CN1551522A - 瑞克接收机中消除干扰的方法和设备 - Google Patents

瑞克接收机中消除干扰的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN1551522A
CN1551522A CNA2004100484148A CN200410048414A CN1551522A CN 1551522 A CN1551522 A CN 1551522A CN A2004100484148 A CNA2004100484148 A CN A2004100484148A CN 200410048414 A CN200410048414 A CN 200410048414A CN 1551522 A CN1551522 A CN 1551522A
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G·E·博顿利
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    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
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Abstract

本发明揭示了对所接收的扩频信号解扩的系统和方法。解扩可以利用信道估计和有害成分相关性估计来执行。与解扩机制一起还说明了选择所关注的延迟的技术,由于只对所关注的延迟进行操作,从而节省了功率。

Description

瑞克接收机中消除干扰的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在瑞克接收机中消除干扰的方法和设备
技术背景
随着越来越多的无线电频谱可以用于商业用途和蜂窝电话的普及,无线通信正在以惊人的速度发展。例如,在美国,无线电话业务可以在蜂窝(800 MHz)和PCS(1900 MHz)两个频带内提供服务。
此外,当前正在从模拟通信向数字通信发展。语音用一系列比特表示,经调制后从基站发送给电话机。电话机对所接收的波形解调,恢复这些比特,再变回语音。对诸如电子邮件和因特网接入之类的需要数字通信的数据业务的需求也在日益增长。
有许多类型的数字通信系统。传统上,用频分多址(FDMA)将频谱分成多个分别与不同的载波频率相应的无线电信道。这些载波进一步又分为时隙,称为时分多址(TDMA),正如在D-AMPS、PDC和GSM这些数字蜂窝系统中所作的那样。或者,如果无线电信道足够宽,多个用户就能够利用扩频技术和码分多址(CDMA)使用同一个信道。
直接序列(DS)扩频调制通常用于CDMA系统,将每个信息码元用若干个“码片”表示。用许多码片来表示一个码元导致“扩频”,通常需要较大的带宽进行发送。码片序列称为扩频码或特征序列。在接收机处,接收信号用一个通常为扩频码的复共轭的解扩码进行解扩。IS-95和J-STD-008是DS CDMA标准的例子。
对于DS CDMA系统,通常采用相干瑞克(Rake)接收。接收信号通过与码片序列相关予以解扩,经解扩的值用一个信道系数估测的复共轭加权,除去信道的相位旋转和对幅度进行加权,以指示一个软值或置信值。在呈现多路径传播时,这个幅度可能变化很剧烈。多路径传播也可能导致时散,引起要接收的信号的多个可分解的反射波。相关器调整成分别与不同的反射波对准。这些经解扩的值加权后相加。这种加权和相加的操作通常称为瑞克合并。
图1示出了一个典型的数字通信系统100。各个数字码元提供给发射机101,变换成适合于传输媒体或信道(例如无线电信道)的形式,通过天线102耦合给传输媒体。这种发射信号通过信道103,在天线104处接收。接收信号送至接收机105。接收机105包括无线电处理器106、基带处理器110和后处理器112。
射频处理器调谐到所需频带和有用载波的频率,对信号进行放大、下变频到基带,再加以滤波。在某个点上,信号受到采样和量化,最终给出一个基带接收样点序列。由于原来的无线电信号具有同相(I)和正交(Q)分量,这些基带样点通常也有I和Q分量,形成复基带样点。
基带处理器110用来检测所发送的数字码元。它也可以产生软信息,也就是给出有关检测出的码元值的似然性的信息。
后处理器112执行的操作高度地取决于具体通信应用。例如,它可以利用软检测值执行前向纠错解码或检错解码。它可以利用一个语音解码器将数字码元变换成语音。
相干检测需要估计发射机、信道和/或射频处理器对这些码元改变的情况。如上所述,传输媒体由于多路径传播使信号的相位和幅度都有所改变。信号也可能时散,产生信号反射波,每个反射波具有各自的相位和振幅,可以用一个复信道系数表示。每个反射波还具有各自的延迟。相干解调需要这些延迟和系数的估计。通常,将信道模型化成射线,各有不同的信道系数和延迟。
图2.例示了一个传统的基带处理器200。这是一个典型的相干瑞克接收机内的标准基带处理器。基带信号提供给一组相关器202,由它将不同延迟的接收信号与解扩码相关,产生也称为解扩值的相关量。这些延迟由信道延迟估计器204提供,它利用已知方法估计延迟,诸如查找出给出大的解扩值的延迟。这些与不同延迟相应的解扩值在合并器206内合并成一个加权和。这些加权是信道系数估计器208提供的信道系数估计的复共轭。例如,可以用对导频信号的相关来得到信道系数。
来看一个简单的例子,在一个码元期间接收到的这些每码片一个的基带样点用r(k)表示。这些样点可以模型化为:
        r(k)=bc0s(k)+bc1s(k-1)+w(k)            (1)
其中:b为发送的码元,c0和c1为信道系数,延迟为0和1个码片周期,s(k)为对码元扩频所用的码片序列,而w(k)为有害成分(噪声+干扰)样点序列。
相关器组产生两个解扩值,表示为x0和x1,与这两个射线相应。这
x 0 = 1 L Σ k = 0 L - 1 s * ( k ) r ( k ) - - - ( 2 )
两个解扩值可以表示为:其中上标″*″表示复共轭,而L为解扩因子。除以L只是说明性的,实际上怎样推广到省去除法的情况是众所周知。
合并器利用标为
Figure A20041004841400053
的信道系数估计将这两个解扩值合并成与一个信息码元相应的检测统计量。这可以表示为
z = c ^ 0 * x 0 + c ^ 1 * x 1 - - - ( 4 )
最接近z的码元值给出了检测值。对于BPSK调制来说,b为+1或-1,因此检测值由z的符号给出。
信道系数可以分别用标准方法估计。例如,对于c0的最小均方(LMS)估计,可以利用下式形成时变估计
Figure A20041004841400056
其中n为表示码元周期的标号:
c ^ 0 ( n + 1 ) = c ^ 0 ( n ) + μ b ^ * ( n ) ( x 0 ( n ) - c ^ 0 ( n ) b ^ ( n ) ) - - - ( 5 )
其中μ为LMS步长。此外,为检测码元值。
可以证明,传统的相干瑞克接收机在有害成分样点非相关时是最佳的。然而,对于蜂窝通信系统来说,有害成分包括来自自己基站的干扰和来自其他基站的干扰。这种干扰在发射机处通常是类噪声似的。然而,在接收机处,这种干扰由于通过了时散信道,引入相关。因此,对于蜂窝系统来说,这些有害成分样点是相关的,而传统的瑞克接收机就不再是最佳的,例如参见Bottomley的“瑞克接收机的CDMA下行链路优化”(“Optimizing the Rake receiver for the CDMA downlink”,Proc.43rd IEEE Veh.Technol.Conf(VTC′93),Secaucus,NJ,May 18-20,1993)。
在Dent等人的美国专利No.5,572,552中给出了解决这个问题的途径。下面考虑合并加权形成的情况。首先,给出的是IIR滤波方法,利用加权合并解扩值和加权合并其他检测统计量来形成检测统计量。其次,给出的是FIR方法。IIR和FIR方法都基于对从每个基站到接收机的信道响应以及噪声和干扰功率电平的估计。这需要多个估计过程,从而增加了处理的复杂性。最后,给出的是纯粹自适应方案,各个合并加权利用判决反馈直接跟踪。然而,这样的方法需要时间才收敛,因此不一定能很好地跟踪各种变化。这样,就有必要改善合并加权的计算。
接下来考虑一下延迟估计或相关器配置的情况。在前面提到的专利中,利用SNR准则根据信道响应、噪声功率和干扰功率估计得出抽头配置。同样,必须估计许多量,也很复杂。因此,有必要为相关器配置开发一种不很复杂的方法。
发明内容
本发明采用一种自适应地使瑞克指之间白化的操作,消除已经由时散信道染色的干扰,解决了前面提到的这些问题。这种方法的估计量比过去那些方法少,将噪声和干扰概括成一个有害成分过程,估计这过程在各个抽头位置之间的相关性。
本发明提供了一种产生与信息码元相应的检测统计量的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:
接收一个信号,从中产生数据样点;
将所述数据样点与一个代码相关,产生解扩值;
估计一个信道响应,产生信道系数估计;
估计所述接收信号的不同延迟之间的有害成分相关性,产生有害成分相关性估计;以及
利用这些信道系数估计和有害成分相关性估计合并所述解扩值,产生一个检测统计量。
本发明提供了一种扩频接收机,所述接收机包括:
接收一个信号、从中产生数据样点的装置;
将所述数据样点与一个代码相关、产生解扩值的装置;
估计一个信道响应、产生信道系数估计的装置;
估计所述接收信号的不同延迟之间的有害成分相关性、产生有害成分相关性估计的装置;以及
利用这些信道系数估计和有害成分相关性估计合并所述解扩值、产生一个检测统计量的装置。
本发明还提供了一种估计解扩延迟的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:
产生各有候选延迟的组;
估计信道响应,产生与这些候选延迟组相应的信道系数估计;
估计与这些候选延迟相应的接收信号的延迟之间的有害成分相关性,产生有害成分相关性估计;
合并所述信道系数估计和所述有害成分相关性估计,产生与所述候选延迟组相应的度量以及
利用所述度量产生解扩延迟的估计。
根据本发明的一种利用估计的解扩延迟处理一个接收信号的接收机,包括:
产生各有候选延迟的组的装置;
估计信道响应、产生与这些候选延迟组相应的信道系数估计的装置;
估计与这些候选延迟相应的接收信号的延迟之间的有害成分相关性、产生有害成分相关性估计的装置;
合并所述信道系数估计和所述有害成分相关性估计、产生与所述候选延迟组相应的度量的装置;以及
利用所述度量产生解扩延迟的估计的装置。
本发明提供了一种滑动相关器,所述滑动相关器包括:
一个具有多个延迟元件、对输入的一个数据样点流进行延迟的延迟线;
多个码片消除单元,每个码片消除单元与所述多个延迟元件之一的输出配合,从所述经延迟的数据样点中消除码片;
一个接收所述多个码片消除单元的输出、将所述这些输出相加在一起的加法器;以及
一个有选择地启用至少所述多个码片消除单元之一和所述加法器的禁止单元。
附图说明
通过以下结合附图的说明可以对本发明的特征和优点有更深入的了解。在这些附图中:
图1为一个普通的数字通信系统;
图2为一个现有技术的基带处理器;
图3为一个按照本发明设计的基带处理器;
图4为一个按照本发明设计的相关器配置估计的处理过程;
图5为一个按照本发明设计的用于相关器配置估计的度量计算过程;以及
图6为一个按照本发明设计的受禁止控制的滑动相关器。
具体实施方式
对于无线电通信来说,发射机通过天线发射电磁波,媒体是无线电波传播环境,而接收机用一个或多个天线来恢复发送信号。虽然本发明以无线电通信环境进行说明,但是它并不局限于这样的系统。它也适用于有线通信和磁存储系统。在这样的应用中,射频处理器概括为一个从发送或存储媒体中提取数据的设备。
在本发明中,接收机采用了加到不同的相关器上的有害成分(噪声加干扰)通常是相关的这一事实。这个相关性估计出来后,用于合并处理。结果,冗余的干扰分量就可以被除去。这意味着进行白化操作,消除冗余的干扰分量。
图3例示了按照本发明设计的基带处理器300。这些图中类似的标记数字用来标示类似的元。基带信号提供给一个相关器组202,由它将不同延迟的接收信号与扩频码进行相关。这些延迟由相关器配置估计器304提供。与不同的延迟相应的这些解扩值在经修改的合并器306内合并。这个经修改的合并器306利用从信道系数估计器208得到的信道系数估计和从有害成分相关性估计器310得到的有害成分相关性估计将这些解扩值合并成一个检测码元输出。
有害成分相关性估计器310估计在不同的相关器输出端上的有害成分之间的相关性。过去,MLSE接收已经用不同天线信号之间的有害成分相关性来消除干扰,正如在Bottomley的美国专利No.5,680,419中所揭示的,该专利在这里列作参考。对于本发明来说,在Rake接收机中利用了来自同一个天线的不同解扩值之间的相关性。
估计有害成分相关性的方法类似于Bottomley的专利中给出的方法,只是所用的是来自同一个天线的解扩值而不是从不同天线接收的样点。例如,可以利用不同相关器的误差信号。对于2射线这个例子来说,误差信号将会是:
e 0 = x 0 - b ^ c ^ 0 - - - ( 6 )
e 1 = x 1 - b ^ c ^ 1 - - - ( 7 )
其中是一个检测码元值。如果有导频码元,可以使用已知值。如果有一个导频信道,就有一个有效码元值,通常为+1。
将这些误差信号聚集成一个向量e(n),其中n表示码元周期,就可以利用下式更新一个有害成分相关矩阵估计
Figure A20041004841400093
R ^ ( n ) = λ R ^ ( n - 1 ) + e ( n ) e H ( n ) - - - ( 8 )
其中上标“H”表示Hermitian转置。注意,
Figure A20041004841400095
是Hermitian矩阵,即有 R ^ H = R ^ , 因此只需要估计和更新对角线和对角线外三角形之一(上面的或下面的)。对于2射线这个例子,R矩阵具有形式:
R ^ = ρ 00 ρ 01 ρ 01 * ρ 11 - - - ( 9 )
其中ρ00和ρ11都是实数(虚部为零)。注意,在合并中用的是这个矩阵的逆矩阵。这个逆矩阵可以直接用众所周知的矩阵求逆辅助定理更新。所谓“有害成分相关性”不仅用来指相关性,而且还指任何有关量,诸如一个逆相关矩阵之类。
经修改的合并器306于是利用信道的系数和有害成分相关性将解扩值合并成一个检测统计量。合并操作可以表示为:
z ′ = c ^ H R ^ - 1 x - - - ( 10 )
其中信道系数也已经聚集成一个向量。检测统计量可以再予以处理,产生一个检测码元值。它还可以用作一个软值,用于进一步处理。
合并可以以多种方式执行。这些解扩值可以首先用有害成分相关矩阵合并,再用信道系数合并。或者,信道系数和有害成分相关性可以预先合并,形成加权:
w = R ^ - 1 c ^ - - - ( 11 )
于是,检测统计量可以表示为:
或者,也可以将有害成分相关矩阵估计与信道系数估计结合起来一起
                 z′=wHx                        (12)
z ′ = 1 | R ^ | [ ( ρ 11 c ^ 0 * - ρ 01 * c ^ 1 * ) x 0 + ( ρ 00 c ^ 1 * - ρ 01 c ^ 0 * ) x 1 ] - - - ( 13 )
执行。对于2射线这个例子,这可以表示为:
其中
此外,还可以利用平方根因式分解将这个逆有害成分相关矩阵估计因式分解为两个因子:
| R ^ | = ρ 00 ρ 11 - | ρ 01 | 2 - - - ( 14 )
R ^ - 1 = Q H Q - - - ( 15 )
因此,合并操作可以表示为:
                 z′=gHy                        (16)
其中
                 y=Qx                           (17)
以及
g = Q c ^ - - - ( 18 )
将解扩向量乘以Q白化了有害成分,但是也改变了总的信道响应。结果,信道系数也必须加以修改。
根据平方根卡尔曼滤波,可以估计和跟踪平方根矩阵Q,这是有害成分相关性的另一种形式。于是,可以首先白化用来检测的解扩值和用来进行信道系数估计的解扩值。标准信道系数估计加到经白化的解扩值上将会得到g。或者,也可以跟踪信道,再对信道系数估计求平方根,如上所述。
相关器配置单元304的操作可以采用任何传统的延迟估计方法。例如,单元304可以采用1998年1月12日提出的未决美国专利申请No.09/005,580“直接序列扩频系统的多延迟估计”(“Multiple DelayEstimation for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems”)所揭示的方法,该申请在这里列为参考。然而,相关器配置单元304也可以采用另一种方法,根据对前面提到的未决申请中提出的方法加以修改的方法,例如修改度量,使它包括有害成分相关矩阵的估计。
例如,图4例示了这些方法之一。这个过程开始于起动方框402。然后,在步骤404产生和存储与不同延迟相应的解扩值。再在步骤406,产生假设抽头位置或延迟。在步骤408,计算出与这组延迟相应的度量。在步骤410,将这个度量与先前度量相比较。如果这个度量较好,就将它作为新的最好的度量存储起来,此外也将相应的延迟组合存储起来。然后,在步骤412,确定是否已经取尽了所有的延迟组合。如果没有,就在步骤406考虑下一个组合。否则,就取这些与最好的度量相应的延迟估计,过程在步骤418终止。
主要区别在于怎样计算度量。度量计算步骤408详细示于图5。对于这种延迟组合来说,在步骤502利用标准方法估计出一组信道系数。这些信道系数应该是相应于发送、媒体和接收滤波响应的“复合的”信道系数相应。可以用有关发送和/或接收滤波器响应知识的辅助信息来改善估计,如在前面提到的Sourour等人的未决美国专利申请中所述。然后,在步骤504,利用前面说明的方法估计有害成分的相关性。
J = c ^ H R ^ - 1 c ^ - - - ( 19 )
最后,在步骤506,用信道系数估计和有害成分相关性估计计算出度量。优选的度量可以表示为:
这相当于一个SNR指标。
类似地,已经以同步利用了不同的天线信号之间的有害成分相关性,如在1996年12月27日提出的Bottomley和Chennakeshu的美国专利申请No.08/773,560中所揭示的,该申请在这里列作参考。对于本发明来说,利用从同一个天线信号得到的不同的解扩值之间的相关性来确定瑞克接收机内相关器或“瑞克旁瓣”的配置。
首先执行传统的延迟估计然后再考虑传统的延迟估计附近的延迟可能是有益的。保持M个最强的射线延迟估计然后只考虑其余P个延迟估计的替换可能也是可取的。
再来看图3,相关器组202可以以若干方式实现。它可以是一组积分转储(integrate-and-dump)相关器。它也可以就用一个滑动相关器实现。在这种情况下,与相关器组关联的延迟相当于选择滑动相关器输出中的作进一步处理。第三种方法是利用如图6所示的选择禁止滑动相关器。
数据样点提供给包括延迟元604a-604c的延迟线602。对于这个例子来说,假设采样率为每个码片两个样点,而解扩码部分长度为三个码片。熟悉该技术领域的人员很清楚,本发明的这个方面可以推广到任何采样率和任何解扩长度。还要注意的是,根据输入样点产生情况可以省去延迟元604a。
经延迟的样点提供给处理引擎606。处理引擎606包括码片消除器608a-608c和加法器610。经延迟的样点提供给码片消除器608a-608c,从这些样点中消除解扩码片值,产生经修改的样点。例如,将接收样点乘以解扩码片值的复共轭。在码片值为+1或-1时,码片消除只不过是对接收样点求反或不求反。经修改的样点在加法器610内加在一起,产生解扩值。
处理引擎606与传统的滑动相关器在操作上的区别是,可以在有解扩值并不需要时有选择地禁止处理引擎606内的这些元件的操作,以节约功率。因此,码片消除器608a-608c和加法器610都有一个确定是否要执行操作的控制输入。
处理引擎606受根据需用的延迟产生控制信号的禁止单元612的控制。实质上,禁止控制单元612命令处理引擎606只是对于那些所关注的延迟才产生解扩值。对于所有其他延迟,禁止控制器612命令处理引擎606不要处理这样延迟的样点。
延迟线602可以用一个循环缓存器高效地实现。这避免了反复对数据样点移位所需的功率消耗。
这种方法克服了一个有着4个积分转储相关器的组只能检查最多4个延迟的问题。它还克服了滑动相关器的功耗大的问题。这种受禁止控制的滑动相关器可以配合传统的Rake合并,也可以用于初始截获和延迟跟踪。
再来看图3,可以根据已知的天线阵处理方法采用其他形式的相关合并。例如,有害成分相关性估计可以用解扩的相关估计来代替,在形成R^矩阵时用x代替误差信号e。这种方法也可以消除干扰,虽然这样的“软”检测统计量在随后的处理中将不如已给出的优选实施例那么好。
本发明可以采用任何类型的信道系数跟踪算法。例如,LMS、KLMS(例如参见Jamal等人的“D-AMPS 1900信道的自适应MLSE性能”(“AdaptiveMLSE performance on the D-AMPS 1900 channel”,IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,vol.46,pp.634-641 August 1997))、RLS和Kalman这些跟踪算法都可以。虽然用码片相隔的射线作为例子,但是这些射线也可以具有任意的间隔,包括间隔不到一个码片。信道系数估计也可以用在各导频码元段之间进行内插来执行。类似,本发明可以利用若干方法进行有害成分相关性估计。有害成分相关性可以予以跟踪或者在各导频码元段之间内插。在跟踪接收机量时,通过在每假设的码元值期间保持信道系数估计和有害成分相关性估计不变,可将每次节约下来的处理能力用于改善性能。
也可以用一种经修改的方法,将用来合并解扩值的有害成分相关性估计是有害成分相关性估计与一个固定值的组合。这提供了一种得体地在常规方法(固定值是单位矩阵)与本发明之间进行转换的方式。它还可以用来在自适应估计与已知结构之间进行转换。例如,如果干扰是非时散的,有害成分仅仅由接收滤波器染色。因此,固定矩阵可以是一个由脉冲波形自相关值构成的矩阵,也许还乘以一个噪声功率估计的缩放因子。这个“固定矩阵”也可以是自适应的,利用一个脉冲波形自相关矩阵乘以一个自适应噪声功率估计的缩放因子。
本发明可用于多传送方法。与一个数据帧相应的解扩值可以存储起来。在后处理阶段,可用前向纠错和前向检错解码来校正或检测差错。然后,可通过重编码为较好的参数估计提供二次传送的参考码元。多传送解调在Dent的美国专利No.5,673,291中有说明,该专利在这里列为参考。
本发明也可以与多个接收天线配合使用。在Jonas Karlsson和SaraMazur的未决美国专利申请No.08/992,174“码分多址移动台的干扰抑制”(“Code division multiple access mobile station interferencesuppression”)中,利用各天线的有害成分估计合并与一个特定延迟相应的多个天线的解扩值。利用本发明,来自所有天线的解扩值可以集成一组解扩值,按照本发明合并。因此,可以估计出各天线间和各延迟间的有害成分相关性,用于合并。
也可以用一种混合方法,解扩值组利用本发明合并,然后再将那些组直接加在一起形成检测统计量。不同于前面提到的卡尔曼等人的申请,这些组不一定地要与同一个延迟相应,但是与不同天线相应。
以上以单个受调制的业务信道为背景对本发明进行了说明。然而本发明也适用于有导频码元或导频信道(例如IS-95下行链路)的系统。对于导频码元来说,这些码元值是已知的,因此信道系数估计和有害成分估计可以利用已知的而不是检测的码元值。对于一个导频信道来说,可以将这个导频信道看作为一个由已知的码元值(通常全部为+1)构成的连续序列。因此,可以利用这些已知的码元值。
熟悉该技术的人员可以理解,本发明并不局限于这些在这里作为例示进行说明的具体实施例。因此,本发明的专利保护范围由所附权利要求书限定,而不是由以上说明限定,而所有与权利要求书的意义一致的等效对象都应包括在本发明的专利保护范围之内。

Claims (4)

1.一种滑动相关器,所述滑动相关器包括:
一个具有多个延迟元件、对输入的一个数据样点流进行延迟的延迟线;
多个码片消除单元,每个码片消除单元与所述多个延迟元件之一的输出配合,从所述经延迟的数据样点中消除码片;
一个接收所述多个码片消除单元的输出、将所述这些输出相加在一起的加法器;以及
一个有选择地启用至少所述多个码片消除单元之一和所述加法器的禁止单元。
2.权利要求1的滑动相关器,其中所述延迟线是一个循环缓存器。
3.权利要求1的滑动相关器,其中所述禁止单元只对所关注的延迟启用至少所述多个码片消除单元之一和所述加法器。
4.权利要求1的滑动相关器,其中所述禁止单元有选择地一起启用和禁止所述多个码片消除单元和所述加法器。
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