果扩大受光区,则根据如下表达式1增加二极管电容Cj,从而增加元件的总电容,因此降低了运行速度和频率响应时间。
表达式1
C j = ϵ A W
在上述表达式1中,耗尽层的宽度W以如下表达式2表达。这里,e为介电常数,A为结面积,V为反向偏置电压,Vbi为结内建电压,q为电荷量,ND为I层中的净电荷浓度。
表达式2
W = 2 ϵ ( V - V bi ) q N D
图2示出一种光电二极管,该光电二极管具有在SiO2(二氧化硅)膜上形成的电极垫12和沿着受光区11的边缘形成的环形金属电极13,从而将当受光区增加到具有大口径时成为问题的电容最小化。在这种连接中,通过经由环形电极13和电极垫12将对应于输入光信号而产生的电流传导到外部电路,可以将寄生电容最小化,其中,该环形电极13与受光区11欧姆接触,而电极垫12连接至环形电极13。
然而,如果使用环形电极13,则在组装OSA(光学次模块)期间,由于金属环的背向反射(back reflectance),用于对准的处理时间增加。此外,如果设置了超过一定直径的大受光区11,则载流子输运时间延长,从而降低了频率响应速度。
发明内容
技术问题
考虑到上述问题而设计出本发明,因此本发明的目的是提供一种光电二极管,这种光电二极管具有的电极结构可以解决与光纤对准时出现的反射问题,可以将电容最小化,还可以减少载流子输运时间。
技术方案
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种光电二极管,其包括:受光区,具有用于光电转换的化合物半导体的结结构;第一电极,具有网状结构,该网状结构与位于受光区一侧的光输入区域欧姆接触;以及第二电极,形成在受光区的另一侧,并与第一电极相对应。
优选地,第一电极的网状结构具有为长度和宽度为30至50μm的方形图案。
此外,第一电极优选由宽度为1至4μm的金属线构成。
本发明的光电二极管还可包括:环形电极,其电连接至第一电极,并且沿着受光区的光输入区域的边缘欧姆接触。
受光区可包括:N型InP衬底;形成在该衬底上的N型InP缓冲层;形成在该缓冲层上的InGaAs吸收层;以及形成在该吸收层上的InP层。
优选地,本发明的光电二极管还包括:形成在该InP层上该光输入区域周围的二氧化硅绝缘膜;钝化(passivate)在该二氧化硅绝缘膜上的非反射膜;以及形成在该非反射膜上并连接至第一电极的电极垫。
优选地,InGaAs吸收层的厚度为2.0至3.4μm。
附图说明
参照附图在以下详细说明中更完整地说明本发明优选实施例的这些及其它特征、方案和优点。在附图中:
图1为示出传统光电二极管结构的平面图;
图2为示出传统光电二极管另一结构的平面图;
图3为示出根据本发明优选实施例的光电二极管结构的平面图;
图4为示出根据本发明优选实施例的光电二极管内部结构的局部剖视图;
图5为示出根据本发明一实施例的光电二极管的频率响应特性的坐标图;
图6示出用于测量光电二极管脉冲响应的系统结构;
图7和图8为示出根据比较实例测量光电二极管脉冲响应时的对准位置的平面图;
图9和图10为示出根据比较实例与光电二极管的光对准相应的脉冲特性的坐标图;以及
图11和图12为示出根据比较实例的光电二极管频率响应特性的坐标图。
具体实施方式
以下参照附图详细说明本发明。所使用的术语不应解释为限于通常的及字典上的含义,而是根据发明人为了最好地进行说明而可适当地定义术语的原则,基于本发明的含义和概念来解释。因此,这里对本发明范围的说明应当理解为:不脱离本发明的精神和范围可作出其它改型。
图3为示出根据本发明优选实施例的光电二极管结构的平面图,图4为其局部剖视图。
参照图3和图4,根据本发明优选实施例的光电二极管包括:受光区100,其具有用于光电转换的化合物半导体的多层结结构;第一电极101,其设置于受光区100的光输入区域内,并具有网状结构;以及第二电极107,其形成在受光区100的另一侧。
具有网状结构的第一电极101设置于受光区100的光输入区域内。第一电极101的网状结构与受光区100的上部欧姆接触,并且构成为重复等于或大于普通光通信光线直径的30至50μm的方形金属线(wire)图案。这里,第一电极101的网型金属线图案优选具有1至4μm的宽度,从而不会影响光电二极管的背向反射,并且在组装过程中不会影响激光焊接。更优选地,第一电极101的金属线具有2至4μm的宽度。优选地,第一电极101构成为具有Ti/Pt/Au或者Cr/Au的多个层。
优选地,还可在受光区100的光输入区域的边缘设置环形电极102。与受光区100欧姆接触的环形电极102环绕网状结构的边缘,并且电连接至第一电极101。
电连接至第一电极101和环形电极102以将载流子输运至外部电路的电极垫103设置在受光区100的光输入区域附近。这里,在受光区100的光输入区域周围,设置有厚度约1μm的SiO2绝缘膜105和由Si3N4制成的约1000至2000的非反射膜106,该非反射膜106钝化在SiO2绝缘膜105上。电极垫103形成在非反射膜106上以使寄生电容最小化,并且优选由Ti/Pt/Au或者Cr/Au的多个层构成。
受光区100具有用于产生对应于输入光的载流子的化合物半导体层和用于提供电场以输运载流子至电极的PN结结构。优选地,受光区100可包括:N型InP衬底108,形成在衬底108上的N型InP缓冲层109,形成在缓冲层109上的InGaAs吸收层110,以及形成在吸收层110上的InP层111。InP层111设置有通过锌扩散形成的P型InP区域104,并且在衬底108的下表面形成有与具有网状结构的第一电极101相对应的第二电极107。这里,受光区100并不限于上述结构,其可以具有多种改型,例如公知的PIN结结构。
对光电二极管的性能影响最大的频率响应由吸收层110的传输时间(transmit time)和电容所限定。也就是说,如果吸收层110的厚度增加得太多,则消耗很多渡越时间;但是,如果厚度减少,则电容增加,从而使频率响应特性恶化。考虑到以上原因,InGaAs吸收层110优选具有2.0至3.4μm的厚度,并且受光区100优选具有约100至300μm的直径。特别地,当光电二极管用于光通信的接受目的时,受光区100优选具有100至150μm的直径。
受光区100的InP缓冲层109、InGaAs吸收层110、InP层111等可通过在普通的(common)半导体制造过程中使用的膜生长技术依次形成。此外,InP层111上部的锌扩散区域104可通过利用普通的PECVD(等离子体增强化学气相沉积)的掩模技术、光刻技术、举离(lift-off)技术、RTA(快速热退火)等形成,而诸如具有网状图案的第一电极101、环形电极102、电极垫103以及第二电极107等电极结构可利用普通的电子束沉积技术、举离技术或者湿法蚀刻来制备。
以下说明根据本发明的光电二极管的制造过程,着重说明受光区100的锌扩散区域104、电极等的形成。
首先,对于其中通过使用MOCVD的生长而形成衬底108、InP缓冲层109、InGaAs吸收层110、InP层111以及作为保护膜的InGaAs覆盖层(未示出)的外延晶片,使用硫酸蚀刻溶液去除厚度为0.1μm的InGaAs覆盖层,并使用PECVD设备沉积Si3N4膜以构成用于锌扩散的掩模。
沉积过程完成以后,通过光刻在Si3N4膜上构成用于锌扩散的PR(光致抗蚀剂)图案,然后使用BOE(缓冲氧化物蚀刻剂)溶液蚀刻由PR图案暴露出的Si3N4
BOE蚀刻完成以后,晶片和Zn3P2一起置入热蒸发器腔室,然后在2×10-6托的真空下将Zn3P2沉积在晶片上。沉积以后,对晶片执行举离工艺,使得Zn3P2和PN都被去除,留下一部分Zn3P2用于锌扩散。这里,举离工艺以如下的方式执行:使用丙酮溶液等溶解PR,使得PR和沉积在PR上的Zn3P2都从衬底上分离。
由于使用PECVD将SiO2沉积在晶片的上表面上,所以当锌在高温下扩散时,防止了晶片的向外扩散(out-diffusion)。
然后,将上面覆盖有SiO2的晶片置入氮气环境下的RTA腔室,然后在550℃下执行Zn-RTA扩散4分钟。扩散过程完成以后,利用BOE去除SiO2覆盖层,然后使用氮蚀刻溶液去除扩散之后残留在受光区中的Zn3P2
随后,为了使电极垫导致的寄生电容最小化,使用PECVD设备在晶片的上表面上沉积1μm厚的SiO2绝缘层,然后使用光刻和BOE溶液去除锌扩散区域中的SiO2
之后,利用PECVD形成非反射膜(Si3N4)106,然后使用光刻和举离工艺形成P-金属电极、即具有网状图案的第一电极。这里,P-金属电极以如下的方式形成:对于其上通过光刻形成PR图案的晶片,使用电子束蒸发器在1×10-6托的高真空下沉积400/600/1200厚的Ti/Pt/Au,然后利用举离工艺去除非必要区(unnecessary area)上的金属膜,随后在RTA腔室中执行欧姆接触退火。如上所述形成具有网状结构的P-金属电极以后,在邻近该P-金属电极的SiO2绝缘层的一侧形成电极垫。
随后,对晶片的背面执行研磨工艺,以获得100μm的厚度,然后,沉积400/600/3000厚的作为N-金属的Ti/Pt/Au,然后在RTA中再次执行欧姆接触退火。然后,形成N-金属,即与具有网状结构的P-金属相对应的第二电极。
以上整个过程全部完成后,将晶片切割成一定的大小,如图4所示,然后得到在受光区中具有网状结构的光电二极管。
本发明的方式
以下,为了更好地理解本发明,对根据上述实施例的光电二极管和根据现有技术的光电二极管(比较实例)进行比较说明。
实施例
制造一光电二极管,其中受光区的直径为150μm,InGaAs吸收层厚2.0μm,该光电二极管包括:具有网状结构的电极、以及电极垫。
经测量该实施例的光电二极管的频率响应速度,发现以VR=5V为例时,对应于3dB带宽的频率为0.58GHz,如图5所示。
比较实例1
制造一光电二极管,其中受光区的直径为120μm,InGaAs吸收层厚3.4μm该光电二极管仅包括直接在InP衬底上形成的电极垫(参照图1)。
比较实例2
制造一光电二极管,其中受光区的直径为120μm,InGaAs吸收层厚3.4μm,该光电二极管包括在SiO2膜上形成的环形电极和电极垫(参照图2)。
对于比较实例1和2,通过脉冲响应检查随受光对准位置的变化而导致的光电二极管的响应速度的变化。如图6所示,在普通脉冲响应测量系统的光学单元(optical stage)200中调节光轴,使光电二极管的响应度变为最大化,然后使用LSA 3707A 201测量该光电二极管的阶跃响应(step response)。测量条件设置为测试功率=-2.5dBm,VR=5.0V,RL=50,1=1550nm,电延迟=6ns,时间间隔=5ns,然后测量脉冲响应,并通过改变对应于受光单元11的各点A、B、C的光线位置来进行比较,如图7和图8所示。
作为测量的结果,如图9和图10所示,发现与比较实例1的光电二极管相比,比较实例2的光电二极管表现出:随光束位置的变化,响应速度的变化较小。因此,可以理解为:根据本发明当受光区构成为具有大口径时,优选地是,通过增加环形电极,使得随受光对准的位置的变化,响应速度的变化最小化。
比较实例3
制造一光电二极管,其中受光区的直径为150μm,InGaAs吸收层厚2.0μm,该光电二极管仅包括直接在InP衬底上形成的电极垫(参照图1)。
比较实例4
制造一光电二极管,其中受光区的直径为150μm,InGaAs吸收层厚2.0μm,该光电二极管包括在SiO2膜上形成的环形电极和电极垫(参照图2)。
作为比较实例3和4的光电二极管的频率响应速度的测量结果,发现当VR=5.0V时,在比较实例3中,对应于3dB带宽的频率为0.33GHz,而在比较实例4中,对应于3dB带宽的频率为0.5GHz,分别如图11和图12所示。
根据上述测量结果,可以理解为,在受光区设置有具有网状结构的电极的光电二极管表现出提高的载流子输运特性,从而能够提高对应于3dB带宽的频率响应特性,胜过仅具有环形电极的传统的光电二极管。
对于本发明已做出详细说明。但是,应当理解的是,指出本发明优选实施例的详细说明和具体实例仅用于说明,因为根据这些详细说明,在本发明精神和范围内的各种修改和改型对于本领域的技术人员来说都是显而易见的。
工业实用性
根据本发明如上所构成的光电二极管具有如下效果。
第一,由于在组装OSA(光学次模块)时提高了背向反射特性,因此可以减少用于光纤对准的处理时间,由于大的受光区而在激光焊接过程中增加对准精度的容许极限,并且使得能够以按压(pressuring)方式手动对准。
第二,尽管电极金属线的宽度变窄,但由于网状结构的特性而使电极结构保持稳定,因此可以提高反射特性,并减少载流子至外部电路的输运时间。
第三,与仅使用环形电极的光电二极管相比,对于同样直径的受光区,可以提高频率响应特性。
第四,由于受光区构成为具有大的口径,例如100至300μm,因此本发明的光电二极管可用作用于监视器以及用于接收155Mbps至2.5Gbps光信号的光申二极管。

Claims (7)

1.一种光电二极管,包括:
受光区,具有用于光电转换的化合物半导体的结结构;
第一电极,具有网状结构,该网状结构与位于该受光区一侧的光输入区域欧姆接触;以及
第二电极,形成在该受光区的另一侧,并与该第一电极相对应。
2.如权利要求1所述的光电二极管,其中:
该第一电极的网状结构具有长度和宽度为30 μm至50 μm的方形图案。
3.如权利要求1所述的光电二极管,其中:
该第一电极由宽度为1 μm至4 μm的金属线构成。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的光电二极管,还包括环形电极,其电连接至该第一电极,并且沿着该受光区的光输入区域的边缘欧姆接触。
5.如权利要求1所述的光电二极管,其中该受光区包括:
N型InP衬底;
形成在该衬底上的N型InP缓冲层;
形成在该缓冲层上的InGaAs吸收层;以及
形成在该吸收层上的InP层。
6.如权利要求5所述的光电二极管,还包括:
形成在该InP层上该光输入区域周围的二氧化硅绝缘膜;
钝化在该二氧化硅绝缘膜上的非反射膜;以及
形成在该非反射膜上并连接至该第一电极的电极垫。
7.如权利要求5所述的光电二极管,其中:
该InGaAs吸收层的厚度为2.0 μm至3.4 μm
CNA2005800106217A 2004-09-24 2005-06-30 具有用于大的光信号接收区的电极结构的光电二极管 Pending CN1938868A (zh)

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CN112802738A (zh) * 2021-04-06 2021-05-14 中山德华芯片技术有限公司 一种提升磷化铟中锌掺杂浓度的方法
CN114172577A (zh) * 2022-02-12 2022-03-11 南昌大学 光纤融合下的室内可见光通信系统

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JPS63281479A (ja) * 1987-05-13 1988-11-17 Hitachi Ltd 半導体受光素子
JPH01196182A (ja) * 1988-01-31 1989-08-07 Shimadzu Corp フォトダイオード
JPH0494579A (ja) * 1990-08-10 1992-03-26 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 半導体受光装置
JPH0786631A (ja) * 1993-09-13 1995-03-31 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> pinフォトダイオード
JP3674255B2 (ja) * 1997-08-26 2005-07-20 松下電器産業株式会社 受光素子の製造方法
JP3625258B2 (ja) * 1999-07-06 2005-03-02 松下電器産業株式会社 受光素子およびその製造方法
JP2003318435A (ja) * 2002-04-23 2003-11-07 Taiyo Yuden Co Ltd Pn接合フォトダイオード

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CN112802738A (zh) * 2021-04-06 2021-05-14 中山德华芯片技术有限公司 一种提升磷化铟中锌掺杂浓度的方法
CN114172577A (zh) * 2022-02-12 2022-03-11 南昌大学 光纤融合下的室内可见光通信系统

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