CN1918141A - 氨基二苯并二噁英衍生物以及使用了该衍生物的有机场致发光元件 - Google Patents
氨基二苯并二噁英衍生物以及使用了该衍生物的有机场致发光元件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1918141A CN1918141A CNA2005800044564A CN200580004456A CN1918141A CN 1918141 A CN1918141 A CN 1918141A CN A2005800044564 A CNA2005800044564 A CN A2005800044564A CN 200580004456 A CN200580004456 A CN 200580004456A CN 1918141 A CN1918141 A CN 1918141A
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07D319/10—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes
- C07D319/14—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D319/24—[b,e]-condensed with two six-membered rings
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- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
- C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D407/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
- C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
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- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/633—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6574—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only oxygen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. cumarine dyes
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种高亮度、高发光效率,发光劣化少,且高温下的使用性和保存性优异的可靠性高的有机场致发光元件材料以及使用该材料的有机场致发光元件。有机场致发光元件材料是通式(1)所示的二氨基二苯并二噁英衍生物,能够使该衍生物存在于有机场致发光元件的发光层、空穴传输层或空穴注入层中(式中,Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4表示取代或未取代的芳基,Ar1和Ar2以及Ar3和Ar4可以与结合的氮一起形成含氮杂环)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及新型的氨基二苯并二英(aminodibenzodioxin)衍生物以及使用了该衍生物的有机场致发光元件。
背景技术
使用了有机材料的场致发光元件(以下称为有机EL元件)的开发,为了提高来自电极的电荷注入效率而使电极的种类最佳化,开发在电极间作为薄膜设置有由芳香族二胺构成的空穴传输层和由8-羟基喹啉铝络合物构成的发光层的元件(参照Appl.Phys.Lett.,51卷,913页,1987年),从而其发光效率比以往使用了蒽等的单晶的元件得到大幅度的改善,故向具有自发光、高速响应性特征的高性能平板显示器的实用化发展。
为了进一步改善这种有机EL元件的效率,已知以上述的阳极/空穴传输层/发光层/阴极的构成作为基本构成,再适当设置空穴注入层、电子注入层、电子传输层,例如阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/发光层/阴极、阳极/空穴注入层/发光层/电子传输层/阴极、阳极/空穴注入层/发光层/电子传输层/电子注入层/阴极等构成的元件。该空穴传输层具有使由空穴注入层注入的空穴传输到发光层的功能,而电子传输层具有使由阴极注入的电子传输到发光层的功能。
而且,通过在发光层和空穴注入层间插入该空穴传输层,可以在更低的电场下将大量空穴注入发光层。同样地,通过在发光层和电子注入层间插入电子传输层,可以在更低的电场下将大量电子注入发光层。
为了适应这种结构层的功能,迄今为止开发出了大量的有机材料。然而,这些有机EL元件还无法认为具有了令人满意的性能。其主要原因可以举出:使用材料的耐久性不足,特别是空穴传输材料缺乏耐久性。如果在有机EL元件的有机层中存在结晶粒界等不均匀部分,则可以认为电场集中在该部分,导致元件的劣化、破坏。因此,有机层多在无定形状态下使用。另外,有机EL元件是电流注入型元件,如果使用的玻璃化转变温度(以下称作Tg)低,则由于驱动中的焦耳热,产生有机EL元件劣化的结果,所以要求Tg高的材料。同时,必须提高使用的空穴传输材料的空穴传输性,从而提高元件的发光效率。
作为与本发明相关的在先文献有如下文献。
专利文献1:特许第2851185号公报
专利文献2:特开平9-194441号公报
专利文献3:特开平8-100172号公报
专利文献4:特开2002-203685号公报
专利文献5:特开2001-126873号公报
专利文献6:特开2001-39333号公报
专利文献7:特开2001-114735号公报
专利文献8:特开平9-157643号公报
非专利文献1:Appl.Phys.Lett.,51卷,913页,1987年
非专利文献2:Appl.Phys.Lett.,57卷,531页,1990年
作为在该有机EL元件中使用的空穴传输材料,已知以三苯基胺衍生物为中心的多种多样的材料,但是适合实用化的材料少。例如,在Appl.Phys.Lett.,57卷,531页,1990年中报告了N,N’-二(3-甲基苯基)-N,N’-二苯基-4,4’-二氨基联苯(以下简称为TPD),但该化合物缺乏热稳定性,在元件寿命等方面有问题。
另外,特许第2851185号公报中的N,N’-二萘基-N,N’-二苯基-4,4’-二氨基联苯(以下简称为NPD),以及特开平9-194441号公报中报告了使用了NPD衍生物的例子,虽然记载了性能均比TPD提高,但它们的空穴传输性和耐热性都不足。此外,在特开平8-100172号公报、特开2002-203685号公报、特开2001-126873号公报以及特开2001-39333号公报中报告了改变联苯骨架,在特开2001-114735号公报中报告了通过芳基胺单元的多量化等,进行用于提高耐热性的结构改变,但在具有高耐热性的同时,不存在同时具有薄膜稳定性和高发光效率的材料。
如上所述,目前的有机EL元件中使用的空穴传输材料等中使用的有机EL材料不具备充分满足实用的性能,因此希望通过使用优异的材料,提高有机EL元件的效率、耐热性和寿命。此外,大部分的有机EL元件的发光多由与电荷传输层分别设置的发光层或电子传输层得到,由空穴传输层得到的少。该理由可以认为是还存在与同时使用的电子传输层的相容性的问题,但空穴传输材料本身的发光颜色和发光强度也是重要的因素。如果从空穴传输层取出发光,则虽然推断实用价值变得更高,但是这种材料少。另外,这种材料以特开平9-157643号公报所记载的9-蒽基衍生物为代表,在多数情况下发光波长长,具有不能取出短波长的发光等问题。
发明内容
本发明是根据上述现有技术所具有的问题而提出的,其目的在于提供发光效率高且耐热性高且寿命长的有机场致发光元件、适用于该有机场致发光元件的新型化合物、有机场致发光元件材料。
本发明人为了解决现有技术所具有的上述问题,进行了认真的研究,结果发现特定的氨基二苯并二英衍生物,同时发现通过使用该衍生物得到高效率、高耐热、长寿命的有机EL元件,从而完成本发明。
即,本发明涉及通式(1)所示的氨基二苯并二英衍生物。
式中,Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4独立地表示取代或未取代的芳基,Ar1和Ar2、以及Ar3和Ar4可以与结合的氮一起形成含氮杂环。
另外,本发明涉及在基板上层叠阳极、有机层和阴极而成的有机场致发光元件,其特征在于:在有机层的至少1层中含有前述氨基二苯并二英衍生物。其中,含有氨基二苯并二英衍生物的有机层优选是选自发光层、空穴传输层和空穴注入层的至少1层。
首先,对本发明的氨基二苯并二英衍生物进行说明。
本发明的氨基二苯并二英衍生物如通式(1)所示。式中,Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4表示取代或未取代的芳基。其中,未取代的芳基是指例如苯基、萘基、蒽基、菲基等碳环芳基以及例如呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基等杂环芳基。优选为碳原子数6~18的碳环芳基或碳原子数4~17且杂原子数1~4的杂环芳基。芳基的环数为1~4,优选为1~3,可以稠合,也可以不稠合。
Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4更优选各自独立为未取代的碳原子数6~16的碳环芳基或碳原子数4~14的杂环芳基,或者为用烷基、烷氧基、碳原子数4~12的芳基或碳原子数4~12的芳氧基取代的碳原子数6~16的碳环芳基或碳原子数4~14的杂环芳基。在为杂环芳基时,作为杂原子除了N以外,还可以举出S、O等,其总数优选为1~4。另外,Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4还优选各自独立为未取代或用低级烷基、低级烷氧基、碳原子数4~10的芳基或碳原子数4~10的芳氧基取代的苯基、萘基、菲基的任何一种。
另外,Ar1和Ar2以及Ar3和Ar4可以与结合的氮一起形成含氮杂环。在这种情况下,-NAr1Ar2和-NAr3Ar4表示取代或未取代的N-咔唑基、N-吩嗪基、N-吩噻嗪基、N-β-咔啉基等。
作为未取代型的Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4的具体例子,可以列举出苯基、萘基、菲基、茚基、薁基、庚搭烯基、苊基、1,8-苯嵌萘基、芴基、蒽基、联苯撑(biphenylene)基、苯并[9,10]菲(triphenylene)基、联四苯撑(tetraphenylene)基、芘基、基、苉基、苝基、五联苯基、并五苯基、六联苯基、并六苯基、玉红省基、晕苯基、联三萘基、七联苯基、并七苯基、皮蒽基、卵苯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基、咔唑基、噻蒽基、吡喃基、异苯并呋喃基、苯并吡喃基、呫吨基、吩嗪基、吡咯基、咪唑基、吡唑基、异噻唑基、异唑基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、吲哚嗪基、异吲哚基、嘌呤基、吲哚基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吖啶基、菲绕啉基、酞嗪基、萘啶基、喹喔啉基、喹唑啉基、菲啶基、啶基、菲绕啉基、吩嗪基、呋咱基等。优选为苯基、萘基、菲基、茚基、芴基、蒽基、芘基、苝基、五联苯基、晕苯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基、咔唑基、吡喃基、吡咯基、咪唑基、吡唑基、异噻唑基、异唑基、嘧啶基、吲哚嗪基、吲哚基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吖啶基、菲绕啉基、喹喔啉基、喹唑啉基、吩嗪基等,更优选为苯基、萘基以及菲基。
作为取代型的Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4时的取代基的具体例子,优选列举出硝基、氰基、烷基、芳烷基、芳烷氧基、烷氧基、芳基和芳氧基。具体地,作为烷基有甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、十八烷基等。作为芳烷基有2-苯基异丙基、苄基、三苯基甲基等。作为烷氧基有甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、正丁氧基、仲丁氧基、叔丁氧基、戊氧基、己氧基、正辛氧基、叔辛氧基、十八烷氧基等。作为芳烷氧基有苄氧基等。作为芳基有苯基、联苯基、萘基、菲基、茚基、萘基、薁基、庚搭烯基、苊基、1,8-苯嵌萘基、芴基、蒽基、联苯撑基、苯并[9,10]菲基、联四苯撑基、芘基、基、苉基、苝基、五联苯基、并五苯基、六联苯基、并六苯基、玉红省基、晕苯基、联三萘基、七联苯基、并七苯基、皮蒽基、卵苯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基、咔唑基、噻蒽基、吡喃基、异苯并呋喃基、苯并吡喃基、呫吨基、吩嗪基、吡咯基、咪唑基、吡唑基、异噻唑基、异唑基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、吲哚嗪基、异吲哚基、嘌呤基、吲哚基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吖啶基、菲绕啉基、酞嗪基、萘啶基、喹喔啉基、喹唑啉基、菲啶基、啶基、菲绕啉基、吩嗪基、呋咱基、4-甲基联苯基、3-硝基苯基、4-氰基苯基、邻-、间-和对-甲氧基苯基、邻-、间-和对-甲苯基、邻-、间-和对-枯烯基、基、4-苯氧基苯基、5-甲基萘基等。作为芳氧基有上述芳基的芳氧基等。
这些取代基可以在邻接的取代基之间成键,形成新的饱和环或芳环。
本发明的氨基二苯并二英衍生物具有-N(Ar1Ar2)和-N(Ar3Ar4)取代于二苯并二英环的结构,其取代位置可以是1,5-位、1,6-位、1,7-位、1,8-位、2,6-位、2,7-位,优选为2,6-位、1,5-位或2,7-位,更优选为2,6-位。
本发明的氨基二苯并二英衍生物的代表例子具体地在表1~4中例示,但本发明并不限于以下的代表例。
表1
表2
表3
表4
本发明的化合物由于具有二苯并二英环,所以与以NPD为代表的亚联苯基骨架化合物相比,分子刚直性提高。因此,玻璃化转变温度高,其结果对电场发光时的有机层中、有机层间、或有机层和金属电极间产生的焦耳热的耐受性(耐热性)和高温环境下的耐受性提高。由此,在作为有机EL元件的空穴传输层、发光材料、发光层主体材料、发光层掺杂材料、空穴阻挡层、电子传输层使用的情况下,使其长时间发光时也有利。
此外,具有二苯并二英环为基本骨架的这些化合物可以形成均质且稳定的无定形状的膜。因此,可以抑制现有问题中的无定形膜不均匀化导致的发光效率降低和元件劣化。
另外,除了上述耐热性、薄膜稳定性之外,还显示出比目前使用的化合物高的发光效率。
另外,通常,在构成有机EL元件的有机层中使用的化合物,优选不与其他层中使用的化合物形成激发络合物,本发明的氨基二苯并二英衍生物还具有难以和其他化合物形成激发络合物的优点。
作为本发明通式(1)的化合物的一种合成方法,可以在有机溶剂中或无溶剂下、在碱和催化剂的存在下、在氮气氛下、在100~200℃左右的温度下,使对应的二氨基二苯并二英等二氨基二苯并二英类与对应的芳基卤化物反应1~50小时左右而得到。作为芳基卤化物的卤原子,可以列举氯、溴和碘等。作为所使用的碱,可以列举碳酸钾、碳酸钠、氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠、叔丁氧基钠、叔丁氧基钾等无机碱,吡啶、甲基吡啶、三乙胺等有机碱。作为催化剂,可以列举铜粉、氧化铜、卤化铜、硫酸铜等铜类催化剂,或醋酸钯、双(二亚苄基丙酮)钯等钯源和三叔丁基膦等配体形成的钯络合物类催化剂。溶剂只要是能溶解原料,进行反应即可。例如,可以列举甲苯、二甲苯、四氢化萘、喹啉、硝基苯、二甲基亚砜、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等溶剂。
反应结束后,加水分离有机层,将其浓缩,用乙酸乙酯等低沸点溶剂洗涤,减压干燥,从而得到本发明的化合物。将本发明的化合物作为有机EL材料使用时,优选进一步进行升华精制。
以下对本发明的有机EL元件进行说明。
作为本发明的有机EL元件的结构,包括各种方案,基本上是在一对电极(阴极和阳极)间夹持含有上述氨基二苯并二英衍生物的有机层的结构。可以将氨基二苯并二英衍生物单独作为空穴注入层、空穴传输层、发光层、空穴阻挡层、电子注入层或电子传输层使用,根据希望可以在上述氨基二苯并二英衍生物层中添加其他空穴注入材料、空穴传输材料、空穴阻挡材料、发光材料、电子注入材料或电子传输材料等。特别是在使用氨基二苯并二英衍生物作为发光层时,通过在该发光层中添加其他发光材料,可以产生不同波长的光,或者提高发光效率。另外,也可以以空穴注入材料、空穴传输材料、发光材料、空穴阻挡材料、电子注入材料或电子传输材料等作为空穴注入层、空穴传输层、发光层、空穴阻挡层、电子注入层或电子传输层等,层叠在含有氨基二苯并二英衍生物的层上。
作为具体的结构,可以列举:
1)阳极/有机发光层/阴极
2)阳极/空穴传输层/有机发光层/阴极
3)阳极/空穴传输层/有机发光层/空穴阻挡层/阴极
4)阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/有机发光层/阴极
5)阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/有机发光层/空穴阻挡层/阴极
6)阳极/有机发光层/电子传输层/阴极
7)阳极/有机发光层/电子传输层/电子注入层/阴极
8)阳极/有机发光层/空穴阻挡层/电子传输层/电子注入层/阴极
9)阳极/空穴传输层/有机发光层/空穴阻挡层/电子传输层/阴极
10)阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/有机发光层/电子传输层/阴极
11)阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/有机发光层/电子传输层/空穴阻挡层/阴极
12)阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/有机发光层/电子传输层/电子注入层/阴极
13)阳极/空穴注入层/空穴传输层/有机发光层/电子阻挡层/电子传输层/电子注入层/阴极等叠层结构。在这些情况下,未必需要空穴注入层、电子注入层、空穴阻挡层,但通过设置这些层,可以提高发光效率。
本发明的有机EL元件可以是上述任何一种结构,优选用基板支撑。
作为基板,可以使用石英或玻璃板、金属板或金属箔、塑料膜或片等。特别优选玻璃板、以及聚酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚碳酸酯、聚砜等透明合成树脂板。在使用合成树脂基板时,必须留意阻气性。如果基板的阻气性过小,则有机场致发光元件会由于通过基板的外部空气劣化,所以不优选。因此,在合成树脂基板的至少一面上设置致密的硅氧化膜等以确保阻气性也是优选的方法之一。
作为阳极物质,由铝、金、银、镍、钯、铂等金属,铟和/或锡的氧化物等金属氧化物,碘化铜等卤化金属,炭黑,或聚(3-甲基噻吩)、聚吡咯、聚苯胺等导电性高分子等构成。阳极通常多通过溅射法、真空蒸镀法等形成。另外,在为银等金属微粒、碘化铜等微粒、炭黑、导电性金属氧化物微粒、导电性高分子微粉等时,也可以分散在适当的粘合剂树脂溶液中,涂布到基板上,从而形成阳极。此外,在为导电性高分子时,也可以通过电解聚合直接在基板上形成薄膜,或者在基板上涂布导电性高分子形成阳极。阳极也可以用不同的物质层叠形成。阳极的厚度根据需要的透明性而异。在需要透明性时,通常希望可见光的透过率为大于等于60%,优选为大于等于80%,在这种情况下,厚度通常为5~1000nm,优选为10~500nm左右。在可以不透明时,阳极可以和基板相同。另外,也可以进一步在上述阳极上层叠不同的导电材料。
作为阴极物质,可以使用在前述阳极中使用的材料,但为了高效地进行电子注入,优选功函低的金属,可以使用锡、镁、铟、钙、铝、银等适当的金属或它们的合金。作为具体例子,可以列举镁-银合金、镁-铟合金、铝-锂合金等低功函合金电极。此外,在阴极和电子传输层的界面上插入LiF、MgF2、Li2O等极薄的绝缘膜(0.1~5nm),也是提高元件效率的有效方法。阴极的膜厚通常与阳极相同。为了保护由低功函金属形成的阴极,在其上再层叠功函高、对大气稳定的金属层,可以增加元件的稳定性。为了该目的,使用铝、银、铜、镍、铬、金、铂等金属。
在本发明的有机EL元件中,作为在空穴注入材料、空穴传输材料、发光材料、空穴阻挡材料、电子注入材料、电子传输材料等中使用的有机材料,优选Tg大于等于80℃、更优选Tg大于等于100℃的材料。
作为空穴注入材料所要求的条件,要求与阳极的接触好,能够形成均匀的薄膜,热稳定,即熔点和玻璃化转变温度高,作为熔点要求大于等于300℃,作为玻璃化转变温度要求大于等于100℃。此外,可以列举离子化电位低,容易从阳极注入空穴,空穴迁移率大。
为了该目的,目前为止已经报告了铜酞菁等酞菁化合物,聚苯胺、聚噻吩等有机化合物,溅射·碳膜,钒氧化物、钌氧化物、钼氧化物等金属氧化物,可以使用这些。阳极缓冲层的情形也可以与空穴传输层同样地形成薄膜,但是在为无机物时,还可以使用溅射法、电子束蒸镀法、等离子CVD法。如上形成的空穴注入层的膜厚通常为3~100nm,优选为5~50nm。
作为空穴传输材料所要求的条件,必须是从空穴注入层注入空穴的效率高,且能够高效地传输注入的空穴的材料。因此,要求离子化电位小,对可视光的透明性高,而且空穴迁移率大,以及稳定性优异,在制造时和使用时难以产生形成阱的杂质。另外,为了与发光层相接,要求将来自发光层的发光消光,或者不在与发光层之间形成激态络合物从而降低效率。在上述一般的要求以外,考虑车载显示使用的应用时,对元件进一步要求耐热性。因此,优选Tg大于等于90℃的材料。
作为这种空穴传输材料,例如已知以4,4’-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基氨基]联苯为代表的含有2个或多个叔胺且2个或多个稠合芳环取代于氮原子的芳香族二胺、4,4’,4”-三(1-萘基苯基氨基)三苯基胺等具有星型结构的芳香族胺化合物、由三苯基胺的四聚体形成的芳香族胺化合物,2,2’,7,7’-四(二苯基氨基)-9,9’-螺二芴等螺环化合物等。这些化合物可以单独使用,根据需要可以分别混合使用。
除了上述化合物以外,作为空穴传输层的材料,可以列举聚乙烯基咔唑、聚乙烯基三苯基胺、含有四苯基联苯胺的聚亚芳基醚砜等高分子材料。
通过涂布法设置空穴传输层时,添加1种或大于等于2种空穴传输材料、以及根据需要不成为空穴的阱的粘合剂树脂、涂布性改善剂等添加剂,溶解制备涂布溶液,通过旋涂法等方法将阳极涂布在空穴注入层上,干燥形成空穴传输层。作为粘合剂树脂,可以列举聚碳酸酯、聚芳酯、聚酯等。粘合剂树脂的添加量如果多,会使空穴迁移率降低,所以希望少,通常优选小于等于50重量%。
在真空蒸镀法时,将空穴传输材料放入设置在真空容器内的坩埚中,用适当的真空泵将真空容器内排气到10-4Pa左右,然后加热坩埚,使空穴传输材料蒸发,在朝向坩埚放置的形成了阳极的基板上形成空穴传输层。空穴传输层的膜厚通常为5~300nm,优选为10~100nm。由于这样形成一样薄的膜,一般通常使用真空蒸镀法。
作为发光材料,可以列举单态发光材料和三重态发光材料。作为单态发光材料,除了Alq3及其衍生物以外,还可以使用日光荧光材料、荧光增白材料、激光色素、有机闪烁剂、各种荧光分析试剂等公知的发光材料。
具体地,优选蒽、芘、、苝、晕苯、红荧烯、喹吖酮等多环稠合化合物,四联苯等低聚亚苯基类化合物,1,4-二(2-甲基苯乙烯基)苯、1,4-双(4-甲基-5-苯基-2-唑基)苯、1,4-双(5-苯基-2-唑基)苯、2,5-双(5-叔丁基-2-苯并唑基)噻吩、1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯、1,6-二苯基-1,3,5-己三烯、1,1,4,4-四苯基-1,3-丁二烯等液体闪光用闪烁剂,8-羟基喹啉衍生物的金属络合物、香豆素染料、二氰基亚甲基吡喃染料、二氰基亚甲基噻喃染料、聚甲炔染料、氧代苯并蒽染料、呫吨染料、喹诺酮染料和苝染料、嗪类化合物、芪衍生物、螺环化合物以及二唑类化合物等。
另一方面,作为三重态发光材料,可以列举以铂为中心金属的金属络合物、以铱为中心金属的金属络合物等贵金属络合物等。该金属络合物在发光层中的含量优选在0.1~30重量%的范围内。当小于0.1重量%时,不利于提高元件的发光效率,如果超过30重量%,则有机金属络合物之间形成2聚体等,引起浓度消光,从而降低发光效率。在现有的使用荧光(单态)的元件中,与发光层中含有的荧光性色素(掺杂剂)的量相比,存在优选略多的倾向。有机金属络合物在发光层中,相对于膜厚方向可部分含有,也可以不均匀地分布。发光层的膜厚通常为10~200nm,优选为20~100nm。
作为空穴阻挡材料,与发光层的阴极侧的界面相接层叠,其由如下化合物形成:起到阻止从空穴传输层移动来的空穴到达阴极的作用,以及能将从阴极注入的电子高效地向发光层方向传输。作为构成空穴阻挡层的材料所要求的物性,必须是电子迁移率高,空穴迁移率低。空穴阻挡层具有将空穴和电子封闭在发光层内,提高发光效率的功能。
电子传输层由如下化合物形成:能在提供电场的电极间将从阴极注入的电子高效地向空穴阻挡层的方向传输。作为本发明的有机EL元件的电子传输层中使用的其他的电子传输材料,必须是如下化合物:从阴极注入电子的效率高,且具有高电子迁移率,能高效地传输注入的电子。
作为满足这种条件的材料,可以列举8-羟基喹啉的铝络合物等金属络合物、10-羟基苯并[h]喹啉的金属络合物、二唑衍生物、二苯乙烯基联苯衍生物、silole衍生物、3-或5-羟基黄酮金属络合物、苯并唑金属络合物、苯并噻唑金属络合物、三苯并咪唑基苯、喹喔啉化合物、菲绕啉衍生物、2-叔丁基-9,10-N,N’-二氰基蒽醌二亚胺、n型氢化非晶体碳化硅、n型硫化锌、n型硒化锌等。电子传输层的膜厚通常为5~200nm、优选为10~100nm。
电子传输层与空穴传输层同样,通过采用涂布法或真空蒸镀法层叠在空穴阻挡层上而形成。通常使用真空蒸镀法。
本发明的有机EL元件是使本发明的化合物存在于有机层中,优选使本发明的化合物存在于发光层、空穴传输层或空穴注入层中。
附图说明
图1表示化合物2的IR谱图。
图2表示化合物3的IR谱图。
图3表示本发明的有机EL元件的一个例子的截面图。
符号说明
1:玻璃基板,2:阳极(ITO层),3:CuPC层,4:空穴传输层,5:发光和电子传输层,6:阴极(LiF/Al)
具体实施方式
以下通过合成例和实施例对本发明进行更详细的说明,只要不超过本发明的主旨,本发明就不受下述实施例记载的限定。
通过以下所示的路线,合成化合物2和化合物3。化合物编号与表1~4的编号对应。
合成例1
2,6-二硝基二苯并二英的合成
在1600ml醋酸中加入60g(0.326mol)二苯并二英,在室温搅拌下,用1小时滴加280ml发烟硝酸。滴加结束后,再继续搅拌2小时,过滤回收得到的析出物。用甲醇重新形成浆液后,采用减压干燥得到85.7g(0.313mol,收率96.0%)2,6-二硝基二苯并二英。所得生成物的纯度为96.5area%(HPLC,254nm)。
合成例2
2,6-二氨基二苯并二英的合成
在1000ml苯甲醚和1000ml的THF的混合溶液中加入81g(0.295mol)2,6-二硝基二苯并二英和25g的10%钯碳,在室温搅拌下通入8小时氢气。过滤除去10%钯碳,再用THF冲洗10%钯碳。将滤液和冲洗液混合浓缩后,采用减压干燥得到61.9g(0.289mol,收率98.0%)2,6-二氨基二苯并二英。所得生成物的纯度为94.2area%(HPLC,254nm)。
合成例3
N,N’-二乙酰基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英的合成
在900ml甲苯和900ml的THF的混合溶液中加入50.0g(0.233mol)2,6-二氨基二苯并二英和55.3g(0.699mol)吡啶,在室温搅拌下用10分钟滴加59.5g(0.583mol)醋酸酐。滴加后,搅拌一夜后,过滤回收析出物。用甲苯重新形成浆液(250ml×2)后,采用减压干燥得到57.0g(0.191mol,收率82.0%)N,N’-二乙酰基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英。所得生成物的纯度为99.3area%(HPLC,254nm)。
合成例4
N,N’-二乙酰基-N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英的合成
将34.3g(0.115mol)N,N’-二乙酰基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英、96.4g(0.576mol)碘化苯、48.2g(0.253mol)碘化铜(I)、63.6g(0.460mol)碳酸钾、和1500ml喹啉的浆液溶液在170℃下加热搅拌48小时。冷却到室温,加入500ml二氯甲烷和500ml水,过滤析出物。再在滤液中加入500ml水,进行油水分离。对有机层进行浓缩后,采用减压干燥得到79.4g粗生成物。不对其进行精制而用于之后的反应。
合成例5
N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英的合成
在500g甲醇、100g的24%氢氧化钠水溶液的混合溶液中加入79.4g合成例4中得到的二乙酰胺化合物,加热回流20小时。冷却到室温后,加入1000ml水,过滤回收析出物。用水冲洗后,采用减压干燥得到44.3g的N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英。所得粗生成物用甲醇加热重新浆液化,进行精制。收量为31.8g(0.087mol,收率75.7%(2步)),纯度98.4area%(HPLC,254nm)。
实施例
实施例1
N,N’-二(1-萘基)-N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英(化合物2)的合成
在0.161g(0.715mmol)醋酸钯(II)的二甲苯(20ml)溶液中,加入0.58g(2.86mmol)三叔丁基膦,在80℃下加热搅拌30分钟。将该溶液送入加热到80℃的5.24g(0.0143mol)N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英、7.41g(0.0358mol)的1-溴代萘和5.77g(0.06mol)叔丁氧基钠的二甲苯(260ml)溶液中。然后,升温到135℃,在相同温度下加热搅拌4小时。冷却到室温后,加入200ml水。油水分离,用200ml甲苯洗涤水层后,混合有机层,浓缩后采用减压干燥得到9.5g粗生成物。用乙酸乙酯加热重新形成浆液后,采用减压干燥得到3.40g(0.0055mol,收率38.5%)N,N’-二(1-萘基)-N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英。所得生成物的纯度为98.3area%(HPLC,254nm)。再进行升华精制。
通过1H-NMR(溶剂:THF-d8)、13C-NMR(溶剂:THF-d8)和IR确认结构。化合物2的IR谱图如图1所示。
实施例2
N,N’-二(9-菲基)-N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英(化合物3)的合成
在0.12g(0.55mmol)醋酸钯(II)的二甲苯(10ml)溶液中,加入0.445g(2.2mmol)三叔丁基膦,在80℃下加热搅拌30分钟。将该溶液送入加热到80℃的4.03g(0.011mol)N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英、7.07g(0.0275mol)的9-溴代菲和4.44g(0.0462mol)的叔丁氧基钠的二甲苯(200ml)溶液中。然后,升温到135℃,在相同温度下加热搅拌3小时。冷却到室温后,加入150ml水,过滤除去析出物。将母液油水分离,用200ml甲苯洗涤水槽后,混合有机层,浓缩后减压干燥,得到13.0g粗生成物。用活性炭处理后,通过用乙酸乙酯/己烷溶剂进行晶析,得到3.85g(0.00536mol,收率48.7%)N,N’-二(9-菲基)-N,N’-二苯基-2,6-二氨基二苯并二英。所得生成物的纯度为98.6area%(HPLC,254nm)。再进行升华精制。
通过’1H-NMR(溶剂:THF-d8)、13C-NMR(溶剂:THF-d8)和IR确认结构。化合物3的IR谱图如图2所示。
对上述实施例中得到的化合物2、化合物3和已知的空穴传输材料NPD,测定玻璃化转变温度,结果如表5所示。
表5
空穴传输物质 | 玻璃化转变温度(℃) |
化合物2 | 103 |
化合物3 | 149 |
NPD | 98 |
实施例3
图3是表示本发明的有机EL元件的一例的截面说明图。该有机EL元件如下制造。
在电阻率为8~10Ω/□和电极面积2×2mm2的洗净的带ITO电极的玻璃基板1(ジオマテツク社制造)上,通过电阻加热方式的真空蒸镀装置,边用アルバツク制造的水晶振子型膜厚控制器控制蒸镀速度,边在蒸镀中的真空度为7~9×10-5帕斯卡(Pa)的条件下,在上述带ITO的玻璃基板1的ITO层2上以膜厚为25nm形成CuPC(3层),在其上以膜厚为45nm形成实施例1中得到的化合物2,得到空穴传输层4。不破坏真空,在相同的真空蒸镀装置内,在其上形成作为发光材料的Alq3,膜厚为60nm,得到发光层5。维持真空条件,进一步在其上蒸镀6埃的LiF、170nm的Al,形成阴极6。
将所得的场致发光元件连接外部电源,施加直流电压,确认这些场致发光元件具有表6的发光特性。由这些元件都可以得到绿色发光。其发光峰波长为500nm,确认是只来自Alq3的发光。
实施例4
除了使用实施例2中得到的化合物3形成空穴传输层以外,采用与实施例3相同的方法,制造场致发光元件。发光特性如表6所示。
比较例1
除了使用NPD形成空穴传输层以外,采用与实施例3相同的方法,制造场致发光元件。发光特性如表6所示。
表6
空穴传输物质 | 电流密度(mA/cm2)@1000cd/m2 | 电压(V)@1000cd/m2 | 视觉发光效率(1m/W)@1000cd/m2 | |
比较例1 | NPD | 30 | 7.0 | 1.45 |
实施例3 | 化合物2 | 24 | 8.0 | 1.70 |
实施例4 | 化合物3 | 28 | 8.4 | 1.45 |
如下评价这些空穴传输材料的耐久特性。采用与实施例3所示的相同的方法,只是将空穴传输材料分别在玻璃基板上制造蒸镀膜,膜厚为1000埃。然后,在温度20℃、湿度30%的气氛下,保存蒸镀膜,目视跟踪薄膜结晶化的天数。其结果如表7所示。
表7
空穴传输材料 | 结晶化的天数 |
NPD | 25 |
化合物2 | 25 |
化合物3 | 100天后也没有结晶 |
由于使用特定的氨基二苯并二英衍生物作为有机场致发光元件的材料,所以能够提供具有高玻璃化转变温度,高效率的发光特性以及优异的耐久性的有机场致发光元件。
Claims (4)
2、权利要求1所述的氨基二苯并二英衍生物,其中在通式(1)中,Ar1、Ar2、Ar3和Ar4各自独立地表示未取代、或用低级烷基、低级烷氧基、碳原子数4~10的芳基或碳原子数4~10的芳氧基取代的苯基、萘基和菲基的任何一种。
3、有机场致发光元件,该有机场致发光元件是在基板上层叠阳极、有机层和阴极而形成的,其特征在于:在有机层的至少1层中含有权利要求1或2所述的氨基二苯并二英衍生物。
4、权利要求3所述的有机场致发光元件,其中含有氨基二苯并二英衍生物的有机层是选自发光层、空穴传输层和空穴注入层的至少1层。
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CN103483312A (zh) * | 2013-09-03 | 2014-01-01 | 太仓碧奇新材料研发有限公司 | 一种三芳胺噻蒽有机电子材料及其制备方法 |
CN111718335A (zh) * | 2020-07-03 | 2020-09-29 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | 化合物、有机发光二极管、显示装置 |
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