CN1732773A - A kind of soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable - Google Patents
A kind of soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable Download PDFInfo
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- CN1732773A CN1732773A CN 200510012204 CN200510012204A CN1732773A CN 1732773 A CN1732773 A CN 1732773A CN 200510012204 CN200510012204 CN 200510012204 CN 200510012204 A CN200510012204 A CN 200510012204A CN 1732773 A CN1732773 A CN 1732773A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable, its operating procedure is as follows: in the season that temperature height, illumination are good the soil leveling is poured water, make the relative moisture of soil reach 60-85%; Poured water back 2-3 days, and evenly spread fertilizer over the fields calcium cyanamide, every 1000m
2Liming nitrogen 60-100 kilogram; Plough deeply soil horizon 30cm-40cm, the calcium cyanamide particle is fully contacted with soil; With the soil surface complete closed, simultaneously with greenhouse or booth complete closed, be 12-20 days off-period with transparent membrane.The present invention mainly is multiple facilities vegetable soil-borne disease of crop such as the cucumber that caused by disease fungus, bacterium and nematode of control, tomato, capsicum, eggplant.The present invention prevents and treats that the soil-borne disease effect is remarkable, lasting effect good, and can supply with the vegetables nitrogen, reduces Nitrate Accumulation, promotes plant growing.The operation of this soil disinfection technology is novel, and step is easy, and is with low cost, highly effective and safe, remarkable in economical benefits.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of soil disinfection, particularly relate to the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable.
Background technology
In recent years, along with the adjustment of agricultural planting industry structure, melon, really, the cultivated areas of economic crops such as vegetables enlarges year by year, vegetables establishment planting technology large tracts of land adopts.Yet, under the specific condition of facility cultivation, soil-borne disease, pathogen growth and breeding are accelerated, the pathogen accumulation increases in the soil, various crop bacteriums, fungi, virus and root-knot nematode popular.If class disease is untimely is controlled for this, can cause the serious underproduction even total crop failure total crop failure to economic crops.Its spread in china that can control soil-borne disease preferably for soil disinfection improves agricultural product quality and value.Soil disinfection method now commonly used has: 1. pesticide-clay mixture sterilization.A certain amount of agricultural chemicals (missible oil, wetting powder, granule etc.) and the fine earth with certain humidity are used behind the mixing according to a certain percentage.2. soup sterilization.After medicament is diluted to certain density soup with clear water, sprays in upper soll layer with sprayer, or directly be poured onto in the soil, make soup penetrate into deep subsoil, kill the germ in the soil.3. fumigation.Utilize soil disinfection machine or soil injection device that fumigation medicament is injected soil, cover plastic film at upper soll layer then, under the facility condition of airtight or semi-hermetic, toxic gas is spread in soil, kill the germ in the soil.4. solar energy soil disinfection method after protection ground vegetables, flowers etc. are uprooted plants after their edible portions have been harvested, uses sufficient the fertilizer and the cake fertilizer that become thoroughly decomposed, will at 7-8 month high temperature season, plough, pour water, spread film, airtight then plastic greenhouse 15-20 days in leveling then.5. steam heat sterilization.Add with steam boiler and to make earnest efforts, be transported in the soil making earnest efforts steam, make soil temperature rising kill pathogenic bacteria, to reach the purpose of preventing and treating soil-borne disease by conduit.Above-mentioned sterilization method 1,2,3, used toxicity of pesticide is bigger, residual concentration is higher, easily ecotope is polluted, the pollution of 4 pairs of environment of method is less, but poor effect, and simple solar disinfection method can only make underground 10 cm layer of soil temperature reach 50-60 ℃, inoperative to the germ in the darker soil layer, however some crop root is about 20cm.Method 5 equipment needed thereby price height, the application program complexity increases the crop cost.In 21 century, nuisanceless facilities vegetable production has become the important indicator that improves China's vegetables quality.
It is fertile or black fertile that calcium cyanamide is commonly called as crow, and main component is calcium cyanamide or claims nitrolime (CaCN
2) be a kind of of cyanamide attitude nitrogenous fertilizer, be strong basicity, can regulate soil acidity, replenish plant calcium element, the advantages such as structure of improving the soil; Calcium cyanamide more and more comes into one's own as a kind of ecological medcinal fertilizer, it has nontoxic, efficient, non-harmful characteristic, numerous shortcomings that can overcome traditional soil disinfection method are (as being harmful to, killing the beneficial microbe in the soil to people and animals, destroy soil structure simultaneously, influence plant growth), but calcium cyanamide is as soil disinfection, mostly be to adopt to apply calcium cyanamide earlier in soil, plough deeply soil again, between ridge, pour water after covering film, this soil disinfection mode complicated operation, the waste water source, its effect is not fine.Biopesticide is low toxicity, ecological agricultural chemical efficiently, environment is not had harmful effect, but the price height has increased the crop cost.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention be to overcome the shortcoming of traditional soil disinfection method and provide a kind of ecological medcinal fertilizer (calcium cyanamide), clear energy sources (solar energy) and biopesticide (Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation or the Avermectin etc.) low toxicity that combines, efficient, safe soil disinfection method.
A kind of soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable, adopt following operating procedure:
(1) good season the soil leveling is poured water at temperature height, illumination, make the relative moisture of soil reach 60-85%;
(2) poured water back 2-3 days, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields calcium cyanamide, every 1000m
2Liming nitrogen 60-100 kilogram;
(3) plough deeply soil horizon 30cm-40cm, the calcium cyanamide particle is fully contacted with soil;
(4) with transparent membrane with the soil surface complete closed, simultaneously with greenhouse or booth complete closed, be 12-20 days off-period.
Described step (2) is spread fertilizer over the fields the fertilizer that does not become thoroughly decomposed simultaneously.
The described fertilizer that does not become thoroughly decomposed is straw or wheat straw, every 1000m
2Use straw or wheat straw 1-2 ton.
Described straw or wheat straw cut up with a hay cutter into 4cm-6cm.
Described transparent membrane is the good common agricultural mulching of light transmission.
With the cool solarization of soil 5-7 days, when light is dark, spreads fertilizer over the fields or spray with biopesticide again after described step (4) is finished.
Described biopesticide is Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation or Avermectin preparation.
Described Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation consumption is a 3kg/ mu, the living bacteria count of described Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation＞10
9Individual/g.
Described Avermectin consumption is 0.036ml/m
2
The present invention utilizes calcium cyanamide, solar energy and biopesticide to combine, and the facilities vegetable cultivating soil is effectively sterilized.Reaction of moisture in calcium cyanamide and the soil is decomposed generation slaked lime and cyanogen ammonia, and slaked lime can effectively be regulated soil acidity; Cyanogen ammoniacal liquor is separated formation urea, resolves into ammoniacal nitrogen at last, and for plant absorbing, cyanogen ammonia both can have been killed fungi in the soil, bacterium, root-knot nematode etc., can suppress the generation of nitrate again.Calcium cyanamide also can promote organic matter to become thoroughly decomposed, improve quality of agricultural product, increase output, break continuous cropping obstacle etc.Organic matter utilizes beneficial microbe fermentation in the soil in the process of becoming thoroughly decomposed, soil temperature is raise, and calcium cyanamide is also emitted heat in the process of decomposing simultaneously, in conjunction with solar energy, the temperature of deep subsoil is raise, to reach the purpose of soil disinfection.Solar energy provides heat energy, improves Disinfection Effect, and soil table temperature can reach about 70 ℃, and the temperature at soil depth 20-30cm place remains on 50-60 ℃, and the method has the killing action of wide spectrum to most of bacteriums, fungi, virus and the nematode in the soil.The present invention has used biologic product and has improved Disinfection Effect to soil.Biologic product belongs to low toxicity, ecological agricultural chemical efficiently, and environment and plant are not had harmful effect.
The inventive method adds calcium cyanamide after adopting and earlier soil being watered water-soaked, ploughs deeply in the process, and calcium cyanamide is moistening by water, being difficult for forming airborne dust is adsorbed on one's body the personnel of applying, soil pouring simultaneously more can be saved the water source than field infiltrating irrigation, saves irrigation period, economizes simultaneously and has made an appointment with a furrow step.
Solar energy soil disinfection technology is a kind of processing means non-chemically, so there is not any residual or pollution; Calcium cyanamide also finally can be degraded to materials such as urea, slaked lime fully, therefore in the practice that prevents and treats soil-borne disease, calcium cyanamide-solar energy soil disinfection technology can also replace the soil disinfection of methyl bromide fumigation method, will have profound significance to the ecological balance of safeguarding the soil microenvironment and the sustainable development that promotes China's pollution-less agriculture production.
Range of application of the present invention mainly is multiple facilities vegetable soil-borne disease of crop such as the cucumber that caused by disease fungus, bacterium and nematode of control, tomato, capsicum, eggplant.The present invention prevents and treats that the soil-borne disease effect is remarkable, lasting effect good, and can supply with the vegetables nitrogen, reduces Nitrate Accumulation, promotes plant growing.The operation of this soil disinfection technology is novel, and step is easy, lower cost, and remarkable in economical benefits adapts to China's development of countryside situation, is easily accepted by China peasant, can obtain promotion and application widely.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with embodiment.
Must wear cover glass, mouth mask, rubber gloves during operation, wear trousers long sleeves operation clothing, do not have damaged boots, in order to avoid the fertile contact of medicine skin.In a single day medicine fertilizer (calcium cyanamide) contacts skin, please carefully wash with soap, clear water; As be strayed into eyes, and use flushing with clean water at once, severe patient should be accepted medical treatment.Must not drink any beverage that contains alcohol in 24 hours before and after it is emphasized that operation.
Careful when in substrate culture, using this disinfection technology.
Embodiment 1
1.1 select time and remove residual
Select a period of time that summer weather is the warmmest, illumination is best.With last season residual vegetable clean out greenhouse or booth.Prevent to cause superinfection.
1.2 pour water
With pouring water after the leveling of greenhouse or plastic shed soil, both made soil fully moistening, can be with simple and mechanical (as suspend-tilling machine etc.) operation after guaranteeing again to ooze under the moisture content, relative moisture of the soil reaches 60%.
1.3 evenly spread fertilizer over the fields calcium cyanamide
Poured water 2 days, after oozing under the moisture content, every 1000m
260 kilograms in liming nitrogen spreads fertilizer over the fields in soil surface after evenly mixing.
1.4 plough deeply
With rotovator with calcium cyanamide plough deeply equably bury in (the 30-40cm degree of depth is best), to increase the contact area of calcium cyanamide particle and soil as far as possible.After soil is poured water, easily plough deeply farming, calcium cyanamide mixes with wet soil and is difficult for airborne dust, has improved safety.
1.5 sealing
Soil ploughs deeply, flatten the back with the soil surface complete closed, prevents that moisture content scatters and disappears in the soil, temperature reduces with transparent membrane (do not have damaged old film also can), causes Disinfection Effect decline.
1.6 sealing greenhouse
Repair the greenhouse breakage, with greenhouse complete closed (not leaking out in attention gateway, place, irrigation ditch).When fine, utilize the solar energy solar radiation to make the soil layer of the 20-30cm degree of depth can remain on (soil table temperature can reach more than 70 ℃) between 50-60 ℃ the long period, continue about 20 days.
1.7 take off the film airing
Sterilization is finished, plowed soils (answer controlling depth, 30-40cm is best, in case the harmful microorganism of deep subsoil is translated into the face of land).Can sow or the field planting crop.
Embodiment 2
2.1 select time and remove residual
Select a period of time that summer weather is the warmmest, illumination is best.With last season residual vegetable clean out greenhouse or booth.Prevent to cause superinfection.
2.2 pour water
With pouring water after the leveling of greenhouse or plastic shed soil, both made soil fully moistening, can be with simple and mechanical (as suspend-tilling machine etc.) operation after guaranteeing again to ooze under the moisture content, relative moisture of the soil is 85%.
2.3 evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the calcium cyanamide and the organic matter that do not become thoroughly decomposed
Poured water 3 days, after oozing under the moisture content, every 1000m
2Use 1.2 tons of the organic matters that straw or wheat straw (preferably cut up with a hay cutter into the 4-6cm segment, be beneficial to turn over) etc. do not become thoroughly decomposed, 100 kilograms of calcium cyanamides spread fertilizer over the fields in soil surface after evenly mixing.
2.4 plough deeply
With rotovator with calcium cyanamide, organic matter plough deeply equably bury in (the 30-40cm degree of depth is best), to increase the contact area of calcium cyanamide particle and soil as far as possible.After soil is poured water, easily plough deeply farming, calcium cyanamide mixes with wet soil and is difficult for airborne dust, has improved safety.
2.5 sealing
Soil ploughs deeply, flatten the back with the soil surface complete closed, prevents that moisture content scatters and disappears in the soil, temperature reduces with transparent membrane (do not have damaged old film also can), causes Disinfection Effect decline.
2.6 sealing greenhouse
Repair the greenhouse breakage, with greenhouse complete closed (not leaking out in attention gateway, place, irrigation ditch).When fine, utilize the irradiation of solar energy sight to make the soil layer of the 20-30cm degree of depth can remain on (soil table temperature can reach more than 70 ℃) between 50-60 ℃ the long period, continue about 12 days.
2.7 take off the film airing
Sterilization is finished, plowed soils (answer controlling depth, 30-40cm is best, in case the harmful microorganism of deep subsoil is translated into the face of land).Can sow or the field planting crop.
Embodiment 3
Operating procedure finishes in soil disinfection with embodiment 2., with soil is cool shine 5 days after, select the dark time of light, with 1000 times of sprinklings of 1.8% Avermectin dilution soil, consumption is 0.036ml/m
2, turn over immediately, do furrow, the field planting crop.
Embodiment 4
Operating procedure is used Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation peaceful (living bacteria count＞10 of line of going out instead with embodiment 3. biopesticide preparations
9Individual/g),
Consumption is that 3kg/ spreads fertilizer over the fields soil per mu sparing, and turns over immediately, does furrow, the field planting crop.
Experimental example 1: regulate soil pH value
In the present invention, along with the decomposition of calcium cyanamide, the pH value of soil raises gradually, and proceeds to about 13 days in sterilization, and pH value is basicly stable, obviously improves soil structure.(seeing Table 1)
The variation of the P in soil H value of (sterilizing 31 days) in table 1 calcium cyanamide-solar energy soil disinfection process
| Handle | 1 day | 7 days | 13 days | 19 days | 25 days | 31 days |
| Contrast (not having any operation) | 5.94 | 5.62 | 5.87 | 5.32 | 5.65 | 5.63 |
| Embodiment 1 | 5.56 | 7.50 | 7.54 | 7.66 | 7.77 | 7.60 |
Experimental example 2: prevent and treat damping off
The present invention is very obvious to the control efficiency of vegetable sprout term disease (damping off etc.), can reach 87.74% to the preventive effect of cucumber damping off in seedling stage, and comparison rises 22.99% according to medicament.(seeing Table 2)
Table 2 calcium cyanamide-solar energy soil sterilization for preventing and controlling cucumber damping off in seedling stage effect
| Formulation rate | Average sick seedling rate (%) | Preventive effect (%) | The significance of difference | |
| 0.05 | 0.01 | |||
| Embodiment 3 | 4.84 | 87.74 | a | A |
| Embodiment 2 | 6.99 | 82.30 | a | A |
| Embodiment 1 | 7.92 | 79.94 | a | A |
| 40% five happinesses pulvis | 13.92 | 64.75 | b | B |
| Contrast (not handling) | 39.49 | ---- | c | C |
Experimental example 3: control vegetables fusarium wilt
This invention The Application of Technology has good control efficiency to the vegetables fusarium wilt, and the lethality rate of cucumber fusarium axysporum be can reach 87.67%, and along with the prolongation of sterilization fate, it is also good more that it is suppressed effect.
The lethal effect of table 3 pair cucumber fusarium axysporum
| Soil depth cm | Cucumber fusarium axysporum lethality rate % | ||||||||
| 5 days | 10 days | 15 days | |||||||
| CK | Carbendazim | Embodiment 2 | CK | Carbendazim | Embodiment 2 | CK | Carbendazim | Embodiment 2 | |
| 10 20 | 0 0 | 0 0 | 31.11 23.56 | 12.3 20.6 | 49.91 33.23 | 80.54 64.36 | 13.6 45.7 | 51.34 46.06 | 84.67 76.46 |
Experimental example 4: control root-knot nematode
The present invention has good control efficiency to the root-knot nematode of solanberry class (tomato, eggplant, capsicum etc.), melon (cucumber etc.) vegetables, and the root knot index is reduced to below 1%, is up to 99.51% (seeing Table 4); After adding biologic product, the control efficiency of this disinfection technology is obviously raise (seeing Table 5); Simple calcium cyanamide-solar energy soil disinfection the ratio of using is handled control efficiency rising 15.85% with Avermectin separately.(seeing Table 6)
The influence of table 4 pair cucumber and tomato root knot index (investigation when uprooting plants after their edible portions have been harvested)
| Handle | The root knot index | |
| Cucumber | Tomato | |
| Contrast (not having any operation) | 91.2 | 92.8 |
| Embodiment 2 | 1.0 | 0.49 |
The field plot trial of table 5 control watermelon root knot nematode disease
| Handle | The root knot disease index | Control efficiency (%) | The significance of difference | |
| 0.05 | 0.01 | |||
| Embodiment 2 | 15.19 | 51.39 | b | B |
| Embodiment 4 | 9.21 | 70.53 | a | A |
| Contrast: peaceful 3 kilograms/mu of the line that goes out | 17.10 | 45.28 | b | B |
| Contrast: 5 kilograms/mu of 3% phoxim granules | 19.23 | 38.46 | c | B |
| CK | 31.25 | ------ | d | C |
The control efficiency of table 6 pair eggplant root knot nematode disease
| Handle | Root knot index (%) | Control efficiency (%) |
| Contrast: Avermectin 0.036ml/m 2 | 24.49％ | 75.51％ |
| Embodiment 1 | 8.64％ | 91.36％ |
Experimental example 5: the content that reduces the nitrate in the facilities vegetable body
The present invention can effectively reduce the content (seeing Table 7) of the nitrate in the facilities vegetable body, improves the apparent proterties of vegetables (seeing Table 8).
The influence of nitrate content in the table 7 pair cucumber leaves
Unit: μ g/g fresh weight
| Sample time | After the field planting 45 days | After the field planting 61 | After the field planting 75 days |
| The CK+ overlay film | 1364.152 | 1770.905 | 1349.493 |
| Implement 2 | 645.920 | 763.182 | 587.289 |
The influence (substrate culture) of the table 8 pair apparent proterties of spinach
| Handle | The edible number of sheets (sheet) | Average plant height (cm) | Average leaf area (cm 2) |
| The Ck+ solar disinfection | 9.48 | 14.32 | 12.04 |
| Embodiment 1 | 10.21 | 14.44 | 14.95 |
Claims (9)
1. the soil disinfection method of a facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable, adopt following operating procedure:
(1) good season the soil leveling is poured water at temperature height, illumination, make the relative moisture of soil reach 60-85%;
(2) poured water back 2-3 days, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields calcium cyanamide, every 1000m
2Liming nitrogen 60-100 kilogram;
(3) plough deeply soil horizon 30cm-40cm, the calcium cyanamide particle is fully contacted with soil;
(4) with transparent membrane with the soil surface complete closed, simultaneously with greenhouse or booth complete closed, be 12-20 days off-period.
2. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 1, described step (2) is spread fertilizer over the fields the fertilizer that does not become thoroughly decomposed simultaneously.
3. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 2, the described fertilizer that does not become thoroughly decomposed is straw or wheat straw, every 1000m
2Use straw or wheat straw 1-2 ton.
4. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 3, described straw or wheat straw cut up with a hay cutter into 4cm-6cm.
5. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 1, described transparent membrane are the good common agricultural mulching of light transmission.
6. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 1 with the cool solarization of soil 5-7 days, when light is dark, sprays with biopesticide after described step (4) is finished again.
7. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 6, described biopesticide are Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation or Avermectin preparation.
8. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 7, described Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation consumption is a 3kg/ mu, the living bacteria count of Paecilomyces lilacinus preparation＞109/g.
9. the soil disinfection method of facility for prevention and control soil-borne diseases of vegetable according to claim 7, described Avermectin consumption is 0.036ml/m
2
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