CN1827168A - T细胞介导的自身免疫病的治疗 - Google Patents
T细胞介导的自身免疫病的治疗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述多发性硬化症和其他T细胞介导的自身免疫病的治疗方法。该方法涉及给被试者施用有效治疗剂量的T细胞表面受体拮抗剂,例如抗-gp39抗体,所述T细胞介导接触依赖型辅助效应功能。
Description
本申请是申请日为1996年6月6日,申请号为96195877.4,发明名称为“T细胞介导的自身免疫病的治疗”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
发明背景
自身免疫疾病的特点是个体的免疫系统攻击其自身的组织。自身免疫疾病通常是由个体免疫系统对自身抗原的耐受崩溃造成的。在各种自身免疫疾病中为个体免疫系统所识别的特异性抗原可能系统性出现或可能是器官特异性的。例如,全身性红斑狼疮(SLE)的特征是存在对DNA、核糖核蛋白、组蛋白和其他非器官特异性分子的自身抗体。其他自身免疫疾病通常以一个器官的破坏为特征。这种自身免疫疾病包括I型糖尿病,在这种疾病中胰脏Langerhans胰岛的产生胰岛素的β细胞受到破坏。
在某些自身免疫疾病中,组织破坏主要是由于产生高水平的自身抗体的结果。这类疾病包括类风湿性关节炎,特征是关节软骨的破坏和滑膜炎症。患类风湿性关节炎的病人的关节中有免疫复合物累积,该复合物由抗IgG的Fc段和抗IgG分子的自身抗体结合造成。这种免疫复合物激活补体级联反应从而导致组织损害。重症肌无力是一种进行性肌无力病,它是由于产生对神经肌肉接点运动终板的乙酰胆碱受体有活性的自身抗体而引起的。
在其他自身免疫疾病中,组织破坏似乎并非主要由自身抗体所介导,而是由自身反应性T淋巴细胞所介导。例如,实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)是一种多发性硬化动物模型,其特征是在脑髓和脊髓发生脱髓鞘。这种疾病可通过将来自患病动物的CD4+T细胞转移给首次受试动物而诱导产生。因此,一般认为EAE表现为T细胞介导的自身免疫疾病,而非B细胞介导的自身免疫疾病(Ben-Nun,A.et al.(1981)Eur.J.Immunol.11,195)。
多发性硬化(MS)是脑髓和脊髓的一种脱髓鞘病。它是一种进行性疾病,其特征表现为影响中枢神经系统不同区域的神经机能障碍的缓解和加重。这种疾病的症状产生于炎性脱髓鞘的病灶,然后形成斑痕,在大脑白质、脑干或脊髓中出现“斑”。目前,对MS没有一定的诊断测试法,而以诸如神经机能障碍开始加重时的病人的症状的程度和/或病人的年龄一类的因素为基础的诊断和治疗体制正处于制定之中。
对患有MS的病人一般用类固醇治疗,目的是使病人的病情缓解或减慢患者的疾病进程。其他药物,例如肌肉松弛药用于治疗这种疾病的特殊症状。可用于MS治疗的新进展包括施用β干扰素,看来β干扰素有望减缓疾病进行,然而,仍然需要有效的MS治疗方法。
发明概述
本发明是关于治疗T细胞介导的自身免疫病,如多发性硬化的方法。该方法包括给接受治疗者施用有效治疗或预防剂量的T细胞表面受体拮抗剂,所述T细胞介导接触依赖型辅助细胞效应物功能(helper effectorfunction)。在优选实施方案中,施用的拮抗剂是一种抗体或其片段,该抗体或其片段与此种T细胞受体gp39特异性结合。
附图简述
图1是受注射小鼠的每日测量的DAS单位图解,在第0日注射75微克PLP-肽(A部)或300微克PLP-肽(B部)并伴随注射抗pg39抗体(黑色柱)或PBS(灰色柱),该图解说明施用抗pg39能防止实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎EAE的发生。
图2是受注射小鼠中诱导的抑制EAE百分比图解,在第0日注射PLP肽并在第0日、2日、和6日或在第4日、6日和8日或第7日、9日和11日进一步注射抗pg39抗体(黑色柱)或PBS(灰色柱),该图解说明在诱导所述疾病后施用抗pg39能有效防止EAE。
图3是移植了接受PLP肽和抗pg39抗体(黑色柱)注射的小鼠供体脾细胞或仅接受PLP肽注射(灰色柱)以及接受PLP肽注射的小鼠供体脾细胞之小鼠中每日测量的DAS单位图解。
发明详述
本发明是关于T细胞介导的自身免疫病如多发性硬化症的治疗。这种疾病通过施用T细胞表面受体拮抗剂来治疗,所述T细胞介导接触依赖型T细胞辅助细胞效应物功能。
如此处所定义的,“介导接触依赖型辅助细胞效应物功能的分子或受体”是在Th细胞上表达并与效应细胞(例如B细胞)上的配体相互作用的分子或受体,其中受体与配体的相互作用对效应细胞反应的发生是必要的(例如B细胞活化)。除了涉及到效应细胞的反应,已发现这种分子还涉及T细胞对抗原的反应。
在优选实施方案中,介导接触依赖型辅助细胞效应物功能的T细胞表面上的受体是gp39。在此实施方案中,拮抗剂是一种分子,它抑制gp39与位于向T细胞递呈抗原的细胞上的gp39配体的相互作用。一种特别优选的gp39拮抗剂是抗gp39抗体。另外,该gp39拮抗剂是gp39配体(例如可溶性CD40)的一种可溶形式。
本发明的方法至少部分基于将抗gp39抗体施用于小鼠从而防止EAE的诱发并使患EAE动物的疾病发生逆转的观察。因此,已经发现在治疗典型的T细胞介导的自身免疫疾病时,抑制T细胞上的gp39与其他细胞上的gp39配体相互作用的药剂在预防和治疗上都是有效的。这个结果对先前的研究来说是出人意料的,那些研究已将gp39归于在介导B细胞反应中起主要作用。抗gp39抗体在治疗T细胞介导的自身免疫病中是有效的这个发现构成本发明的基础。按照本发明,患有T细胞介导的自身免疫病如多发性硬化症的被试者通过施用模拟抗gp39抗体的作用的试剂得到治疗。
T细胞介导的自身免疫病
用语“自身免疫病”意指包括一个被试者的免疫系统与自身抗原起作用以至使该被试者中发生显著的组织或细胞破坏的疾病。术语“自身抗原”意指包括一个被试者的任何被该被试者的免疫系统识别的抗原。术语“自身始原”(autoantigen)和自身抗原(Self-antigen)在此可互用,此处所用的术语“自身”意指一个被试者的任何成分并包括分子、细胞和器官。自身抗原可以是肽、核酸或其他生物物质。用语“T细胞介导的自身免疫病”意指包括那些自身免疫病,在该类疾病中对自身的反应主要涉及与体液免疫机制相对的细胞介导的免疫机制。因此,本发明的方法适合于治疗组织破坏主要是由活化B细胞和由不是B淋巴细胞的免疫细胞介导的那类自身免疫病。然而,即使本发明的方法是要治疗对自身反应主要通过活化B细胞和非B淋巴细胞的免疫细胞介导的自身免疫病,该类自身免疫病可以是以自身抗体的存在为特征的。例如,一种T细胞介导的自身免疫病EAE可通过本发明的方法治疗,该病常常伴随抗中枢神经系统的成分如卵磷脂类蛋白质的自身抗体的存在。可由本发明的方法治疗的T细胞介导的自身免疫病的非限定性实施例包括多发性硬化症、EAE、I型糖尿病、卵巢炎和甲状腺炎。
gp39拮抗剂
按照本发明的方法,给被试者施用gp39拮抗剂以阻碍T细胞上的gp39与抗原递呈细胞如B细胞上的gp39配体相互作用从而防止,减轻或改善病情。gp39拮抗剂被定义为一种阻碍这类相互作用的分子。如下面更详细的介绍,gp39拮抗剂可以是抗gp39的抗体(例如,抗gp39单克隆抗体)、抗gp39抗体的一个片段或衍生物(例如,Fab或F(ab)′2段,嵌合抗体或人源化抗体)、一种gp39配体的可溶形式(例如,可溶性CD40)、一种gp39配体的融合蛋白的可溶形式(例如,可溶性CD40Ig)、或破坏或阻碍所述gp39-CD40相互反应的药剂。
A.抗体
为制备抗-gp39抗体,可用引起哺乳动物抗体反应之免疫原性形式的gp39蛋白或蛋白质片段(例如,肽片段)免疫哺乳动物(例如,小鼠、仓鼠、或兔)。在细胞表面上表达gp39的细胞也可用做免疫原。选择的免疫原包括纯化的gp39蛋白质或蛋白质片段。gp39可通过标准纯化技术从表达gp39细胞纯化,例如gp39 cDNA可在宿主细胞如细菌或哺乳动物细胞系中表达并通过标准技术从细胞培养纯化gp39蛋白质(Armitage等,Nature,357:80-82(1992);Lederman等,J.Exp.Med.,175:1091-1101(1992):Hollenbaugh等,EMBO J.,11:4313-4319(1992))。可以gp39的氨基酸序列为基础用已知技术(例如F-moc或T-boc化学合成法)合成gp39肽(发表在Armitage等,Nature,357:80-82(1992);Lederman等,J.Exp.Med.,175:1091-1101(1992);Hollenbaugh等,EMBO J.,11:4314-4319(1992))。赋予蛋白质以免疫原性的技术包括结合到载体技术或其他本行业所熟知的技术。例如,可在佐剂存在时施用所述蛋白质。可通过检测血浆或血清中的抗体滴度监测免疫进程。可使用标准的酶联免疫法或其他免疫检测法以免疫原作为抗原评估抗体水平。
按免疫方法操作可得到抗血清,若需要的话可从该血清中分离多克隆抗体。为生产单克隆抗体,可从免疫的动物收集产抗体细胞(淋巴细胞)并通过标准的体细胞融合方法与骨髓瘤细胞融合从而使这些细胞无限增殖并产生杂交瘤细胞。这个技术是本行业所熟知的。例如,杂交瘤技术最初是由Kohler和Mistein(Nature(1975)256:495-497)以及其他技术如人B细胞杂交瘤技术(Kazbar等.,Immunol.Today(1983)4:72)、为生产人单克隆抗体的EBV杂交瘤技术(Cole等.Moleclonal AntibodiesinCancer Therapy(1985)(Allen R.Bliss,Inc.,page 77-96)和筛选复合抗体库(Huse等.,Science(1989)246:1275)发展起来的。为生产与所述蛋白或肽起特异性反应的抗体,可对杂交瘤进行免疫化学筛选并分离单克隆抗体。
此处使用的术语抗体意指包括具有对gp39蛋白质或其肽或gp39融合蛋白的反应特异性之抗体片段。可用常规技术使抗体成为片段并根据实用目的以上述完整抗体的同样的方式筛选所述片段。例如,通过用胃蛋白酶处理抗体生成F(ab′)2段。可处理得到的F(ab′)2段以还原二硫键从而生成Fab′段。本发明的抗体还意指包括有抗gp39部分的双特异性分子和嵌合分子。
当将非人受试者产生的抗体用于人类治疗时,它们不同程度的被辨认为外来物并可在患者体内产生免疫反应。比免疫抑制更优选的一种减小或消除这个问题的方法是产生嵌合抗体衍生物例如将非人动物可变区和人类恒定区相结合的抗体分子。例如,嵌合抗体分子可包括例如带有人类恒定区的源于小鼠、大鼠、或其他物种之抗体的抗原结合区。各种制备嵌合抗体的方法已有介绍并可将这些方法用于制备含识别gp39的免疫球蛋白可变区的嵌合抗体。例如,见Morrison等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.81:6851(1985);Takeda等,Nature 314:452(1985),Cabilly等,U.S.Patent No.4,816,567;Boss等,U.S.Patent No.4,817,397:Tanaguchi等,European Patent Publication EPl71496;Uuropean PatentPublication 01734594,United Kindom Patent GB2177096B。预期这类嵌合抗体在人体中的免疫原性比相应的非嵌合抗体的免疫原性要低。
为人类治疗目的的具有与gp39蛋白质或肽的特异反应性的单克隆抗体或嵌合抗体可通过产生人可变区嵌合体使其进一步人源化,在所述嵌合体中可变区部分,特别是抗原结合区的保守框架区具有人类来源,而只有高变区是非人来源的。可通过本行业所知的几个技术的任何一种制备这类改变了的免疫球蛋白分子,(例如,Teng等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.,80:7308-7312(1983):Kozbor等.,Immunology Today,4:7279(1983);0lsson等.,Meth.Enzymol.,92:3-16(1982)),并最好按照PCT Publication WO92/06193或EP0239400教程进行制备。例如,Scotgen Limited,2 Holly Road,Twickenham,Middlesex,Great Britain可生产供出售的人源化抗体。
生产对gp39蛋白质或肽有反应性的特异抗体或抗体片段的另一种方法是用gp39蛋白或肽筛选细菌中表达的编码免疫球蛋白基因的表达文库或其部分。例如,可用噬菌体表达文库在细菌中表达完整的Fab段,VH区和FV区。例如,见Ward等,Nature,341:544-546:(1989);Huse等,Science,246:1275-1281(1989);和McCafferty等,Nature,348:552-554(1990)。例如,用gp39肽筛选这类文库可鉴定具有对gp39的反应性的免疫球蛋白。另外,SCID-hu小鼠(从Genpharm得到)可用于生产抗体或其片段。
在PCT专利申请号WO 95/06666中题为“抗gp39抗体及其应用”(其中的教程为参考引用)描述了生产抗gp39,包括抗人gp39和抗小鼠gp39单克隆抗体的方法,以及单克隆抗体,适合本发明方法中使用。本发明的特别优选的抗人gp39抗体是mAbs24-31和89-76,它们分别由杂交瘤24-31和89-76产生。按照布达佩斯条约,产生89-76和24-31抗体的杂交瘤89-76和24-31于1994年9月2日分别储存在American TypeCulture Collection,Parklawn Drive,Rochville,Md.。给杂交瘤89-76ATCC保藏号是HB11713,而杂交瘤24-31ATCC保藏号是HB11712。
按照标准的重组DNA技术对编码抗gp39抗体的核酸(例如DNA)进行操作可生产重组型抗gp39抗体,如嵌合抗体和人源化抗体。因此,本发明的另一方面是关于可编码与gp39,特别是人gp39有反应性的免疫球蛋白重链或轻链或其部分的分离的核酸分子。编码免疫球蛋白的核酸可编码免疫球蛋白轻链或重链的可变区,或有或无相连接的重链或轻链恒定区(或其部分)。例如,通过cDNA库筛选,PCR扩增或其他标准技术可从24-31或89-76杂交瘤分离编码24-31或89-76嵌合抗体的核酸。而且,继分离和可能的进一步操作之后,编码抗人gp39嵌合抗体可整合到表达载体中并导入宿主细胞以有利于表达和产生重组形式的抗人gp39抗体。
B.gD39的可溶性配体
其他可用于产生T细胞耐受的gp39拮抗剂是gp39配体的可溶形式。gp39的单价可溶配体如CD40可结合gp39,从而抑制gp39与B细胞上的CD40的相互作用。术语“可溶性”是指配体不与细胞膜永久结合。可溶性gp39配体可由化学合成法制备,或最好通过DNA重组技术例如通过只表达所述配体的细胞外域(没有配体的跨膜域和胞质域)制备。优选的可溶性gp39配体是可溶性CD40。另外,可溶性gp39配体可以是融合蛋白的形式。这类融合蛋白至少包括附着到第二个分子上的gp39配体的一部分。例如,CD40可表达成带有免疫球蛋白的融合蛋白(例如,CD40 Ig融合蛋白)。在一种实施方案中,所产生的融合蛋白包括CD40分子的细胞外域部分的氨基酸残基连接着对应于免疫球蛋白重链如Cγ1的铰链区、CH2和CH3区序列的氨基酸残基以形成CD40Ig融合蛋白(例如见Linsley等(1991)J.Exp.Med.1783:721-730;Capon等(1989)Nature337,525-531;和Capon U.S.5,115,964)。可通过化学合成法或最好通过以CD40的cDNA为基础的重组DNA技术生产所述融合蛋白(Stamenkovic等,EMBO J.81403-1410(1989))。
将本发明的拮抗剂以适合体内用药的生物学相容形式施用于被试者。“适合体内用药的生物学相容形式”是指所述拮抗剂的一种给药形式,在该形式中所述蛋白质的治疗作用超过任何毒副作用。术语被试者意指包括在其体内可引发免疫反应的所有活有机体,例如哺乳动物。被试者的实例包括人、狗、猫、小鼠、大鼠、及其转基因物种。可以任何药物形式在任选的药用载体中施用gp39拮抗剂,治疗活性量的拮抗剂的施用被定义为以必要的剂量和时间间隔而达到预期结果的有效量。例如,gp39的一种拮抗剂的治疗活性量可根据诸如个体的病情、年龄、性别和体重以及该拮抗剂引起该个体体内的所需反应的能力而有不同。可将剂量体制调整到能提供所述最佳治疗反应。例如,每天可给数份药或根据治疗情况的要求按比例减少每份药量。
活性化合物(例如拮抗剂)可以方便的方式施用,如注射(皮下,静脉内等)、口服、吸入、经皮施用、或直肠给药。根据给药途径,可用一种物质包被活性化合物以防止化合物受酶、酸和其他可使该化合物失活的天然成分的作用。
为了施用经胃肠给药的gp39拮抗剂,可能有必要将一种物质包被该拮抗剂或与该拮抗剂的共给药以防止拮抗剂失活。例如,一种拮抗剂可在适当的载体或稀释剂中给药,伴随酶抑制剂共同给药或在载体如脂质体中给药。药用稀释剂包括生理盐水和缓冲水溶液。酶抑制剂包括胰脏胰蛋白酶抑制剂、二异丙基-氟磷酸(DEP)和抑肽酶。脂质体包括水包油包水乳剂以及常规脂质体(Strejan等,(1984)J.Neuroimmunol 7:27)
活性化合物还可经胃肠外或腹腔内给药。也可用甘油、液体聚乙烯甘醇及其混合物和油类制备分散剂。在常规储存和使用条件下,这些制剂可含有一种防腐剂以防微生物生长。
适合注射使用的药用组合物包括为临时配制无菌注射液或分散剂用的无菌水溶液(水溶性溶液)或分散剂和无菌粉剂。在各种情况下,组合物必须是无菌的并必须是达到易于注射程度的流体。所述组合物在生产条件和储存下必须是稳定的并必须保存在抗微生物如细菌和真菌的污染活动的条件下。所述载体可以是例如含水、乙醇、多羟基化合物(例如甘油、丙二醇、和液体聚乙烯甘醇等)的溶剂或分散介质及其适当的混合物。例如通过使用一种包被如卵磷脂、通过依靠分散剂维持所需颗粒的大小和通过使用表面活性剂可保持适当的流动性。可用各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂例如对羟基苯甲酸酯类、氯代丁醇、苯酚、asorbic acid、乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠等防止微生物活性。在许多情况下,在组合物中最好包括等渗试剂,例如糖类、多醇类、如甘露醇、山梨醇、氯化钠。在组合物中包括延缓吸收的试剂,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶可产生注射用组合物的延长吸收作用。
通过将在适当溶剂中之需要量的活性化合物根据需要与上述所列配料之一或一种组合相混合然后过滤除菌可制备无菌注射液。一般说,通过将所述活性化合物掺入到无菌载体中制备分散剂所述载体含有一种基本的分散介质和上述所列的其他需要成分。就无菌粉剂来说,为制备无菌注射液,优选的制备方法是产生活性成分(例如,拮抗剂)粉末的真空干燥和冷冻干燥加上来自前述相应无菌过滤液的其他所需成分。
如上所述,当活性化合物受到适当保护时例如用一种惰性稀释剂或一种可吸收的食用载体,就可以口服所述蛋白质。如本文所用“药用载体”包括任何及所有的溶剂、分散介质、包被物、抗细菌和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和延缓吸收剂等。除了受到任何常规介质或试剂与所述活性化合物不相容的限制外,都要考虑在治疗用组合物中使用上述成分。
将经胃肠外给药的组合物配制成剂量单位形式对方便给药和剂量统一是有特殊优越性的。此处所用的剂量单位形式指适合作为接受治疗的哺乳动物被试者使用的单一剂量的物理上分立的剂量单位;每单位含有计算好的与需要的药物载体结合使用时能产生理想治疗效果之预定量的活性化合物。本发明的剂量单位形式的规格受支配于并依赖于(a)活性化合物独具的特点和所要达到的特殊的治疗效果,和(b)合成用于个体敏感性治疗的此类活性化合物之技术的内在限制。
本发明由下述实施例做进一步解释,所述实施例不应被看作是对本发明的限制。在全部所述应用中引用的所有参考、专利和出版的专利应用之内容均结合于此作为参考引用。
实施例1:
通过施用抗gp39抗体防止EAE
本实施例证明给小鼠施用抗gp39抗体能防止诱发实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE),此处EAE是一种多发性硬化症的动物模型。
EAE是一种颇具特点的T细胞介导的自身免疫病模型并且对人类自身免疫病多发性硬化症来说是一种指导性模型。通过用卵磷脂类蛋白质(MBP)、蛋白脂质蛋白质(PAP)、少突神经细胞髓磷脂蛋白质(MOG)、或以这些卵磷脂结合蛋白序列为基础合成的肽类同时给与百日咳细菌佐剂免疫动物,可在易感动物如小鼠中诱发EAE。在免疫动物后一到二周,动物发生脑脊髓炎,其特征是外周血管渗润有淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞,并发生脑髓和脊髓脱髓鞘。动物表现出急性、慢性或慢性复发性瘫痪。在此实施例中,分析了在小鼠发生EAE时给予抗gp39抗体的效果。
在易感小鼠腹部两侧皮下注射(第0日)乳剂诱发EAE,在该乳剂中含70微克或300微克PLP肽的50微升PBS溶液并含25微克结核杆菌(H37RA,Difco)的50微升完全Freuds佐剂。在给所述肽的同时以及两天后,静脉给予200微升百日咳杆菌悬液(10.1010在1毫升PBS中)。给小鼠注射的PLP肽的氨基酸序列相应于大鼠PLP的139到151氨基酸残基(Daotigny等,FEBS Lett.188:33,1985)。PLP肽是按照固相合成法用f-moc保护的氨基酸合成的(Merrifield,J.Am.Chem.Soc.85:2149,1963)。用此肽免疫动物导致发生急性EAE,后者在临床上和病理上等同于用完整中枢神经系统(CNS)卵磷脂或用MBP致敏所诱发的EAE(Tuohy等,J.Immunol.142:1523,1989;Sobel等,J.Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol.49:468,1990)。
为确定抗gp39在疾病进程中的作用,在第0天用上述方法给小鼠注射PLP肽并在第0、2、4天追加静脉注射125微克仓鼠抗gp39Mabs(Noelle等,Proc.Natl. Acad.Sci.USA 89:6550,1992)的200微升PBS溶液或注射125微克正常仓鼠抗体(Serv Feinbiochemica)的200微升PBS溶液(对照组动物)。每日评估EAE临床体征的严重性并按照平均病废标度(DAS)记分区分等级:0级=无临床体征,1级=尾部无力,2级=后肢中度瘫痪和运动失调,3级=后肢严重瘫痪或运动失调,4级=濒死状态,5级=EAE导致死亡。
图1表示注射70微克PLP肽(A部)或300微克PLP肽(B部)并用抗gp39或对照抗体处理的小鼠疾病进程。对照小鼠和用抗gp39处理之小鼠的DAS记分(此记分反映该病的严重程度)分别用灰色和黑色条块表示。
结果表明接受对照抗体的动物发生了EAE,而接受了抗gp39抗体的动物受到保护没有诱发该病。对于接受了对照抗体的动物,EAE的最初临床体征在第11天明显表现出来。在这些动物中,注射75微克PLP肽的动物的最高DAS记分是2.33,在第15-22天观察到此分数(图1,A部黑色条块),注射300微克PLP肽的动物最高DAS记分是3.6,在第16-23天观察到此分数(图1,B部灰色条块)。相反,接受了抗gp39单克隆抗体的动物显示经75微克PLP肽诱导EAE后没有临床体征(图1,A部,黑色条块),而经300微克PLP肽诱导该病后仅有轻微临床体征,该体征在第31天完全消失(图1,B部,黑色条块)。
因此,给小鼠施用抗gp39抗体完全抑制在这些小鼠中诱发EAE。
通过从卵磷脂成分免疫的动物分离到的或从卵磷脂成分体外活化后得到的卵磷脂反应性T细胞的继承性转移诱发EAE表明特殊活化的T细胞与诱导期后的临床特征的发生有关(Pettineiii和McFarlin,J.Immunol.127:1420,1979;Mokgtarion等,Nature 309:356,1984;Veen等,J.Neuroimmu-nol.21:183,1989)。然而,本文描述的实验显示施用抗gp39单克隆抗体能防止EAE发生。在对照组,用低和高PLP肽诱发EAE的动物中分别在第14天(吸收系数1.92)和第21天(吸收系数2.15)观察到有意义的抗PLP肽抗体反应。相反,在经gp39处理的动物中,接受低和高剂量PLP肽注射的动物分别在第14天最初观察到有意义的抗PLP抗体反应并在第31天达到稳定水平(吸收系数0.928)和(吸收系数1.54)。在抗gp39单克隆抗体处理的小鼠中有意义的抗PLP抗体反应的产生推迟了14天,这表明抗gp39单克隆抗体对抗体的产生有某些影响。
因此,所述实施例证明抗gp39能防止EAE发生并表明可将抗gp39抗体用于治疗T细胞介导的自身免疫病,如多发性硬化症。
实施例2:通过施用抗gp39抗体逆转EAE
实施例1说明了抗gp39抗体对诱发EAE的抑制作用。因此,证明了在诱发该疾病时免疫小鼠能防止该病的发生。这个实施例表明在诱发该病后施用所述抗体导致该疾病的消退。
在本实施例中,通过注射含150微克PLP肽的乳剂在雌性SJL/j小鼠中诱发EAE,乳剂制备方法同上所述。为确定在诱发疾病后给小鼠施用抗gp39抗体时该抗体的作用,在第0、2和4日,在第4、6和8日或在第7、9和11日给小鼠腹腔内注射125微克抗gp39单克隆抗体(Noelle等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA89:6550,1992)的200微升PBS溶液(抗gp39处理的小鼠),或仅注射200微升PBS(对照小鼠)。其结果以抑制百分数表示,并与抗gp39处理的动物及对照动物的每日DAS记分全部记分数比较。
图2显示的结果表明在给小鼠注射PLP肽后最晚7天施用首副剂量的抗gp39抗体,导致对该病的抑制达60%以上。因此,抗gp39抗体能够逆转或抑制EAE。
该结果进一步表明即使在诱导小鼠发病后仅7天施用首副剂量的抗体导致对发病的抑制作用,当首副剂量的抗体于诱发该病后越早施用gp39抗体则效果会更好些。
因此,给小鼠施用抗gp39抗体能防止小鼠在诱导EAE时发生该病并对患EAE小鼠的EAE起抑制作用。
实施例3:
在gp39处理的小鼠的脾细胞转移后EAE的抑制
已检测了从EAE复康的Lewis大鼠调节抑制性T细胞(Pesoa等,J.Neuroimmunol.7:131,1984)并检测了口服卵磷脂成分后的抑制性T细胞(Lider等,J.Immunol.142:748,1989;Hafler等,Ann.NY Acad.Sci.636:251,1991)。据Karpus和Swanborg(J.Immunol.143:3492,1989)的推断,从EAE复康的大鼠分离的CD4+抑制性T细胞可通过对淋巴因子生成的差异抑制调减EAE T效应细胞。相反,通过口服MBP来抑制Lewis大鼠的EAE是受CD8+T细胞调节的(Miller等,J.Exp.Med.174:791,1991)。为确定是否通过施用抗gp39抗体而防止了EAE的小鼠的T细胞能够防止新受试动物患EAE进行了下述实施例。
在此实施例中,按照实施例1所述方案给第一组小鼠注射了150微克PLP并给第二组小鼠注射了150微克PLP和抗gp39抗体。四个月后,用二氧化碳安乐死法处死这些小鼠并取脾脏。用标准氯化铵处理除去红细胞(Mishell和Shiigi,Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology,W.H.Freeman and Company,1980)。将来自个体脾脏的细胞(500微升)静脉输注给新受试的5Gy灌注的受体雌性SLJ/j小鼠(10-12周龄)。细胞转移两天后,按照实施例1所述方法通过腹腔内注射150微克PLP肽激发小鼠并确定DAS记分数。
图3显示所述动物的DAS记分数。此结果表明接受来自最初经PLP肽和抗gp39抗体注射的动物的脾细胞移植的小鼠得到保护而免于发生所述疾病,而接受来自最初仅经PLP肽注射的动物之脾细胞移植的小鼠则发生EAE。而且,考虑到估计的抗体半衰期是12天,认为在所述小鼠中被转移的脾细胞中没有抗体存在。因此,不能通过抗gp39抗体的存在解释来自受PLP肽和抗gp39抗体注射的动物供体脾细胞提供的防护作用。这些小鼠的DAS记分数表明受体小鼠中的EAE的抑制最可能是由于在转移脾细胞悬液中存在的T抑制细胞群并且所述T抑制细胞群的作用有效压倒T效应细胞群。
实施例4:
gp39阳性Th细胞的检测
本实施例证明在患多发性硬化症的人体的中枢神经系统中存在gp39阳性细胞。
人尸体解剖中枢神经系统(CNS)从荷兰的阿姆斯特丹的荷兰脑库获得。按照本行业所知的方法用CD40-Ig融合蛋白检测gp39阳性细胞。用CD40-Ig对一例MS患者和一例Alzheimer患者的CNS组织切片染色。在此实施例中,仅使用事先对其中的抗MBP抗体形成细胞做过检测的MS患者的CNS组织。染色结果显示在MS患者的8微米冠状大脑切片中存在gp39阳性细胞,但是在Alzheimer患者的冠状大脑切片中没有检测到gp39阳性细胞。因此,仅在MS患者的CNS组织切片中检测到gp39阳性细胞。在MS患者CNS组织中存在gp39阳性细胞以及仅在MS患者CNS组织中检测到抗MBP抗体形成细胞而在对照的CNS组织中却没有检测到该细胞表明此类细胞在MS患者的病理学上受累的CNS组织中起作用。
在此研究中,我们已经表明施用抗gp39Mabs对激活B细胞的抑制可导致对EAE发生的彻底防护,而EAE的发生取决于诱导EAE的抗原剂量并取决于诱导EAE与施用抗gp39Mabs之间的时间间隔。虽然尚不清楚与EAE诱导和发生有关的确切机制,所述资料表明可将抗gp39抗体用于治疗自身免疫病。等价物
熟悉本行业的人员将知道,或能够肯定仅仅使用常规实验时,本文所描述的发明之具体实施方案有许多等价物。所述等价物是要包括在下述权利要求中。
Claims (8)
1.gp39拮抗剂在制备用于治疗非B细胞介导的组织破坏相关的多发性硬化的药物中的应用,其中所述治疗是通过在发病后给予患有进行性多发性硬化的人类有效量的gp39拮抗剂达致的。
2.权利要求1的应用,其中所述拮抗剂是一种抗gp39抗体。
3.权利要求2的应用,其中所述抗gp39抗体是单克隆抗体。
4.权利要求2的应用,其中所述抗gp39抗体是抗人gp39抗体。
5.权利要求3的应用,其中所述单克隆抗体产生于89-76杂交瘤、其ATCC保藏号为HB11713或24-31杂交瘤、其ATCC保藏号为HB11712或一种具有其所述gp39结合特征的抗体。
6.权利要求3的应用,其中所述单克隆抗体是一种嵌合的单克隆抗体。
7.权利要求3的应用,其中所述单克隆抗体是一种人源化的单克隆抗体。
8.抗人gp39抗体在制备用于一种抑制或防止与多发性硬化症相关的T细胞介导的细胞破坏性应答的药物中的应用。
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US5833987A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-11-10 | Trustees Of Dartmouth College | Treatment of T cell mediated autoimmune disorders |
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US6340459B1 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 2002-01-22 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Therapeutic applications for the anti-T-BAM (CD40-L) monoclonal antibody 5C8 in the treatment of reperfusion injury in non-transplant recipients |
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AU6158501A (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-11-26 | Beth Israel Hospital | Compositions and methods for achieving immune suppression |
EP1299542A2 (en) * | 2000-06-06 | 2003-04-09 | Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation | Non-agonistic antibodies to human gp39, compositions containing, and therapeutic use thereof |
DK1517921T3 (da) * | 2002-06-28 | 2006-10-09 | Domantis Ltd | Immunglobulin-enkeltvariable antigen-bindende domæner og dobbeltspecifikke konstruktioner deraf |
AU2003284968A1 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-05-13 | University Of South Florida | Methods and compounds for disruption of cd40r/cd40l signaling in the treatment of alzheimer's disease |
US7563443B2 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2009-07-21 | Domantis Limited | Monovalent anti-CD40L antibody polypeptides and compositions thereof |
GB0707208D0 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2007-05-23 | Istituto Superiore Di Sanito | Novel disease treatments |
PT2215119E (pt) * | 2007-11-13 | 2013-02-11 | Boehringer Ingelheim Int | Anticorpos monoclonais que se ligam a hgm-csf e composições médicas que os compreendem |
EP2229914B1 (en) * | 2009-03-20 | 2018-05-30 | Nobel Biocare Services AG | System and method for aligning virtual models |
MA41459A (fr) | 2015-02-03 | 2017-12-12 | Als Therapy Development Inst | Anticorps anti-cd40l et méthodes pour traiter des maladies ou des troubles liés aux cd40l |
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US5833987A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-11-10 | Trustees Of Dartmouth College | Treatment of T cell mediated autoimmune disorders |
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ZA964851B (en) | 1997-07-29 |
US20020009450A1 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
KR19990022273A (ko) | 1999-03-25 |
HUP9900857A3 (en) | 1999-11-29 |
DK0831906T3 (da) | 2002-05-21 |
EP1161954A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 |
DE69620174D1 (de) | 2002-05-02 |
CN1192156A (zh) | 1998-09-02 |
NO322391B1 (no) | 2006-10-02 |
NZ311276A (en) | 1999-11-29 |
US5833987A (en) | 1998-11-10 |
JPH11507058A (ja) | 1999-06-22 |
ES2177791T3 (es) | 2002-12-16 |
NO975520D0 (no) | 1997-12-01 |
DE69620174T2 (de) | 2002-07-18 |
NO975520L (no) | 1998-02-06 |
WO1996040246A1 (en) | 1996-12-19 |
US20040197327A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
EP0831906A1 (en) | 1998-04-01 |
ATE214944T1 (de) | 2002-04-15 |
HUP9900857A2 (hu) | 1999-07-28 |
CA2223303A1 (en) | 1996-12-19 |
US6328964B1 (en) | 2001-12-11 |
AU6255996A (en) | 1996-12-30 |
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