CN1897483B - Cdma通信系统中使用天线阵列的传输 - Google Patents

Cdma通信系统中使用天线阵列的传输 Download PDF

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CN1897483B
CN1897483B CN2006101007770A CN200610100777A CN1897483B CN 1897483 B CN1897483 B CN 1897483B CN 2006101007770 A CN2006101007770 A CN 2006101007770A CN 200610100777 A CN200610100777 A CN 200610100777A CN 1897483 B CN1897483 B CN 1897483B
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antenna
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大卫·米雪克
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InterDigital Technology Corp
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    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
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    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
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Abstract

本发明提供使用多个传输天线的数据信号的传输及接收。每一天线传输具有伪随机芯片码序列的不同的导频信号。接收机过滤每一个使用该导频信号的芯片码的被传输的导频信号。被过滤的导频被加权并被结合。每一导频信号的权数适应性地在被结合的信号的信号质量上被部分调整。数据信号被传输，使得该数据信号的不同展频版本从每一天线被传输。每一版本具有不同的芯片码标识符。一旦被接收，每一版本以其相关的芯片码被过滤。被过滤的版本依据与对应的天线的导频信号关联的被调整的权数而被加权。

Description

CDMA通信系统中使用天线阵列的传输
本申请是申请日为“2000年8月17日”、申请号为“200510125006.2”、题为“CDMA通信系统中使用天线阵列的传输”的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明一般是关于码分多址(code division multiple access)中的信号传输及接收。尤指一种使用天线阵列以改进无线CDMA通信系统中的信号接收的系统及方法。
背景技术
图1表示一种现有技术的CDMA通信系统。该通信系统具有多个基站20、22、24、26、28、30和32。通信基站20在其操作区域中使用展频(spreadspectrum)CDMA与用户设备(UE)34、36和38进行通信。从基站20到UE 34、36和38中的每一UE的通信被视为下行链路(downlink)通信，而从UE 34、36和38中的每一UE至基站20的通信被视为上行链路(uplink)通信。
图2中所表示的是简化的CDMA发射机及接收机。混合器40将具有指定带宽的数据信号与用于产生通过天线42传输的数字展频信号的伪随机芯片码序列(pseudo random chip code sequence)混合。一旦在天线44处进行接收，数据在混合器46处与用于传输数据的相同的伪随机芯片码序列关联(correlation)之后被复制。通过使用不同的伪随机芯片码序列，许多数据信号使用相同的信道带宽。尤其是，基站20将在相同带宽上对多个UE 34、36和38传递信号。
为了与接收机定时同步，未调制的导频信号被使用。该导频信号允许对应的接收机与指定的发射机同步，该发射机允许数据信号在接收机处被去扩展(despreading)。在典型的CDMA系统中，基站20发送由通信范围内所有UE 34、36和38所接收的单一导频信号以便使前向链路(forward link)传输同步。相反地，在某些CDMA系统中，例如在B-CDMATM空中接口中，UE 34、36和38中的每一UE传输单一的被指定的导频信号以使逆向链路(reverse link)传输同步。
当UE 34、36和38或基站20、22、24、26、28、30和32接收特定信号时，在相同带宽中的所有其它信号是与该特定信号相关的类噪声信号。增加一信号的功率水平将衰减相同带宽中的所有其它信号。然而，将功率水平降低太多会产生不想要的接收到的信号质量。一种用以测量接收到的信号质量的指示符是信噪比(signal to noise ratio，SNR)。在接收机端，所期望的接收到的信号的大小被与接收到的噪声的大小做比较。在传输的信号中以高SNR而被接收的数据很容易在接收机处被还原。低SNR导致数据的遗失。
为了在最小的传输功率水平中维持想要的信噪比，大多数的CDMA系统使用某些适应性的功率控制形式。通过降低传输功率，相同带宽中信号之间的噪声被降低。由此，相同带宽中以所希望的信噪比接收的信号的最大数目得到增加。
虽然适应性的功率控制降低相同带宽中信号之间的干扰，限制系统容量的干扰依然存在。一种用于增加使用相同射频(radio frequency，RF)频谱的信号数量的技术就是使用扇区(sectorization)。在扇区中，基站使用方向性天线以便将该基站的操作区域分割为数个区段。使得，在不同区段中信号之间的干扰被降低。然而，在相同带宽的相同区段中信号之间互相产生干扰。此外，被扇化的基站通常分派不同的频率给降低指定频率带宽的频谱效率的相邻区段。
美国第5,652,764号专利公开了一种发射机阵列系统。所述阵列的每一天线传输扩展的(spread)数据信号。每一数据信号被以不同的正交码(orthogonal code)进行扩展。接收机接收被传输的扩展的数据信号。被接收的信号使用正交码通过匹配虑波器或相关器被去扩展。被去扩展的数据信号被结合，或者一个被去扩展的信号被选作接收到的信号。
EPO 881781A2公开了一种传输分集架构。从多个天线传输信息信号，所述多个天线中的每一天线使用不同扩展码。
美国第5,812,542号专利公开了一种CDMA系统的软切换(sofihandoff)系统。多个基站中的每一基站传输导频信号及相同的数据信号。移动单元接收所述导频信号并使用从所述导频信号决定的加权信息而去扩展相同的数据信号。被去扩展的相同的数据信号被结合为输出的数据信号。
由此，存在着对进一步改良接收到的信号的信号质量而不增加传输功率水平的系统的需求。
发明内容
本发明提供使用多个传输天线的数据信号的传输及接收。每一天线传输具有伪随机芯片码序列的不同的导频信号。接收机过滤每一使用该导频信号芯片码的被传输的导频信号。被过滤的导频信号被加权(weighted)并被结合。每一导频信号的权数(weight)适应性地在被结合的信号的信号质量上被部分调整。数据信号被传输，使得该数据信号的不同展频版本(version)从每一天线被传输。每一版本具有不同的芯片码标识符。一旦被接收，每一版本以其相关的芯片码被过滤。被过滤的版本依据与对应的天线的导频信号关联的被调整的权数而被加权。
根据本发明，提供一种用户设备，该用户设备包括：电路，该电路可操作地耦合到至少一个天线，该电路被配置成接收展频信号，该展频信号包括第一导频信号、第二导频信号和数据信号；其中所述第一导频信号与基站的第一天线关联，而所述第二导频信号与所述基站的第二天线关联，其中接收到的数据信号包括两个特定于天线的芯片序列，每一特定于天线的芯片序列与相应的传输天线关联；所述电路还被配置成处理所述第一和第二导频信号以导出所述数据信号的优选权数，其中所述第一和第二导频信号的信道码与所述数据信号的信道码不同；以及被配置成使用所述优选权数将与所述第一天线关联的数据比特和与所述第二天线关联的对应的数据比特进行组合的电路。
根据本发明，还提供一种在用户设备中使用的方法，该方法包括：接收展频信号，该展频信号包括第一导频信号、第二导频信号和数据信号；其中所述第一导频信号与基站的第一天线关联，而所述第二导频信号与所述基站的第二天线关联，其中接收到的数据信号包括两个特定于天线的芯片序列，每一特定于天线的芯片序列与相应的传输天线关联；处理所述第一和第二导频信号以导出所述数据信号的优选权数，其中所述第一和第二导频信号的信道码与所述数据信号的信道码不同；以及使用所述优选权数将与所述第一天线关联的数据比特和与所述第二天线关联的对应的数据比特进行组合。
附图说明
图1是一种现有技术的无线展频CDMA通信系统。
图2是现有技术的展频CDMA发射机及接收机。
图3是本发明的发射机。
图4是本发明的传输多个数据信号的发射机。
图5是本发明的导频信号接收电路。
图6是本发明的数据信号接收电路。
图7是导频信号接收电路的一个实施方式。
图8是最小均方加权电路。
图9是与图7的导频信号接收电路一起使用的数据信号接收电路。
图10是每一RAKE的输出被加权的导频信号接收电路的一个实施方式。
图11是与图10的导频信号接收电路一起使用的数据信号接收电路。
图12是导频信号接收电路的一个实施方式，其中传输阵列的天线是密集的。
图13是与图12的导频信号接收电路一起使用的数据接收电路。
图14是对CDMA通信系统中的波束控制的说明。
图15是波束控制发射机。
图16是用于传输多个数据信号的波束控制发射机。
图17是与图14的发射机一起使用的数据接收电路。
图18是在上行链路及下行链路使用相同频率时使用的导频信号接收电路。
图19是与图18导频信号接收电路一起使用的传输电路。
图20是与图18的导频信号接收电路一起使用的数据信号接收电路。
1：导频信号
48-52：天线
54：数据信号产生器
56-60：导频信号产生器
62-66、94、112、162-164、208-212、250-254、302、404、418：组合器
74-78：数据信号产生器
82-86、406-410：导频RAKE
100-104、392-396：数据RAKE
88-92、106-110、324-340、344-348、398-402、412-416：加权装置
98、420：误差信号产生器
106-110、318-322：加权装置
114-124、178-188、292-294：延迟装置
126-142、144-160、190-206、214-230、256-260、274-290、296-300、304-306、360-376、378-382：混合器
168、262-266：减法器
170、268-272、422：权数调整装置
174：放大器
176：积分器
232-248、308-310、424-440：转储(sum and dump)电路
312-316：波束
342：数据信号产生器
392-396：数据RAKE
具体实施方式
优选实施方式将参照附图进行描述，全文中的相同标号代表相同元件。图3是本发明的发射机。该发射机具有天线阵列48-52，该天线阵列优选地为3或4个天线。为了区别天线48-52中的每一天线，天线48-52中的每一天线与不同的信号关联。与每一天线关联的优选信号为如图3所示的导频信号。每一扩展的导频信号是使用不同的伪随机芯片码序列由导频信号产生器56-60产生的，并通过组合器62-66与相应的扩展的数据信号进行组合。每一扩展的数据信号都是使用数据信号产生器54通过在混合器378-382将所产生的数据信号与天线48-52的不同的伪随机芯片码序列D1-DN进行混合而产生的。被组合的信号被调制成想要的载频并经由天线阵列48-52进行发射。
通过使用天线阵列，发射机使用空间分集。如果被分离得够远，由天线48-52发射的信号在行进至指定接收机时将受到不同的多路径失真。因为被天线48-52发送的每一信号都将依循多路径(rnultipath)至指定接收机，每一接收到的信号都将具有多路径组分。这些组分建立发射机的天线48-52中每一天线与接收机之间的通信信道。实际上，当被天线48-52中的一个天线在虚拟信道上传输至指定接收机的信号衰减时，来自天线48-52中的其它天线的信号被用以维持高的接收到的SNR。此效应通过在接收机处适合地组合被传输的信号而达成。
图4表示在基站20内被使用以发送多个数据信号的发射机。每一扩展的数据信号通过在混合器360-376处将来自产生器74-78的对应的数据信号与不同的伪随机芯片码序列D11-DNM进行混合而产生。由此，每一数据信号使用天线48-52中每一天线的不同的伪随机芯片码序列来进行扩展，总共NxM个码序列。N为天线数量，而M为数据信号的数量。接着，每一扩展的数据信号与关联于天线48-52的扩展的导频信号组合。被组合的信号被调制并由天线阵列48-52发射。
导频信号接收电路在图5中示出。每一被传输的导频信号被天线80接收。对于每一导频信号，如图5所示的RAKE 82-86或向量相关器的去扩展装置被用以使用相对的导频信号的伪随机芯片码序列的复制来去扩展每一导频信号。该去扩展装置也补偿通信信道中的多路径。每一被恢复的导频信号被加权装置88-92加权。权数指信号的大小及相位。虽然加权被示为耦合至RAKE，但加权装置优选地也加权RAKE的每一指(finger)。在加权之后，所有被加权的恢复的导频信号在组合器94中被组合。使用误差信号产生器96，对由加权的组合所提供的导频信号的估计被用以产生误差信号。基于该误差信号，加权装置88-92中每一加权装置的权数被使用自适应算法、如最小均方(least mean squared，LMS)或递推最小二乘(recursive least squares，RLS)进行调整以将误差信号最小化。使得，被组合的信号的信号质量为最大。
图6表示使用由导频信号恢复电路所决定的权数的数据信号接收电路。被传输的数据信号由天线80恢复。对传输阵列的天线48-52中每一天线来说，来自对应的去扩展装置、如所示的RAKE 82-86的权数被用于通过使用用于对应的传输天线的数据信号的扩展码的复制来过滤数据信号。使用为每一天线的导频信号决定的权数，加权装置106-110中的每一加权装置以与对应导频关联的权数加权RAKE的去扩展信号。例如，加权装置88对应于导频信号1的传输天线480。由导频RAKE 82为导频信号1决定的权数也被应用于图6的加权装置106。此外，如果RAKE的指(finger)的权数为了对应的导频信号的RAKE 82-86而被调整，则相同的权数将被应用于数据信号的RAKE 100-104的指(finger)。在加权之后，被加权的信号由组合器112组合以恢复原始的数据信号。
通过对数据信号使用与用于每一天线的导频信号相同的权数，每一RAKE 82-86补偿由每一天线的信号所经历的信道失真。使得，数据信号接收电路在每一虚拟信道上使数据信号最佳化。通过最佳地组合每一虚拟信道的最佳化信号，可增加接收到的数据信号的信号质量。
图7表示导频信号恢复电路的实施方式。每一被传输的导频由接收机的天线80恢复。为解扩展每一导频，RAKE 82-86中的每一RAKE使用对应的导频的伪随机芯片码序列的复制，P1-PN。每一导频信号的延迟版本由延迟装置114-124所产生。每一延迟版本通过混合器126-142与接收到的信号混合。被混合的信号穿过总合及转储(sum and dump)电路424-440并使用混合器144-160被加权以由权数调整装置170所决定的数量。每一导频的被加权的多路径组分被组合器162-164所组合。每一导频的组合的输出被组合器94所组合。因为导频信号没有数据，由此被组合的导频信号应该具有为1+j0的值。被组合的导频信号在减法器168与理想值1+j0比较。基于被组合的导频信号从理想值的偏移，加权装置144-160的权数被使用自适应算法由权数调整装置170进行调整。
用于产生权数的LMS算法如图8所示。减法器168的输出使用混合器172被乘以对应的导频的扩展延迟版本。所得的乘积被放大器174放大并被积分器176积分。积分的结果被用以加权(W1M)RAKE指(finger)。
与图7的实施方式一起使用的数据接收电路为图9所示的基站接收机。接收到的信号被发送至分别与阵列的天线48-52中每一天线关联的RAKE100-104集合。RAKE 100-104中每一RAKE使用延迟装置178-188来产生接收到的信号的延迟版本。所述延迟版本使用混合器190-206基于为对应的天线的导频所决定的权数而被加权。给定的RAKE 100-104的被加权的数据信号由组合器208-212组合。组合器208-212中的一个与N个传输天线48-52中的每一个相关。每一被组合的信号通过在混合器214-230将组合的信号与用以在发射机产生M个扩展的数据信号D11-DNM的扩展码的复制进行混合而被去扩展M次。每一去扩展的数据信号经过总合及转储电路232-248。对每一数据信号而言，对应的总合及转储电路的结果被组合器250-254所组合以恢复每一数据信号。
另一导频信号接收电路如图10所示。此接收电路的去扩展电路82-86与图7相同。RAKE 82-86中每一RAKE的输出被使用混合器256-260在组合去扩展的导频信号之前进行加权。在组合之后，组合的导频信号与理想值比较，而其比较结果则被用以通过使用自适应算法来调整每一RAKE的输出的权数。为了调整RAKE 82-86中每一RAKE的权数，RAKE 82-86中每一RAKE的输出被使用减法器262-266与理想值比较。基于比较的结果，加权装置144-160中每一加权装置的权数由权数调整装置268-272决定。
与图10的实施方式一起使用的数据信号接收电路如图11所示。此电路与添加了用于加权每一总合及转储电路232-248的输出的混合器274-290的图9的数据信号接收电路相似。总合及转储电路232-248中每一总合及转储电路的输出被加权的量与对应的导频的RAKE 82-86的被加权的量相同。可替换地，每一RAKE的组合器208-212的输出可在被混合器214-230混合之前被加权以对应的导频的RAKE 82-86的量以取代混合后的加权。
如果传输阵列中的天线48-52的间隔小，每一天线的信号将经历类似的多路径环境。在此情况中，图12的导频接收电路可被使用。被选择的一个导频信号的权数以类似于图10的方式被决定。然而，因为每一导频的传送经过相同的虚拟信道，为了简化电路，相同的权数被用以去扩展其它导频信号。延迟装置292-294产生接收到的信号的延迟版本。每一延迟版本由混合器296-230加权的权数与被选择的导频信号的对应的延迟版本所被加权的权数相同。加权装置的输出被组合器302所组合。被组合的信号通过混合器304-306使用导频信号的伪随机芯片码序列P2-Pn的复制来被去扩展。每一导频的混合器304-306的输出穿过总合及转储电路308-310。与图10的方式相同，每一去扩展的导频被加权并被组合。
与图12的实施方式一起使用的数据信号恢复电路如图13所示。延迟装置178-180产生接收到的信号的延迟版本。每一延迟版本被使用混合器190-194加权的权数与在图12中导频信号所使用的权数相同。混合器的输出被组合器208所组合。组合器208的输出被输入到图13的每一数据信号去扩展器。
本发明还提供如图14所示的适应性波束控制的技术。由天线阵列所发送的每一信号将基于被提供给阵列的天线48-52中每一天线的权数而在图案中产生结构性及破坏性的干扰。使得，通过选择适合的权数，天线阵列的波束312-316被引导至所希望的方向。
图15表示波束控制传送电路。该电路与图3的具有额外加权装置318-322的电路类似。目标接收机将接收由阵列所传输的导频信号。使用图5的导频信号接收电路，目标接收机决定用于调整每一导频的RAKE的输出的权数。这些权数也被发送到发射机，如通过使用信令信道。如图15所示，这些权数被应用于扩展的数据信号。对每一天线而言，扩展的数据信号通过加权装置318-322而被给予一权数，所述加权装置318-322对应于被用以调整在提供扩展增益的目标接收机处的天线的导频信号的权数。使得，被发射的数据信号将被聚集至所述目标接收机。图16表示被用于发送多个数据信号至不同目标接收机的基站中的波束控制发射机。由目标接收机所接收的权数通过加权装置324-340被应用于对应的数据信号。
图17表示图15和图16的波束控制发射机的信号接收电路。由于被传输的信号已被加权，则数据信号接收电路不需要图6的加权装置106-110。
本发明的波束控制的优点是双重的。被传输的数据信号被朝向目标接收机聚集，改良了接收到的信号的信号质量。相反地，该信号偏离其它接收机而被聚集，降低了对其它信号的干扰。由于此二因素，使用本发明的波束控制的系统的容量可以增加。使得，由于导频信号接收电路所使用的自适应算法，权数可以被动态性地调整。通过调整权数，数据信号的波束将动态地响应移动的接收机或发射机以及响应在多路径环境中的改变。
在使用下行链路及上行链路信号的相同频率的系统、例如时分双工(time division duplex，TDD)中，一替换实施方式被使用。由于往复性，下行链路信号经历与在相同频率上发送的上行链路信号相同的多路径环境。为获得往复的优点，由基站的接收机所决定的权数被用于基站的发射机。在这种系统中，图18的基站的接收电路是与图19的传输电路共置的，如同在一基站内。
在图18的接收电路中，天线48-52中的每一天线接收由UE所发送的相应的导频信号。每一导频被RAKE 406-410所过滤并由加权装置412-416加权。被加权及被过滤的导频信号被组合器418组合。使用误差信号产生器420及权数调整装置422，与加权装置412-416关联的权数被使用自适应算法进行调整。
图19的传输电路具有用于产生数据信号的数据信号产生器342。数据信号被使用混合器384进行扩展。被扩展的数据信号被加权装置344-348加权，如同由图19的接收电路为每一虚拟信道决定的加权一样。
图20的电路用作基站处的数据信号接收电路。传输的数据信号由多个天线48-52接收。数据RAKE 392-396被耦合至天线48-52中的每一天线以过滤数据信号。被过滤的数据信号被加权装置398-402加权以对应的天线的接收到的导频所决定的权数，并在组合器404处被组合以恢复数据信号。因为图19的传输电路传输具有最佳权数的数据信号，由此在UE处的被恢复的数据信号的信号质量将比现有技术所提供的信号的信号质量高。

Claims (6)

1.一种用户设备，该用户设备包括：
电路，该电路可操作地耦合到至少一个天线，该电路被配置成接收展频信号，该展频信号包括第一导频信号、第二导频信号和数据信号；其中所述第一导频信号与基站的第一天线关联，而所述第二导频信号与所述基站的第二天线关联，其中接收到的数据信号包括两个特定于天线的芯片序列，每一特定于天线的芯片序列与相应的传输天线关联；
所述电路还被配置成处理所述第一和第二导频信号以导出所述数据信号的优选权数，其中所述第一和第二导频信号的信道码与所述数据信号的信道码不同；以及
被配置成使用所述优选权数将与所述第一天线关联的数据比特和与所述第二天线关联的对应的数据比特进行组合的电路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用户设备，该用户设备还包括被配置成采用从所述第一导频信号导出的优选权数来加权与所述第一天线关联的数据比特的电路。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用户设备，该用户设备还包括被配置成采用从所述第二导频信号导出的优选权数来加权与所述第二天线关联的数据比特的电路。
4.一种在用户设备中使用的方法，该方法包括：
接收展频信号，该展频信号包括第一导频信号、第二导频信号和数据信号；其中所述第一导频信号与基站的第一天线关联，而所述第二导频信号与所述基站的第二天线关联，其中接收到的数据信号包括两个特定于天线的芯片序列，每一特定于天线的芯片序列与相应的传输天线关联；
处理所述第一和第二导频信号以导出所述数据信号的优选权数，其中所述第一和第二导频信号的信道码与所述数据信号的信道码不同；以及
使用所述优选权数将与所述第一天线关联的数据比特和与所述第二天线关联的对应的数据比特进行组合。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，该方法还包括采用从所述第一导频信号导出的优选权数来加权与所述第一天线关联的数据比特。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，该方法还包括：
采用从所述第二导频信号导出的优选权数来加权与所述第二天线关联的数据比特。
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