CN1784150A - 藻酸盐基质颗粒 - Google Patents
藻酸盐基质颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1784150A CN1784150A CNA2004800125641A CN200480012564A CN1784150A CN 1784150 A CN1784150 A CN 1784150A CN A2004800125641 A CNA2004800125641 A CN A2004800125641A CN 200480012564 A CN200480012564 A CN 200480012564A CN 1784150 A CN1784150 A CN 1784150A
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- Prior art keywords
- matrix granule
- oil
- filler
- matrix
- granule
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Abstract
多相基质颗粒,含有聚合物的连续相和油的不连续相,并且非必须地含有例如风味剂或芳香剂的活性剂。连续相中含有至少一种填料。该基质颗粒显出高度的负载效率和低含量的表面油。
Description
本发明涉及包封活性剂的基质颗粒,为分散在聚合物基质物质的连续相中的油的包合物的不连续相的形式,所述活性剂例如风味剂和芳香剂。所述油可以用作活性剂的赋形剂,也可以本身便是活性剂。
包封技术常常被用作保护敏感型活性剂免受严酷环境的影响,并且用于将这些物质以时间依赖型的方式按需释放的方式。
包封的方式可以是致使所产生的颗粒由聚合物物质壳包围着单个的包合物(例如油泡)或少量的大包合物所构成。或者,所产生的基质颗粒可以包括聚合物基质,其中分散众多包合物,如油滴。
这种基质颗粒通常是由水包油型乳液形成,其中形成基质用的聚合物是水溶性的并且形成连续相,和油形成不连续相。用于形成这种基质颗粒的特别有用的聚合物是藻酸盐。藻酸盐是高度水溶性的并且因此易于配制。除此之外,它们容易交联,形成水不溶性的基块。
使用藻酸盐的基质颗粒以便在交联之后得到水不溶性颗粒是已知的,例如WO98/15191和WO98/15192。
遗憾的是,这些颗粒往往具有高含量的表面油。“表面油”是指出现在颗粒表面的不期望浓度的油。其经常是本领域公认的生产方法所导致的结果(以致于新制备的颗粒中已经具有了表面油),或者可以通过扩散过程随时间动态产生。表面油的存在可以通过NMR测得,或者通过观察到宏观性能特点较差来定性确定,例如,基质颗粒很粘并且粘着或凝结在一起形成聚集体或结块,而不是自由流动的粉末,或者发生油无控制地释放。
“表面油”是以下油样品的重量百分比,所述油通过简单的溶剂洗涤在试剂(对样品基质颗粒是无侵入性的)中的样品,便可以将其从样品中提取。被包封的油是有效存在于样品内的油,其不能通过与溶剂混合并且过滤来提取。表面油可以使用非极性溶剂如四氯乙烯来提取。该方法容易重复并且可通过NMR使用标准和空白点对照来定量,以计算样品中表面油的重量-重量百分比。也可以定量测定整体样品油(“总油”)的重量-重量百分比,因为干的基质(具有低含水量)不能发射清晰的信号至NMR,只有液体组分提供清晰的信号,当与用纯油在各种重量或浓度下获得的信号及空的分析管(起仪器读数的对照点作用)获得的信号相比,可以定量测得样品内的油的总量。对于NMR测量,可以使用宽带NMR,如Bruker Mini Spec mq10分析仪,Bruker CanadaLtd.,Milton Ontario。
表面油高的产品不能自由流动或者团聚,与基质颗粒至少部分粘着在一起,这对于使用者来说,是视觉上无吸引力的。此外,油的过早释放使其暴露于周围空气中无保护,可能会招致其性能的改变。例如,风味剂或芳香剂油组分可能会分解。除此之外,由于较多挥发性组分的不成比例地蒸发,使组分的比例发生变化,并因此导致风味组合物的感观性能或平衡发生改变。
因此,虽然藻酸盐和其它能束缚大量水分的聚合物是有用的物质,但在包封应用中使用时还存在着相当多的问题。
现在发现,表面油的问题可以在基质中掺加至少一种填料来解决。因此,本发明提供基质颗粒,该基质颗粒含有众多分散在基质内的油的包合物,所述基质含有交联聚合物和至少一种填料,其中填料的量足以防止表面油形成至合意的程度。
按此方式,可以生产具有高负载效率的基质颗粒,并且可以生产出具有低量表面油的颗粒。典型地,当在乳液中使用60%的油时,基质颗粒的总含油量(基质颗粒内的油和表面油)为约48-56%(按照本文上述的NMR-试验测定)。
基质颗粒可以通过下面公开的两种方法中的一种来生产,以便提供具有不同粒度分布的基质颗粒,从而有益于不同的用途。
本申请中所用的“基质颗粒”是指含有聚合物作为连续相和作为基质物质和分散在基质之内的油作为不连续相的颗粒,例如众多油滴。将亲水性基质物质交联,例如通过形成盐桥,以便形成交联的基质颗粒并且因此变成水不溶性的。
用于聚合物质的填料是塑料领域中所公知的。它们通常是较便宜、容易获得的有机和无机物质,用于增充材料和降低成本。可在本发明中使用的填料是惰性、不溶性的、非溶胀性的物质,在水中形成固体颗粒的分散体。这种物质的实例包括碳酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐,例如碳酸镁、碳酸钙、磷酸钙、硫酸钙、硅酸镁、硅酸铝、重质碳酸钙、粘土、滑石、二氧化钛和有机物质,例如纤维素聚合物、微晶纤维素、其衍生物及前述物质任何或所有的组合。对于在风味剂领域中应用,填料还必须能被接受作为食品成分。
优选的填料是微晶纤维素。优选,将填料以填料与聚合物为2∶1-1∶3、优选2∶1-1∶2、更优选1.5∶1-1∶1.5、最优选约1∶1(wt/wt)的比例添加至配方中,得到本发明的基质颗粒。意想不到地,含有微晶纤维素的藻酸盐基质颗粒的表面油的量减少。
“微晶纤维素”(MCC)是一种纯化的、部分解聚的纤维素,其通过将纤维素源、优选来自于植物纤维材料的纸浆形式的α-纤维素用例如盐酸的无机酸处理来获得。酸选择性地侵蚀纤维素聚合物链的不太有序的区域,从而使结晶位点暴露和自由化,形成构成微晶纤维素的微晶聚集体。然后将它们从反应混合物中分离,并且洗涤除去降解的副产物。所得的通常含有40-60%水分的湿物块在本领域中可有数种名称的称谓,包括水解纤维素、极限聚合度纤维素、微晶纤维素、微晶纤维素湿饼或者简单地称作湿饼。当将湿饼干燥并且使其不含水时,所得的微晶纤维素产物是白色、无臭、无味、相对自由流动的粉末,不溶于水、有机溶剂、稀碱和酸。将它分散在水中并且具有树胶的特性。对于微晶纤维素的更详细描述及其制备可参见US专利2,978,446。例如,FMC Corporation制造微晶纤维素并且以商品名称AVICEL出售。
MCC可以被其它填料代替或与其它填料混合,所述其它填料是惰性的、基本上不溶性的并且基本上不溶胀,并且能够在水中形成固体颗粒的分散体。这些物质包括非-淀粉多糖、纤维素、改性淀粉和其它聚合物,包括蛋白质,例如玉米醇溶蛋白。
尽管油是不连续相的特别优选的实例,但其它水不溶混性物质也可以用于本发明的基质颗粒,与油一起使用或者代替油。本发明中所用的术语“油”包括这些其它的物质。这种物质包括适宜于形成不连续相的任何水不溶混性的物质或物质混合物,并且例如可以选自亲油性物质、脂类、脂肪和油、甘油单酸酯和二酸酯、亲油性脂肪代用品和蔗糖聚酯。
优选的油是植物油、GRAS植物油、矿物油、分馏椰子油(mig1yoloil)和其它具有良好风味溶剂特性的油,或其组合。油可本身便是活性剂,或者可以含有活性剂,或者可以在形成基质颗粒之后将活性剂负载于基质颗粒中。
本发明特别适用于包封风味剂,但其它的活性剂也可以通过本发明的方法来包封。本申请中所用的术语“活性剂”包括因其气味或风味、气味或风味增强、共混或改性特性而使用的任何物质或单独化合物。本文中所用的该术语也包括激素、药物、着色剂和油墨。
芳香或风味物质可以通过化学合成从合成、化石或天然原料中获得,或者通过物理性操作从天然来源中获得。其类别包括芳香化学品、精油、天然提取物、蒸馏物和分离物、含油树脂,包括天然产物,如树苔净油、香叶油、茉莉净油、广藿香油、玫瑰油、檀香油、岩兰草醇和衣兰油等;醇类,如香茅醇、EBANOL、香叶醇、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、SANDALORE;醛类和酮类,如FLOROZONE(3-(4-乙基苯基)-2,2-二甲基丙醛)、羟基香茅醛、Iso-E-Super(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-八氢-2,3,8,8-四甲基-2-(八萘(octanaphtalene))、Isoraldein、麦芽酚、甲基柏木酮、甲基紫罗兰酮、香草醛;醚类和缩醛类;如降龙涎香醚、香叶甲醚、氧化玫瑰和SPRI AMBREBE(2′,2′,3,7,7-五甲基螺[双环[4.1.0.]庚烷-2,5′-[1,3]-二噁烷]);酯类和内酯类如BERRYFLOR,γ-癸内酯个γ-十一烷内酯以及更多。
适用于本发明方法的基质物质包括藻酸盐或具有能结合大量水能力的聚合物,或者这些聚合物的组合。藻酸盐是一种高分子量的碳水化合物,获得自例如海草和其它藻类。藻酸盐是a-L-葡糖醛酸酯(guluronate)(G)和b-D-甘露糖醛酸酯(M)的线型共聚物。藻酸盐链可以被认为是由不同长度“G-嵌段”(葡糖醛酸酯残基的均聚区)、“M-嵌段”(甘露糖醛酸酯残基的均聚区)和“MG-嵌段”(M和G的类似无规交替序列的共聚区)组成的嵌段共聚物。除化学组成方面是多相的以外,藻酸盐还具有十分宽泛的分子量分布。藻酸盐是一族聚合物的总称。它们的特性取决于它们的嵌段结构和分子量。大于一定临界分子量,藻酸盐的特性主要受单体组成和嵌段结构的控制。总的来说,葡糖醛酸酯含量增加,得到机械性较强的凝胶,其在非胶凝/抗胶凝离子(例如Na+,Mg2+)和钙螯合剂的存在下稳定性增强。含高含量葡糖醛酸酯的凝胶显出高的孔隙率并且在凝胶形成期间收缩性较低。当含高含量的甘露糖醛酸酯时,凝胶变得较柔软并且更具弹性;它们在凝胶形成期间收缩较大,同时孔隙率减少。
对于本发明的包封,所有类型的藻酸盐都可以使用。那些具有高分子量的藻酸盐通常是优选的,因为它们在下面所描述的三级(tertiary)乳液方法中具有较高的机械稳定性,而它们较高的粘度不太关键。针对下面所描述的喷雾干燥方法,较低分子量的藻酸盐是优选的。藻酸盐形成粘性溶液并且保持大量的水。一种优选的藻酸盐是藻酸钠(CAS 9005-38-3),其由FMC Biopolymers(Philadelphi,USA)以注册商标PROTANAL出售。可用的藻酸盐包括藻酸铁、藻酸镁、藻酸钾、藻酸铵和藻酸钙。
虽然藻酸盐对于生产本发明的基质颗粒来说是特别合意的,但其它特性类似于藻酸盐的亲水性聚合物也可以附加使用或者代替藻酸盐使用,并且本文中所用的术语“藻酸盐”包括所述其它聚合物。可用的亲水性聚合物的其它实例是多糖,如结构相关的果胶及其衍生物。果胶是一种由聚半乳糖醛酸组成的聚合物,其中所述聚半乳糖醛酸的羧酸基团与甲醇部分地酯化。针对高热稳定性,使用低酯化程度的果胶,特别是小于5%酯化程度的果胶是优选的。取决于所用的聚合物,可以使用另一种或者附加的交联剂,如本领域所公知的交联剂。
可以优选地将本发明的基质颗粒制备成得到大致呈球形的基本上圆形的基质颗粒,与不规则的附聚物或拉长的线状基质颗粒不同,这些不规则的附聚物或拉长的线状基质颗粒往往是在制备过程中当剪切力分别太低或太高时形成的。
基质颗粒的粒度范围可以是5-2000μm直径,优选10-1000μm,更优选20-600μm。基质颗粒基本上是不溶性于水的。在下面描述的本发明的方法中,基质颗粒的粒度和粒度分布的范围可以按照所需的用途来调整,这取决于工艺的选择和加工参数的调整。
基质颗粒的含水量可以是1-110%(相当于水活度Aw=0.7),优选含水量6-7%。样品的含水量是样品内所存在的水分的量,以重量对重量为基准计。这种水分可以是以液体样品中或干产品样品的水合基质中的游离水的形式存在。含水量可以通过Karl Fisher滴定法借助Karl Fischer型试剂来测定,例如以下文章中所描述的:“Coulometric Determination of Trace Water in Act ive CarbonylCompounds Using Modified Karl Fischer Reagents”,AnalyticalChemistry,1987,59,749-753;“Evaluation of Two Pyridine-FreeKarl Fischer Reagents”,Hercules Inc.Analvtical Research,8/8/83,DDR 87-045-01;“Improvements in Karl Fischer Methodfor Determination of Water”,第27卷,第450页,Journal ofAnalytical Chemistry,March1955及“Nature of the Karl FischerReagent”,Aquametry,1948。这种工艺适用于提供可溶于所用溶剂的样品。所选择的溶剂中应当含有最少量游离水或不含游离水。所用的试剂如下:乙二醇,低水(CAS107-21-1);甲醇,低水,(CAS67-56-1);及Hydranal Composite 5试剂,含有<70%2-甲氧基乙醇(CAS109-86-4),<20%咪唑(CAS288-32-4),<10%二氧化硫(CAS7446-09-5)和<10%碘(CAS7553-56-2)。
在本发明的一些实施方案中,可以存在用于在颗粒形成过程中稳定乳液的“稳定剂”,如乳化剂或表面活性剂。适宜的稳定剂是本领域已知的,包括但不限于合成稳定剂,如硬脂酸镁,甘油,乙氧基化甘油单酸酯,酒石酸、乳酸、二乙酰酒石酸、柠檬酸或乙酸的甘油酯,脂肪酸的甘油酯,包括脂肪酸的甘油单酸酯和二酸酯,一硬脂酸甘油酯,脂肪酸的丙二醇酯,硬脂酰乳酸钙,脂肪酸的聚甘油酯,酯交换蓖麻酸的聚甘油酯,丙二醇单酯和二酯,二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠,硬脂酰乳酸钠,油酰乳酸钠,硬脂酰乳酸钙,油酰乳酸钙,脂肪酸的脱水山梨醇酯,一硬脂酸脱水山梨醇酯,三硬脂酸脱水山梨醇酯,脂肪酸的蔗糖酯,月桂基硫酸钠,二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠及例如聚氧乙烯醚(TWEEN)或脱水山梨醇酯(SPAN)的聚合物。TWEEN是一组聚氧乙烯脂肪酸衍生物,包括Tween-20(聚氧乙烯(20)山梨醇一月桂酸酯),Tween-40(聚氧乙烯(20)山梨醇一棕榈酸酯),Tween-60(聚氧乙烯(20)山梨醇一硬脂酸甘油酯)和Tween-80(聚氧乙烯(20)山梨醇一油酸甘油酯)。
稳定剂还包括大豆皂草苷、酶改性大豆皂草苷、葡萄糖基转移化大豆皂草苷、卵磷脂、分级卵磷脂、酶改性或分解卵磷脂、植物甾醇、植物卵磷脂、辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉(CAPSUL)。
优选的稳定剂是植物树胶,如阿拉伯树胶(例如Senegal或Seyal)、阿拉伯树胶(例如Seyal或Senegal)、多糊精(multidextrin)、瓜耳豆胶、角叉菜胶、黄原胶、刺梧桐树胶、Tara gums、洁冷胶、黄耆胶、鹿角菜胶和其它树胶。
本发明的基质颗粒非必须地含有赋形剂。其对本发明技术人员来说是已知的并且包括例如抗结块剂、消泡剂、抗氧化剂、粘合剂、着色剂、稀释剂、崩解剂、乳化剂、酶、脂肪、风味增强剂、风味剂、树胶、润滑剂、多糖、防腐剂、蛋白质、增溶剂、溶剂、稳定剂、糖衍生物、表面活性剂、甜味剂、维生素、蜡等。这些赋形剂的实例在例如以下的文章中有描述:“Perfume and Flavor Materials ofNatural Origin”,S.Arctnder,编,Elizabeth,N.J.,1960;“Perfumeand Flavor Chemicals”,S.Arctander,编,Vol.I & II,AlluredPublishing Corporation,Carol Stream,USA,1994;“Flavourings”,E.Zieglerand H.Ziegler(编),Wiley-VCH Weinheim,1998及“CTFACosmetic Ingredient Handbook”,J.M.Nikitakis(ed.),第1版,The Cosmetic,Toiletry and Fragrance Association,Inc.,Washington,1988。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,本发明提供基质颗粒,该基质颗粒含有呈不连续相的含油风味剂和呈连续相的藻酸盐和微晶纤维素(MCC)。
本发明的另一个方面提供含有油并且具有低表面油含量的基质颗粒。本发明的基质颗粒的表面油含量低于10%(wt/wt),优选低于5%(wt/wt),更优选低于3%(wt/wt),最优选低于1%(wt/wt)。
基质颗粒可以是着色的。着色可以通过任何方便的方式来完成,例如,通过在颗粒形成之前,将着色用物质掺入颗粒之中,或者通过在颗粒形成之后,使颜色吸附至颗粒中,或者通过在颗粒形成之后,用着色涂层涂布颗粒。适用于这种目的的本领域已知的任何适宜的着色物质或涂料都可以使用。可以通过第二次涂布,给着色的颗粒附加地施以涂层,以便增加另一种功能。
本发明的再一个优点是,由于基质颗粒的高机械稳定性,它们可以经受进一步的加工处理,同时能够保持其结构完整性。具体说,可以将基质颗粒涂布,而涂布操作不会给基质带来任何显著的机械破坏,并且不会引起明显量的表面油形成。
有利地采用涂层以给基质颗粒增加附加的功能,例如给基质颗粒增加不渗透性,由此减少基质颗粒中所含的挥发性组分因蒸发而造成的损失。或者,可以采用涂层,以使表现出容易渗出基质颗粒趋势的成分保留下来。具体说,可以采用涂层来保留或者防止颜色的渗出,和这种颜色稳定的基质颗粒形成本发明的另一个方面。涂料可以是在水中具有不溶性或低溶解性的物质。当涂敷给基质颗粒时,它们形成膜,优选连续的膜,和由此防止包封的物质从基质颗粒中渗漏至周围介质。如果使用喷涂来涂敷涂层的话,则涂料物质应当可溶于含醇溶液,例如可溶于乙醇。涂料物质包括蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂类或其的组合。适宜的物质是本领域技术人员所公知的并且可以查询“CRCHandbook of Food Additives”,Thomas E.Furia,CRC Press;“Handbookof Pharmaceutical ExcipientS”,Ray C.Rowe,Pharmaceutical Press或者“CRC Handbook of Food,Drug and Cosmetic Excipients”,Susan C.Smolinske,CRC Press。可以通过使用本领域公知的方法来涂敷涂层,如喷涂、盘式涂布,流化床涂布、空气悬浮涂布、共混、干混或压力填充。
优选的涂料是那些可溶于溶剂但具有低水溶解性和渗透性并且不易水合的涂料,这对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。可以将涂料物质溶解于溶剂中,喷洒在或者涂敷至基质颗粒的表面,并且让溶剂蒸发,得到基质颗粒,其基本上不溶胀或不溶解于水中。
因此,本发明的另一个方面是提供涂布的基质颗粒,所述涂层选自脂类或聚合物,如胶原、乙烯基乙酸乙烯酯、聚酐、聚乙醇酸、聚原酸酯、聚乳酸、纤维素醚、碳水化合物、果胶、改性淀粉、天然树胶、可食聚合物、聚合物面粉、海藻提取物、陆地植物提取物、水不溶性改性纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和聚甘油脂肪酸酯或衍生物或其的组合。
通过本领域技术人员公知的方法,可以将基质颗粒掺混至、粘附至或者施用于食品或芳香产品中。适宜的方法取决于应用并且包括但不限于喷射、螺杆进料、共混和干混。
本发明基质颗粒的应用领域包括但不限于保护和释放各种食品和饮料产品中的风味剂、抗氧化剂、营养素、酸、盐、碱和缓冲剂、抗微生物剂、防腐剂和颜料,其中所述食品和饮料产品包括任何用于口服用途的产品,如漱口和护齿产品;从例如化妆品和香水的消费者护理用品中释放的芳香剂;控制释放药物中的药剂;控释农业中的昆虫激素、冶金中的润滑剂、无碳复写纸中的油墨、用于测量液体密度或血管内压力的硅传感器以及更多。
本发明的另一个方面涉及含有基质颗粒的产品,优选风味剂产品,抗氧化剂产品,营养素产品,抗微生物产品,防腐剂产品和颜料产品,食物产品,饮料产品,放入口腔中的产品如漱口和护齿产品,消费者护理用品,化妆品和香水,药物产品,昆虫激素产品,杀虫剂产品,润滑剂产品和油墨。上述产品中,优选含有基质颗粒的食物产品和芳香产品,其形成本发明的另一个方面。
小的基质颗粒,例如40-70μm的颗粒,在液体产品中使用是特别有益的,所述液体产品包括食物产品,如饮料、大豆饮品、汤汁饮品、高酒度蒸馏酒、乳、不充气饮料、含醇饮料、啤酒、葡萄酒、软饮料、矿泉水和汽水及其它非酒精饮料、水果饮料、果汁、咖啡、人造咖啡、茶、可可、饮料糖浆、甜点、酸奶、浸渍汁、浇头(topping)糖浆、搅泡浇头、冷冻食品、冷冻果汁、冰淇淋、冰汽饮、罐装果汁、罐装水果和蔬菜、罐装蔬菜汁、水果沙司、卤汁、色拉调料、酸奶油、餐用糖浆、番茄调味汁和番茄酱、烹饪油、汤、混合酸奶油、酱油、熟早餐谷物食品;所述固体芳香产品如增香消费者用品,家用产品和个人护理用产品包括古龙香水、化妆水、香精、乳剂、霜膏、洗发液、油膏、除臭剂、液体洗涤剂。小基质颗粒较容易混合,并且在混悬液中保持时间较长。然而,超出前述粒度范围的基质颗粒在前述产品中也是有益的。
较大的基质颗粒,例如100-300μm的颗粒,特别适宜在固体产品中使用,所述固体产品包括食物产品,如焙烤产品、饼干、面包、干早餐谷物、蛋糕、曲奇、薄脆饼、窝形奶油水果蛋糕、脆皮松饼、面食、糖食、谷物、蛋奶冻、鹿角菜胶凝胶、明胶甜点、馅饼填料、布丁、肉制品、炖牛肉、口香糖、巧克力、方旦糖、糖霜、硬糖、棉花软糖、果冻和果脯、压片、夏季糖衣(summer coating)、乳酪、人造肉食、速食米混合料、人造奶油、蛋黄酱、薄烤饼混合料、宠物食品、马铃薯、小吃食品、饮料粉末、乳基料的饮料粉末、无糖饮料粉末、速溶咖啡、咖啡伴侣、露酒;和固体芳香产品如增香消费者用品、家用产品和个人护理用产品,包括粉末、皂、洗涤粉,纸巾、织物、室内除臭剂、室内除臭凝胶和蜡烛。超出前述粒度范围的基质颗粒在前述产品中也是合适的。
在含有异味或苦味这些对消费者来说不愉快味道的食物产品中,例如大豆产品中,不含活性剂的基质颗粒或者含有能够遮蔽或减少异味或苦味的风味剂的基质颗粒对于臭味的吸收和异味或苦味(例如大豆的异味或苦味)的减少是适宜的。
本发明还涉及如上所述的基质颗粒的生产方法。因此,本发明的另一个方面是提供一种所述基质颗粒的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
i)形成含有聚合物、填料和油的乳液,
ii)形成含有连续相和不连续相的基质颗粒,其中所述连续相含有亲水性聚合物和填料,所述不连续相含有油,
iii)通过将聚合物交联,使所述基质颗粒硬化,
iv)干燥交联的基质颗粒。
在一个具体的方面,本发明提供一种藻酸盐基质颗粒的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
1)形成含有藻酸盐、填料和油的乳液,
2)形成含有连续相和不连续相的基质颗粒,其中所述连续相含有藻酸盐和填料,不连续相含有油。
3)通过将藻酸盐交联,将基质颗粒硬化,
4)干燥所形成的交联的基质颗粒。
上面的步骤1)至3)可以通过包括喷雾干燥和第二干燥步骤的方法(称作“SD2”-方法)或者通过包括三级乳液(称作“TE”-方法)来进行。形成乳液的第一加工步骤对于两种方法来说是共同的,并且描述如下。
1)SD2和TE方法所共同的第一步骤
形成含有藻酸盐、填料和水的混合物。藻酸盐和填料之比可以是约10%填料(90%藻酸盐)至80%填料(20%藻酸盐)。优选,比值是约25%填料(75%藻酸盐)至约66%填料(33%藻酸盐),更优选33%填料(66%藻酸盐)至约66%填料,更优选约40%填料(60%藻酸盐)至约60%填料(40%藻酸盐),以重量计。最优选,相对于藻酸盐来说,存在45%-55%的填料。
在SD2方法中,非必须地添加稳定剂。TE方法可以不含稳定剂。
将藻酸盐和填料与一定量的水混合,水量取决于所用的藻酸盐和填料的类型、温度、所加油的量和所得的粘度。所得的混合物应当脱气约一小时。
藻酸盐可以是以1-10%(wt/wt)溶液的形式、优选3-4%(wt/wt)溶液并且最优选1.5-2.5%(wt/wt)溶液的形式存在于水中。取决于藻酸盐的类型,例如其分子量及其共聚物组成,可以将溶液或多或少地浓缩,以便影响所形成的乳液的粘度。
向藻酸盐和填料的含水混合物中添加10%-80%、优选30%-70%、更优选55%-65%的油,并且通过搅动(例如通过搅拌)形成水包油型(o/w)乳液。乳液的粘度可以是约2000-60,000cps(通过ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) Test MethodD2857-95测定),更优选10000-40000cps,并且可以通过添加水和/或通过温度来控制,这对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。使用适宜的均质方法形成o/w乳液,这对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的,并且包括使用均质机或其它高剪切混合设备。
取决于针对各自应用的所需粒度,可以根据均质的方法,通过控制剪切力,来调整油滴的基质颗粒粒度分布,例如通过调节搅拌速度。对于SD2方法,可以调整该方法致使大约95%的液滴小于50μm,优选小于20μm。最优选95%以上的液滴是10-20μm直径。取决于应用和基质颗粒的所需品质,可以相应地调整液滴的粒度和粒度分布,即大于90%、80%、70%、60%或者仅仅大于50%的上述的液滴粒度可以是所要求的。粘度可以通过温度来控制。取决于在连续相中所用的聚合物,可以对pH进行调节,正如本领域技术人员所显而易见的。如果使用藻酸盐作为连续相中的聚合物,则无需控制pH。
随后的加工步骤2)和3)可以通过SD2方法或者通过TE方法来完成。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,基质颗粒通过SD2方法来生产。SD2方法包括在1)条件下形成如上所述的乳液。优选,通过添加稳定剂将乳液稳定化。SD2方法还包括如下所描述的步骤2)和3)。
2)SD2方法
将藻酸盐乳液在第一喷雾干燥步骤中喷雾干燥。通过调整各自喷雾干燥方法来控制所得喷雾干燥颗粒的粒度,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的,例如通过调节喷嘴或旋转圆盘。喷雾干燥过程中所形成的颗粒的直径可以为约20-150μm,优选20-100μm,最优选约20-70μm。收集喷雾干燥的颗粒。适宜的喷雾干燥方法对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的,并且包括但不限于喷雾干燥、带式干燥、喷雾干燥和带式干燥的组合,如Filtermat系统,空气雾化,多级干燥器,高压雾化器和旋转圆盘雾化。
3)SD2方法
通过将藻酸盐交联,将收集的喷雾干燥颗粒硬化。将所述颗粒引入多价阳离子溶液,所述阳离子例如钙、锶、钡、铁、银、铝、锰、铜和锌的离子,优选钙离子,溶液可以是0.9-10%、优选0.9-2%的氯化钙。溶液可以是在适宜的液体如水或醇(优选乙醇)或水和醇的混合物中。水与醇的比例取决于应用。如果使用较多的水,则所得的基质颗粒更稳定。较多的醇会降低表面油的量,但也会从颗粒的内部萃取出油。50∶50(wt/wt)的水∶醇的比例对于大部分应用来说是适宜的。
与多价阳离子溶液接触的时间可以根据所用的离子溶液及溶液的总量和浓度而改变。本领域技术人员可以容易地确定针对各自离子和浓度的接触时间。当以0.7∶1-4∶1、优选1.2∶1-3∶1、更优选1.5∶1-2.5∶1的盐水溶液∶喷雾干燥颗粒(wt/wt)的比例使用0.9-10%的氯化钙时,约一小时通常是足够的。所必需的离子量取决于欲被交联的藻酸盐的量,并且可以按本领域技术人员所已知的那样去调整。可以使用附加的或者替代的交联剂来代替盐水溶液,正如本领域所公知的。
4)SD2方法
将步骤3)获得的交联的颗粒进行第二干燥处理,以得到本发明的基质颗粒。该步骤可以通过喷雾干燥来实现。为了不损毁交联的颗粒,低剪切力的喷雾干燥方法是优选的。适宜的方法对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。例如,可以将具有低剪切正位移泵的喷雾干燥器与旋转式雾化器轮联用。或者,可以使用很多不同的泵。可以替换地使用喷嘴来代替旋转轮。
作为替换通过喷雾干燥进行第二干燥步骤的另一种方式,可以将交联的颗粒通过其它干燥方法来干燥,这对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。例如,可以通过流化床干燥来进行第二干燥步骤。在此阶段可以添加抗结块剂或者可以事先添加,可以让硬化的基质颗粒过筛,然后进行流化床干燥处理。
正如本领域技术人员所显而易见的,可以将喷雾干燥的乳液的颗粒粒度调整至适合各自的应用,例如通过在第一喷雾干燥步骤中调节乳液中的油滴的粒度。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,通过三级乳液方法(TE)来形成基质颗粒。TE方法适宜于生产具有较大负载量的较大的基质颗粒,填料是特别关键的,因为在加工过程中可能将藻酸盐部分地洗出,并且无填料时,TE方法易于得到容易塌瘪的颗粒。
TE方法包括步骤1)至4)。为形成乳液,第一步骤1)如上所述进行。不应当存在任何表面活性剂,因为它们会不利地影响TE方法的第三步骤。所述乳液称作TE方法的初级乳液。TE方法还包括如下所描述的步骤2)至4)。所述方法包括,在所述第二步骤2)中,通过添加油形成所谓的二级乳液(油包水滴包油);并且在第三步骤3)中,形成所谓的三级乳液。在所述第三步骤中,在搅拌条件下添加盐水溶液(水包油滴包水包油),在其中,基质物质交联并且硬化的颗粒(主要含有初级乳液)与油相和盐水溶液分离,并且沉入容器底部待收集并且在第四步骤中干燥。
2)TE-方法
将上述步骤1)的初级乳液与油在搅拌条件下混合,形成二级乳液,其是油包水包油型乳液。初级乳液与油之比(v/v)可以在很宽范围内变化。优选的初级乳液∶油之比为0.5∶1至1∶20,更优选0.75∶1至1∶5,最优选1∶1至1∶2。在此步骤及在随后步骤中的为形成乳液而进行的适宜搅拌取决于许多因素,包括粘度和所用容器的几何形状;其可以按本领域技术人员所已知的方式去调整,例如通过选择容器并且相应地调节搅拌速度。
3)TE-方法
为将藻酸盐交联形成硬化的颗粒,在搅拌条件下将二级乳液引入多价阳离子的盐水溶液中,所述阳离子例如钙、锶、钡、铁、银、铝、锰、铜和锌的离子,优选钙离子。盐水溶液与二级乳液的比为0.7∶1至4∶1,优选1.2∶1至3∶1,更优选1.5∶1至2.5∶1(v/v)。颗粒的硬化需要最少量的多价阳离子。藻酸盐和盐水的相对量可以在很宽范围内变化,盐固体与藻酸盐固体的比优选为6∶1至1∶2,优选4∶1至2∶1,更优选约3∶1(wt/wt)。盐水乳液的浓度可以相应地改变,并且优选为0.5%-10%,更优选1%-5%,最优选2%-3%。溶液可以是在适宜的液体,如水或醇(优选乙醇)或水和醇的混合物中。水与醇的比例取决于应用。如果使用较多的水,则所得的基质颗粒更稳定。较多的醇会降低表面油的量,但也会从颗粒的内部萃取出油。50∶50(wt/wt)的水∶醇的比例对于大部分应用来说是适宜的。可以使用附加的或者替代的交联剂来代替盐水溶液,正如本领域所公知的。
交联的颗粒沉入容器底部并且可以容易地收集。在顶部收集油相并且可以循环使用以提高效率,在中部收集盐水相。盐水溶液的浓度和基质颗粒中存在的填料的量影响着交联颗粒是沉入底部还是漂浮的趋向。如果交联的颗粒趋于漂浮,则应当将盐水溶液的浓度降低或者应当将基质颗粒中的填料的量(相应地,密度)增加。
交联时间取决于搅拌/剪切力并且可以相应地进行调节,如本领域技术人员所显而易见的。剪切太小将导致交联缓慢并且形成较大的附聚物,剪切太高将产生变形的线状基质颗粒。与不规则的附聚物或拉长的线状基质颗粒不同,调整剪切力以便所得的交联颗粒具有圆形、近乎球形的形状,对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。
4)TE方法
可以通过SD2方法中的步骤4),将交联的颗粒干燥。
为避免操作不顺利并且最大程度地降低成本,对方法进行最小程度的调整是合意的。SD2和TE方法中几乎不需要pH调节并且可以在大于pH 3.9的宽泛pH范围下加工,不需要控制pH。
因此本发明的另一个方面是提供无需调节pH或温度便可进行操作的方法。
SD2和TE方法中的所有加工步骤都可以在室温下进行。为有助于增溶、控制粘度和防止微生物生长,可以在相应的加工步骤中提高温度;例如提高至最高100℃,优选最高至80℃,最优选最高至70℃。
在涉及包封的已知方法中,氯化钙是以高浓度使用的。氯化钙是腐蚀性的,特别是对金属而言。加工中残余的盐可能开始引起不锈钢罐和装置的腐蚀。意想不到地,申请人发现,以上面所示的相对于乳液的量使用时,氯化钙浓度为0.7-2.5%、优选0.9-1.5%足以使颗粒硬化。
因此在一个特别优选的实施方案中,本发明提供一种使用最少量氯化钙的方法,其是0.7-2.5%、优选0.9-1.5%的氯化钙溶液,以0.7∶1-4∶1、优选1.2∶1-3∶1、更优选1.5∶1-2.5∶1盐水溶液∶二级乳液(v/v)的比例使用。
SD2方法在容易控制小基质颗粒粒度方面是适宜的,小基质颗粒粒度在臭味吸收应用(例如大豆产品)中是有益的。SD2-方法适宜于生产大多数(>50%)粒度为10-200μm、更优选20-100μm、最优选40-70μm直径的基质颗粒。可调整TE方法,以获得大多数粒度为100-1000μm、更优选100-600μm、最优选100-300μm直径的基质颗粒。
尽管油本身可以是活性的并且可以直接包封,但基质颗粒可以用非活性的油来形成,并且这些基质颗粒可以经过基本上如US6,045,835中所述的吸收技术(针对微胶囊)的处理,以便负载合意的活性剂,例如将风味剂或芳香剂吸收在基质颗粒中并且形成颗粒、粉末或者糊剂。此外,基质颗粒可以用为活性剂的油来形成,如风味油,并且可以在基质颗粒形成之后附加地吸收其它活性剂。
在负载过程中,将活性剂溶解在基质颗粒的油中。按照其在基质颗粒所用的油中的溶解性来选择活性剂。为负载特定的活性剂,可以将基质颗粒适应成能够用适宜的油(在其中活性剂是可溶的)形成。通过在水的存在下向基质颗粒中添加活性剂,可以将基质颗粒负载,其中所述水用于使化合物借助水的扩散通过基质物质迁移至所述基质内的油滴中。
水的量取决于存在的基质物质的量并且本领域技术人员可以容易地进行调整,水的适宜量可以是例如约10%水、1-40%风味剂或芳香剂或其它活性剂和50-89%基质颗粒(wt/wt/wt)。可以将基质颗粒与水混合,然后可以添加风味剂或芳香剂并且混合约30-60分钟并且放置约1小时直至干燥,例如在不锈钢混合滚筒(例如Hobart Lab ScaleMixer)中。根据应用,可以向混合物中添加醇(例如乙醇)以便增强负载量,这对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。
实施例
实施例1
含有分馏椰子油的基质颗粒和SD2方法
制备纤维素、藻酸钠和阿拉伯树胶在水中的溶液并且脱气约一小时。水的添加量相当于达到约1,000cps或更低的浓度。添加60%wt分馏椰子油,使用高剪切混合器形成水包油型乳液。油滴的粒度分布为大约95%的油滴小于10μm。乳液的配方如下给出。
藻酸盐乳液配方(基准:干重量,2%含水量):
12.5%FMC微晶纤维素(AVICEL)
12.5%藻酸钠(PROTANAL)
15%阿拉伯树胶
60%分馏椰子油
水(水的量相当于达到1000cps或更低粘度)。
将此藻酸盐乳液雾化至喷雾干燥器中,形成20-100μm的小滴,将其在干燥器中快速干燥。
将收集的喷雾干燥颗粒以1∶1(wt/wt)的比例添加至1%氯化钙溶液中,并且放置约一小时,然后在第二喷雾干燥步骤中,用具有低剪切正位移泵和旋转式雾化轮的喷雾干燥器喷雾干燥。所得的基质颗粒具有2-4%的含水量并且粒度分布范围为约20-100μm直径,平均约35-65μm。基质颗粒为完全滚圆的基本上呈球形的基质颗粒,其表面油含量低于1-3%。最终产品为粉末,其不溶于水。
实施例2
SD2过程中的基质颗粒的粒度分布
使用Beckman Coulter分析仪、3.01软件、2.02固件测定和分析粒度分布,所述分析仪具有以下参数:运行长度:30秒,振动器:30,螺旋钻:40,阴暗:5%。从0.375μm至2000μm进行计算。
体积[%] 直径大于[μm]
10 169.3
25 97.22
50 63.27
75 41.07
90 25.30平均值62.65μm,中位值63.27μm。
实施例3
含有分馏椰子油的基质颗粒和TE方法
通过形成MCC和藻酸盐在水中的溶液并且搅拌,制备以下所示成分的初级乳液。
20%FMC微晶纤维素(AVICEL)
20%藻酸钠(PROTANAL)
60%分馏椰子油
水(水的量相当于达到25,000c p s的粘度)。
通过将1份初级乳液添加至0.75份分馏椰子油中,并且搅拌直至达到约10-30μm的所需基质颗粒粒度,制备二级乳液。通过将所述乳液以10%的反压泵抽经过silverston均质机,将所得的二级乳液引入以下配方所示的盐水溶液中:
配方(份/1000份,wt/wt):
770份水
20份氯化钙(以便得到2%钙溶液)
210份藻酸盐初级乳液
将混合物搅拌2-3小时。当停止搅拌后,油将分离出来,将其从罐顶部除去以便进行循环使用。将所述盐溶液除去至与基质颗粒水平的程度。加入1%(总重量)二氧化硅,将物质离心以除去水份。收集藻酸钙滤饼。收集的藻酸钙滤饼在干燥前具有约100-1200μm的基质颗粒粒度、约77%含水量、约7.5%表面油和约55%的总油含量。将藻酸钙滤饼在流化床干燥器中干燥至3%含水量。
实施例4
TE过程中的基质颗粒的粒度分布
体积[%] 直径大于[μm]
10 781.4
25 632.1
50 493
75 376.4
90 274.1
实施例5
TE过程中的基质颗粒的粒度分布
体积[%] 直径大于[μm]
10 355.8
25 259.7
50 180
75 118.1
90 78.53
Claims (11)
1、基质颗粒,其含有众多分散在基质内的油的包合物,所述油优选风味油或芳香油,所述基质含有交联聚合物和至少一种填料。
2、权利要求1的基质颗粒,其含有得自藻酸盐和果胶、其衍生物或其结合的交联聚合物。
3、权利要求1的基质颗粒,其中交联聚合物是藻酸盐。
4、权利要求1-3任一项的基质颗粒,其含有选自以下的填料:无机物质,优选碳酸盐、硅酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐,更优选碳酸镁、碳酸钙、磷酸钙、硫酸钙、硅酸镁、硅酸铝、重质碳酸钙、粘土、滑石、二氧化钛,和有机物质,优选纤维素聚合物,其衍生物及前述物质任何或所有的组合。
5、前述权利要求任一项的基质颗粒,其含有与聚合物的比例优选为2∶1-1∶2、更优选1.5∶1-1∶1.5、最优选约1∶1的填料。
6、前述权利要求任一项的基质颗粒,其含有微晶纤维素作为填料。
7、前述权利要求任一项的基质颗粒,其中不连续相含有油,和颗粒含有低于10%(wt/wt)、优选低于5%(wt/wt)、更优选低于3%(wt/wt)、最优选低于1%(wt/wt)的表面油。
8、前述权利要求任一项的基质颗粒,其含有至少一层涂层。
9、前述权利要求任一项的基质颗粒,其含有着色物质。
10、含有前述权利要求任一项所述基质颗粒的产品。
11、前述权利要求任一项所述的基质颗粒的制备方法,包括:
i)形成含有聚合物、填料和油的乳液,
ii)形成含有连续相和不连续相的基质颗粒,其中所述连续相含有亲水性聚合物和填料,和所述不连续相含有油,
iii)通过交联聚合物,使所述基质颗粒硬化,
iv)干燥交联的基质颗粒。
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-
2003
- 2003-05-09 GB GBGB0310673.9A patent/GB0310673D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2004
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- 2004-05-05 JP JP2006504187A patent/JP5319066B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-05-05 WO PCT/CH2004/000270 patent/WO2004098318A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-05-05 EP EP04731124.6A patent/EP1622470B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2004-05-05 CN CN2012102238528A patent/CN102746534A/zh active Pending
- 2004-05-05 CN CNA2004800125641A patent/CN1784150A/zh active Pending
- 2004-05-05 BR BRPI0410184A patent/BRPI0410184B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2004-05-05 US US10/555,727 patent/US8119175B2/en active Active
-
2013
- 2013-05-08 JP JP2013098197A patent/JP2013209383A/ja active Pending
Cited By (2)
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CN102821626A (zh) * | 2010-03-26 | 2012-12-12 | 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 | 控制释放薄荷醇的烟草珠粒 |
CN110087484A (zh) * | 2016-11-23 | 2019-08-02 | 通用工厂公司 | 基于生面团的制品上的油墨 |
Also Published As
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US20060292280A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
JP5319066B2 (ja) | 2013-10-16 |
EP1622470B1 (en) | 2019-02-20 |
BRPI0410184A (pt) | 2006-05-16 |
GB0310673D0 (en) | 2003-06-11 |
US8119175B2 (en) | 2012-02-21 |
CN102746534A (zh) | 2012-10-24 |
BRPI0410184B1 (pt) | 2018-09-18 |
WO2004098318A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
JP2013209383A (ja) | 2013-10-10 |
CA2521628A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
EP1622470A1 (en) | 2006-02-08 |
JP2006525108A (ja) | 2006-11-09 |
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