CN1705510B - 以铝酸锂为外层的催化剂及使用该催化剂的选择性氧化方法 - Google Patents
以铝酸锂为外层的催化剂及使用该催化剂的选择性氧化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1705510B CN1705510B CN2003801015786A CN200380101578A CN1705510B CN 1705510 B CN1705510 B CN 1705510B CN 2003801015786 A CN2003801015786 A CN 2003801015786A CN 200380101578 A CN200380101578 A CN 200380101578A CN 1705510 B CN1705510 B CN 1705510B
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- dehydrogenation
- hydrocarbon
- metal
- lithium
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium aluminate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Al]=O YQNQTEBHHUSESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 46
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 19
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- -1 platinum group metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 3
- KVNYFPKFSJIPBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1CC KVNYFPKFSJIPBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010199 LiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (1,10,13-trimethyl-3-oxo-4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl) heptanoate Chemical compound C1CC2CC(=O)C=C(C)C2(C)C2C1C1CCC(OC(=O)CCCCCC)C1(C)CC2 TXUICONDJPYNPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
- C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/62—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/005—Spinels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/62—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种将氢选择性氧化的催化剂,其包含惰性核心(例如堇青石)及包含铝酸锂载体的外层。该载体具有分散于其上的铂族金属及助催化剂金属,例如,分别为铂及锡。该催化剂对于脱氢过程中的氢的选择性氧化特别有效。
Description
发明背景
制造不饱和烃的可脱氢烃的脱氢作用在本领域中广为人知。典型方法涉及在脱氢条件下使可脱氢的烃与脱氢催化剂接触,以制造被脱氢的化合物与未被转化的烃的混合物。该脱氢作用通常是在存在水蒸气时进行的,同时释放出氢。已知脱氢作用(例如乙基苯脱氢成苯乙烯)性质上为吸热,且因此在反应过程中催化剂床的温度大为降低,因此使得乙基苯至苯乙烯的转化减少。随着反应温度降低,乙基苯的平衡转化减少且乙基苯脱氢速率减小,因此产生转化极限。温度的降低不仅对转化程度产生不利影响,其亦对苯乙烯的选择性产生不利影响,因为在平衡条件下仅有不希望的副反应持续进行。此项技术中已知的保持反应温度的方法为引入氧气或含氧气体,其将使脱氢反应中形成的氢燃烧而以此提高流出气流的温度,并因此提高乙基苯至苯乙烯的转化率。
用氧进行的氢的燃烧或氧化在氧化催化剂的存在下发生。在此项技术中已知多种氧化催化剂。例如在US-A-4,914,249中描述了一种氧化催化剂,其包含固体多孔载体(例如氧化铝),该多孔载体已被浸渍VIII族贵金属(例如铂)、IVA族金属(例如锡),其后煅烧该浸渍载体并最后使该煅烧后的载体浸渍包含锂的化合物,其后进行最后煅烧。该专利权所有者声称与先前催化剂相比该催化剂具有优良的安定性及效能。在US-A-4,565,898中描述了一种氧化催化剂,其包含分散于氧化铝载体上的VIII族贵金属、IVA族金属及I或II族金属,该氧化铝载体已在900℃至1500℃的温度范围内煅烧。
与该项技术相比,申请人已研制出用于在脱氢过程将氢选择性氧化的催化剂,其使用铝酸锂充当催化剂金属的载体。此外,申请人的催化剂为分层催化剂,其包含惰性内核(例如堇青石)及结合至该内核的铝酸锂外层,且包含仅分散于外层的催化金属(例如铂及锡)。
分层催化剂在此项技术中亦为人所知,例如在US-A-6,177,381中揭示了一种具有惰性内核及外层的分层催化剂,其中该外层可为难熔无机氧化物,且视情况可包含碱金属或碱土金属。然而,在’381专利中未提及由铝酸锂构成的层体。
发明概要
如上所述,本发明涉及一种选择性氧化催化剂并涉及一种使用该催化剂的方法。因此,本发明的一个实施方案为用于将氢选择性氧化的催化剂,其包含惰性内核及结合至该内核的外层,该外层包含铝酸锂载体,该载体包含分散于其上的至少一种铂族金属及至少一种助催化剂金属。
本发明的另一实施方案为用于可脱氢的烃的脱氢作用的方法,其包括:(a)在脱氢条件下,在脱氢区域于水蒸气的存在下使烃与脱氢催化剂接触,以制造包含脱氢的烃、未转化烃、氢及水蒸气的流出气流;(b)使该流出气流流至氧化区域,并在氧化催化剂的存在下于氧化条件下使该流出气流与含氧气体接触,从而在不大量地将脱氢的烃及未转化的烃氧化的前提下,将流出气流中的氢选择性氧化,并产生包含脱氢的烃、未转化烃及水蒸气的第二流出气流,所述氧化催化剂包含惰性内核及结合至该内核的外层,该外层包含铝酸锂载体,该载体包含分散于其上的至少一种铂族金属及至少一种助催化剂金属;(c)使该第二流出气流流至在脱氢条件下运行且包含脱氢催化剂的第二脱氢区域,以生成脱氢的烃产物流。
在对本发明进行详细描述之后,这些目的及其他目的及实施例将变得更为清楚。
附图的简要说明
图1代表对于含有不同量的锂的催化剂氧气转化率与生产时间的关系图。
图2代表对于含有不同量的锂的催化剂苯乙烯单体(SM)与生产时间的关系图。
发明的详细说明
本发明的一个方面为用于在烃脱氢过程中将氢选择性氧化(意即,燃烧)的分层催化剂。该分层催化剂包含内核。其由对催化金属前体具有足够小的吸附能力的材料构成。该内核材料可选自由以下各物组成的组:α型氧化铝、金属、碳化硅、堇青石及其混合物。堇青石为优选的内核材料。
这些形成内核的材料可形成多种形状,例如丸形、挤出物型、球形或不规则形状颗粒(尽管并非所有材料均可形成各种形状)。可藉由此项技术中已知的方式,例如油滴法、压力成型法、金属成形法、制丸法、造粒法、挤出法、滚动法及制药丸法,来实现该内核的制作。优选为球形内核。该内核(不论为球形或非球形)具有0.05mm至10mm的有效直径,且优选为自0.8mm至5mm。对于非球形内核,有效直径被界定为该成形物体如果被模制为球形时所具有的直径。
其次,藉由使用此项技术中熟知的方式形成氧化铝浆液而将氧化铝层施用至该内核,该方法通常涉及胶溶剂的使用。具体地说,可将氧化铝与水及酸(例如硝酸、盐酸、硫酸)混合以产生浆液。或者,可藉由例如将铝金属与盐酸溶解及将该铝溶胶与氧化铝粉末混合来制造铝溶胶。该氧化铝可为γ氧化铝或θ氧化铝。
该浆液可视情况包含有机粘合剂,其有助于使层体材料粘着至内核。该有机粘合剂的实例包括但不限于聚乙烯醇(PVA)、烃基丙基纤维素、甲基纤维素及羧基甲基纤维素。该加入浆液的有机粘合剂的量可以在该浆液的0.1重量%至3重量%之间有很大的不同。
依据氧化铝的粒度,可能有必要研磨该浆液,以便减小粒度并同时获得较窄的粒度分布。此可藉由此项技术中已知的方式例如球磨研磨30分钟至5小时、且优选自1.5至3小时来完成。
可藉由例如滚动、浸涂、喷涂等来完成浆液对内核的涂覆。一项优选技术涉及到使用内核颗粒的固定流化床,及将该浆液喷涂入该床以均匀地涂覆内核颗粒。层体的厚度可大为不同,但通常为自40至400微米,优选为自40至300微米,且最优选为自50微米至200微米。一旦该内核涂覆了氧化铝层,则将所获的分层载体在100℃至350℃的温度下干燥1至24小时,且其后在400℃至1300℃、优选为自600℃至1200℃且更佳为自750℃自1050℃的温度下煅烧0.5至10小时,以使该外层有效地结合至该内核。当然,可将该干燥与煅烧步骤结合成一个步骤。
为形成铝酸锂载体,现在用锂化合物例如氯化锂、硝酸锂、乙酸锂、碳酸氢锂等浸渍以氧化铝为外层的组合物。用包含锂化合物的溶液浸渍分层组合物,所述溶液的量足以在外层上提供在煅烧时将氧化铝大体上全部转化为铝酸锂的锂浓度。“大体上全部”意为至少为50重量%且优选为75重量%的铝酸锂。该量可自1∶5的Li∶Al的摩尔比率至1∶1的Li∶Al的摩尔比率变化。尽管Li∶Al的比率可高于1∶1,Li的摩尔数大于Al,但通常不是优选的。就最终的催化剂外层上的锂的重量%(基于元素)而言,其范围为自1重量%至11重量%。因此,当本文使用铝酸锂时,意为与上文界定的大体上全部的铝酸锂具有相同的意义。
优选的浸渍程序涉及汽套转鼓式干燥机的使用。将载体浸入包含于该干燥机中且包含所需的锂化合物的浸渍溶液中,且通过干燥机的旋转运动使该载体在其中翻滚。藉由将水蒸气施加至干燥器套加快与翻滚的载体接触的溶液的蒸发。使所获组合物在室温条件下干燥或在80℃至110℃的温度下干燥,其后在400℃至1300℃、优选为600℃至1200℃且最佳为750℃至1050℃的温度下煅烧1至24小时,藉此形成铝酸锂。
用于以铝酸锂涂覆该内核的替代方法为首先用所需浓度的含锂化合物的溶液浸渍氧化铝(γ型或θ型)。同样,此可藉由上文提出的此项技术中所熟知的方式来完成。现在,在100℃至350℃的温度下将含锂的氧化铝干燥。此时,可将干燥过的含锂氧化铝如上述进行煅烧以形成铝酸锂,或如上述将其制成浆液并施用至该内核。若在煅烧前制作浆液,则一旦在内核材料上形成层体,就将分层组合物干燥并煅烧以形成铝酸锂。当在施用至内核前形成铝酸锂时,藉由与上述用于氧化铝的相同程序将铝酸锂制成浆液并涂覆至内核上。同样,将铝酸锂分层载体干燥并在400℃至1300℃的温度下煅烧1至24小时,以便使铝酸锂层结合至内核上。
其后,藉由上述浸渍方法将铂族金属分散于以铝酸锂为外层的载体上。例如,可用包含可分解的金属(或多种金属)化合物的溶液(优选为水溶液)来浸渍以铝酸锂为外层的组合物。“可分解”意为在加热时该金属化合物可转化为金属或金属氧化物并释放出副产物。可在80℃至110℃的温度下干燥所述含铂族金属的铝酸锂,然后在200℃至700℃的温度下煅烧1至4小时,藉此将金属化合物转化为金属或金属氧化物。铂族金属存在的量为催化剂(意即内核加上外层)的0.005至5重量%。
现可以与所述用于铂族金属的相似的方法助浸渍催化剂金属。助催化剂金属选自由以下各物组成的组:锡、锗、铼、镓、铋、铅、铟、铈(serium)、锌及其混合物。示例性的可分解的助催化剂金属化合物为助催化剂金属的卤盐。优选的助催化剂剂为锡,且优选的可分解化合物为氯化亚锡或氯化锡。可自同一溶液同时浸渍助催化剂金属及铂族金属。此外,铂族金属及助催化剂金属既可以分散于氧化铝(在氧化铝沉积于该内核之前或之后)上、浸渍有锂化合物的氧化铝上、或在形成浆液并涂覆到内核之前的铝酸锂上,也可以分散于外层为铝酸锂的分层组合物上。尽管可以多种方式将催化剂金属分散于铝酸锂之上,但不必自每一程序获得当量的催化剂(equivalent catalyst)。制作该催化剂的便利方式为首先以包含助催化剂金属成分的氧化铝涂覆惰性内核。在干燥并煅烧后,如上所述使用包含铂族金属化合物及锂化合物的溶液浸渍涂覆后的内核。将该浸渍后的组合物以上述方法加热以形成铝酸锂。助催化剂金属存在的量为催化剂的0.005至5.0重量%。
亦可将视情况的改性剂金属分散于铝酸锂上。该改性剂可选自由以下组成的组:碱金属、碱土金属及其混合物。优选的改性剂金属为钠、锂、铯、钡及其混合物。这些改性剂金属既可以在分散铂族金属之前沉积于铝酸锂上,也可以在其后沉积,当然,结果不同。以与上述用于铂族金属或助催化剂金属的相同方法沉积这些改性剂金属。助催化剂金属的有效量可在很大范围内变化,但通常为催化剂的0.1及5重量%。
如上述,作为脱氢过程的一部分,上述催化剂被用于选择性地将氢氧化(燃烧)。在典型方法中,在多催化剂床系统中于水蒸气的存在下使可脱氢的烃与脱氢催化剂接触。脱氢催化剂及选择性氧化催化剂可在一个反应器中沉积为交替的层或床,或可位于独立反应器中。脱氢催化剂及氧化催化剂的交替层的数可根据所用设备的尺寸及型号而变化,层体的总量在3至9之间变化。
本发明方法中可使用的脱氢催化剂为此项技术中所熟知的任意催化剂,包括US-A-3,387,053、US-A-4,467,046、US-A-4,914,249及US-A-4,599,471中描述的催化剂。为保持完整,下文将描述这些脱氢催化剂。普通的脱氢催化剂为包含铁化合物及碱金属或碱土金属的脱氢催化剂。碱金属及碱土金属选自由以下组成的组:锂、钠、钾、铷、铯、铍、镁、钙、锶、钡及其混合物。此外,脱氢催化剂可视情况包含下述化合物,该化合物包含选自元素周期表IVB、VB及VIB(分别为IUPAC4、5、6)族的至少一种金属。这些催化剂的制作也是熟知的,且在上述引用的专利中有描述。通常以所需比率将各种化合物混合,形成所需形状(例如挤出物),且其后将其干燥以形成催化剂。
可被脱氢的烃种类很多,且包含但不限于乙基苯、二乙基苯、乙基甲苯、丙基苯、异丙基苯、链烷烃(尤其为C2-C16链烷烃)等。优选的烃为乙基苯,其在脱氢作用时提供具有大量商业用途的苯乙烯,例如聚合为聚苯乙烯。在之后的描述中,乙基苯将被用来表示可脱氢的烃。这样做仅仅是为了举例,而并非意欲将上文普遍提出的任意烷基芳香烃及链烷烃排斥于本发明范围之外。
脱氢条件大体上包括500℃至750℃且优选为自540℃至675℃的温度。在自10kPa至1013kPa且优选为自20kPa至150kPa的压力范围内实施该方法。当然,精确的温度及压力将依原料烃及催化剂的活性而定。烃进料流被进料通过催化剂床,以产生基于液态烃进料的自0.1至10hr-1、优选为自0.5至2hr-1的液体时空速(LHSV)。
脱氢步骤的另一成分为水蒸气。以一定的量将水蒸气与烃流混合,以产生0.5∶1至40∶1、且优选为自1∶1至3∶1的水蒸气与烃的重量比率。
在通过脱氢区域之后,出自该区域的流出气流将包含脱氢的烃、未转化烃、水蒸气及氢。现将该流出气流在氧化区域与上述选择性氧化催化剂接触。将含氧气体供入该氧化区域,以便将氢选择性氧化并将该流出气流再次加热。含氧气体的实例包括但不限于空气、氧气以及被其他气体(例如水蒸气、二氧化碳、氮气、氩气、氦气等)稀释的氧气。引入氧化区域的氧气的量为流出气流中每摩尔氢0.1∶1至2∶1摩尔的氧气。温度及压力条件与上文提出的用于脱氢步骤的条件相同。在这些条件下,将氢氧化或燃烧成水,而不会将未转化烃或脱氢的烃大量氧化。
现使出自氧化区域的包含未转化烃、脱氢的烃及水蒸气的第二流出气流流入第二脱氢区域,以进一步将烃脱氢。现可回收得到主要包含脱氢的烃的产物流,并可以熟知的方式将其处理以获得纯化的脱氢烃,例如苯乙烯流。
在出自第二脱氢区域的流出气流中存在大量未转化烃的情况下,可使该流出气流流入第二选择性氧化区域,且之后使其流入第三脱氢区域。若有必要,可继续该脱氢与氧化区域的交替,但这些区域或床的总量通常在3至9之间变化。还如上述,可将每一区域封装分离的反应器内,但这不是优选的。
除了将氢氧化之外,本发明的催化剂可催化其他氧化反应,包括:
1)将烃流(例如石脑油或甲烷)部分氧化,以生成合成气(CO+H2);及
2)将甲烷、乙烷或一氧化碳氧化以清除从燃烧过程排放的废气。
该催化剂亦可催化烃的转化过程,包括但不限于芳香烃及异链烷烃的烷基化、加氢裂化、裂化、异构化、氢化及脱氢。
进行芳香族化合物的烷基化必需的条件也是熟知的,且在例如US-A-3,965,043及US-A-3,979,331中得以揭示。通常以分批式或连续式运行方式来实施该过程。在分批式过程中,将催化剂、芳香族化合物及烷基化剂放置于高压釜中,且若有必要,使压力升高,以便在液相中实现该反应。应存在过量的芳香族化合物,优选为每摩尔烷基化剂2∶1至20∶1摩尔的芳香族化合物。由于在室温下烷基化速率低,这是不希望的,因此在升高的温度下进行该反应。温度的范围优选为40℃至200℃。该过程进行0.5至4小时,其后藉由常规方式将产物从原料中分离。
如果需要以连续的方式进行该过程,则将催化剂放置于反应器中,将该反应器加热至所需的运行温度,且若有必要则将压力升高至高于大气压力。以足以实现烷基化的预定液体时空速使芳香族化合物及烷基化剂流经催化剂床。连续取出流出气流,并使用常规分离方式分离所需产物。
加氢裂化的条件通常包括在240℃至649℃(400°F-1200°F)、优选为316℃至510℃(600-950°F)范围内的温度。反应压力为大气压至24,132kPag(3,500psig),优选为1,379至20,685kPag(200-3,000psig)之间。接触时间通常对应于在0.1hr-1至15hr-1、优选为0.2hr-1至3hr-1的范围内的液体时空速(LHSV)。氢循环速率在178至8,888标准立方米每立方米进料(每桶(barrel)进料1,000至50,000标准立方英尺(scf))的范围内,优选为355至5,333std.m3/m3(每桶进料2,000至30,000scf)之间。
通常将反应区域流出物自催化剂床移除,进行部分冷凝及气-液分离,且其后将其分馏以回收其各种成分。将氢及(若需要)部分或全部未转化的材料循环至反应器。或者,可采用双阶段流动(two-stage flow),使未转化的材料流入第二反应器。可将本发明的催化剂仅用于该过程的一个阶段,或可将其用于两个反应器阶段。
优选地,使用例如粗柴油、重石腊油、脱沥青原油残油等的进料,利用催化剂组合物进行催化裂化过程,气油为主要的所需产物。适宜的温度条件为454℃至593℃(850°F至1100°F)、LHSV值为0.5至10hr-1,且压力条件为自0至345kPag(50psig)。
异构化反应在371℃至538℃(700至1000°F)的温度范围内进行。优选在260℃至482℃(500°F至900°F)的温度下将烯烃异构化,而在371℃至538℃(700°F至1000°F)的温度下将链烷烃、环烷烃及烷基芳香烃异构化。氢压力在689至3,445kPag(100至500psig)的范围内。接触时间通常对应于0.1hr-1至10hr-1范围内的液体时空速(LHSV)。氢与烃的摩尔比率在1至20、优选为4至12的范围内。
可使用类似于上述脱氢过程的反应器及氢化区域来执行氢化过程。具体而言,氢化条件包括0kPag至13,789kPag的压力、30℃至280℃的温度、5∶1至0.1∶1的H2与可氢化烃的摩尔比率、及0.1至20hr-1的LHSV。
以下实施例用于说明本发明,且并非意欲不当地限制所附权利要求书提出的本发明的广义范围。
实施例1
混合439.3g铝溶胶(15重量%Al2O3)、118.8g的10%聚乙烯醇的水溶液及448.1g去离子水,由此制作浆液。将349.4g的γ氧化铝粉末加入该混合物,该γ氧化铝粉末已被预先处理,使其粒度小于200微米。使用混合器搅拌10分钟后,将10.51g的50%氯化锡(SnCl4)水溶液加入该混合物,并将该浆液在环境温度下球磨研磨4小时,藉此使最大粒度减小至小于40微米。使用粒化及涂覆设备,将该浆液喷涂至平均直径为4.0mm的堇青石内核上,喷涂进行19分钟以形成100微米的外层。
将该分层球形载体在150℃下干燥2小时,其后在1000℃下煅烧12小时,以将外层中的γ氧化铝进一步转化为θ氧化铝。
使该载体与包含硝酸锂液溶及氯铂氢酸溶液混合物的水溶液(1∶1的溶液∶载体体积比)接触,使用旋转浸渍机使该煅烧后的分层载体浸渍铂及锂。将该浸渍后的催化剂在旋转浸渍机中加热直至无溶液残留,并干燥且其后在氢中于565℃下还原2小时。其后在150℃的温度下将该还原的催化剂干燥2小时,此后在流动空气中加热最高达650℃。在这一点上,在流经催化剂之前,使该空气在环境温度下鼓泡通过水。煅烧两个小时,且其后在未通过起泡器的流动空气中冷却。元素分析显示:相对于不含挥发物的整个催化剂而言,该催化剂包含0.13重量%的铂、0.16重量%的锡及0.07重量%的锂。回收该催化剂并称为催化剂A。X射线衍射分析显示:外层主要由θ氧化铝构成,仅具有微量的铝酸锂。
实施例2
混合439.3g铝溶胶(15重量%Al2O3)、118.8g的10%聚乙烯醇的水溶液及448.1g去离子水,由此制作浆液。将349.4g的γ氧化铝粉末加入该混合物,该γ氧化铝粉末已被预先处理,使其粒度小于200微米。使用混合器搅拌10分钟后,将10.51g的50%氯化锡(SnCl4)水溶液加入该混合物,并将该浆液在环境温度下球磨研磨4小时,藉此使最大粒度减小至小于40微米。使用粒化及涂覆设备,将该浆液喷涂至平均直径为4.0mm的堇青石内核上,喷涂进行19分钟以形成100微米的外层。
将该分层球形载体在150℃下干燥2小时,其后在1000℃下煅烧12小时,以将外层中的γ氧化铝进一步转化为θ氧化铝。
以实施例1中的方式使该煅烧后的分层载体浸渍铂及锂,不同之处在于:元素分析显示相对于不含挥发物的整个催化剂而言,该催化剂包含0.12重量%的铂、0.14重量%的锡及0.32重量%的锂。回收该催化剂并称为催化剂B。X射线衍射分析显示:外层由亚化学计量的无序铝酸锂(即LiAl5O8)构成。
实施例3
重复实施例2的程序,不同之处在于:将加入旋转浸渍机的硝酸锂溶液的浓度增加,结果使该催化剂上的锂具有更大的浓度。元素分析表明相对于整个催化剂,该催化剂包含0.14重量%的铂、0.16重量%的锡及0.72重量%的锂。回收该催化剂并将其称为催化剂C。X射线衍射分析显示:外层由铝酸锂混合物(即LiAl5O8及LiAlO2)构成。
实施例4
藉由美国专利第4,812,597号的实施例II的方法(以引用方式将其并入本文)制作氧化催化剂。根据该方法制作的催化剂已被商业上使用于苯乙烯的生产中,因此其提供了用于测定其他使用替代制作方法制作的氧化催化剂的效能的适宜基准。元素分析显示:相对于不合挥发物的整个催化剂,该催化剂包含0.20重量%的铂、0.23重量%的锡及0.20重量%的锂。将该催化剂称为催化剂D。X射线衍射分析显示:该催化剂基本上是α氧化铝。
实施例5
评估实施例1-4的催化剂的氧转化及用于氧与氢反应生成水的选择性。将50cc量的催化剂装入内径为2.2cm(7/8”)不锈钢反应器。将该反应器加热至570℃的入口温度,并将包含乙基苯、苯乙烯、水蒸气、氢气、氧气及氮气混合物的进料气流送入该反应器,该混合物系模仿出自三重脱氢催化剂床反应系统(在脱氢催化剂床之间具有氧化催化剂床)的第二脱氢催化剂床的约60%乙基苯转化率的产物流。使该进料气流在上述入口温度及70.9kPa(0.7大气压)的出口压力下通过氧化催化剂床。将进料气流保持在10.4hr-1的液体时空速。乙基苯/苯乙烯/H2O/H2/O2/N2的入口进料比为0.3/0.7/9/0.45/0.13/1。此外,为了保持反应器中630℃的最高温度,控制进入催化剂床的空气,使其最高可达所加空气的某一特定极限。对于每一测试均绘制氧气转化的曲线图,且在图1展示其结果。对于每一测试均绘制苯乙烯燃烧选择性的曲线图,且在图2展示其结果。将测试结果进一步总结于以下表1中。在该表中,栏I为转化的氧气百分比,栏II为以摩尔百分比表示的苯乙烯燃烧选择性。
表1
自上表可知:与具有较低量的锂的其他催化剂相比,以更大量的锂制作的催化剂具有显著更高的催化稳定性及更低的苯乙烯燃烧选择性。
实施例6
为进一步评估根据本发明方法制作的催化剂的效能,使多种这些催化剂经受水热老化(hydrothermal aging)过程,以便确定模拟老化活性(simulated aged activity)。使这些催化剂在空气和水蒸气的气氛的存在下于750℃的温度及101.3kPa(1个大气压)下经受24小时的老化。
该老化过程模拟工业设备中1年时期的使用。其后,在选择性氧化方法中测试该催化剂。将约14cc的催化剂装入内径为2.2cm(7/8”)的不锈钢反应器中。将该反应器加热至使得最高床温度保持在600℃的入口温度,并将包含下述混合物的进料气流送入该反应器:该混合物包括7.3摩尔%的氮气、3.9摩尔%的氢气、0.8摩尔%的氧气、8.7摩尔%的由36%的乙基苯与64%的苯乙烯构成的混合物,及79.2摩尔%的水蒸气。使该进料气流在上述入口温度下、于70.9kPa(0.7大气压)的反应器出口压力下通过该氧化催化剂床。该进料保持在37hr-1的液体时空速。
周期性地进行测量以确定氧气转化,作为催化剂的稳定性及活性的指示。这些测试结果在下表2中列出:
表2
可见,与标准催化剂相比,在该测试程序的约束条件内,本发明的催化剂显示相同的稳定性及活性。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于将氢选择性氧化的催化剂,其包含惰性内核及结合至该内核的外层,该外层包含至少50重量%的铝酸锂载体,该载体具有分散于其上的至少一种铂族金属及至少一种助催化剂金属。
2.如权利要求1的催化剂,其中所述惰性内核选自由以下组成的组:α型氧化铝、金属、碳化硅、堇青石及其混合物。
3.如权利要求1或2的催化剂,其中所述铂族金属选自由以下组成的组:铂、钯、铑、铱、钌、锇及其混合物。
4.如权利要求1或2的催化剂,其中所述助催化剂金属选自由以下组成的组:锡、锗、铼、镓、铋、铅、铟、铈、锌及其混合物。
5.如权利要求1或2的催化剂,其中所述外层具有自40至400微米的厚度。
6.如权利要求1或2的催化剂,其进一步包含分散于铝酸锂载体上的改性剂,且该改性剂选自由以下组成的组:碱金属、碱土金属及其混合物。
7.如权利要求6的催化剂,其中所述改性剂选自由以下组成的组:锂、钠、铯、钡及其混合物。
8.一种将可脱氢的烃脱氢的方法,其包括:
(a)在脱氢条件下,在脱氢区域于水蒸气的存在下使烃与脱氢催化剂接触,以生成包含脱氢的烃、未转化烃、氢及水蒸气的流出气流;
(b)使该流出气流流至氧化区域,并在权利要求1或2或3或4或5或6或7的氧化催化剂的存在下于氧化条件下使该流出气流与含氧气体接触,以将该流出气流中的氢选择性氧化,而不显著地将脱氢的及未转化的烃氧化,并生成包含脱氢的烃、未转化的烃及水蒸气的第二流出气流;及
(c)使第二流出气流流至在脱氢条件下运行且包含脱氢催化剂的第二脱氢区域,以制造脱氢烃产物流。
9.如权利要求8的方法,其中所述氧化条件包括自500至750℃的温度及自20至150kPa的压力。
10.一种烃转化的方法,其包括在转化条件下使烃进料与催化剂接触以产生转化的产物,其中所述催化剂为权利要求1或2或3或4或5或6或7项的任一催化剂。
11.如权利要求10的方法,其中该方法选自由以下作用组成的组:烷基化作用、脱氢作用及异构化作用。
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