CN1411368A - 生产脂质体制剂的方法 - Google Patents
生产脂质体制剂的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1411368A CN1411368A CN00817307A CN00817307A CN1411368A CN 1411368 A CN1411368 A CN 1411368A CN 00817307 A CN00817307 A CN 00817307A CN 00817307 A CN00817307 A CN 00817307A CN 1411368 A CN1411368 A CN 1411368A
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Abstract
本发明的一个目的是提供一种生产脂质体制剂的方法,所述脂质体制剂具有极好的快速作用并且在水性介质中具有极好的重分散作用。本发明提供一种通过真空干燥生产脂质体制剂的方法,其中将通过除去脂质体溶液中的溶剂后获得的脂质体凝聚溶液,在所述凝聚溶液起泡的同时或所述凝聚溶液起泡后进行真空干燥,而不是进行冷冻干燥。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种药用脂质体制剂,所述脂质体制剂包含作为有效成分的2-哌啶酸衍生物(其极好的免疫抑制活性近年来已倍受重视)、尤其是大环内酯化合物例如被称为他克莫司(FK506)的三环化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。更具体地说,本发明涉及一种包含上述有效成分的脂质体制剂,所述有效成分稳定地包封在脂质体中,从而能够提供在各种介质例如生理盐水、注射用葡萄糖溶液、水或各种液汁中稳定的溶液,因此所述脂质体制剂适用于各种给药方法,包括注射(例如静脉内注射、肌内注射和关节局部注射等)、局部给药(例如涂敷于皮肤、滴注至眼睛内)、鼻内给药、吸入以及口服给药和直肠给药等。具体地说,本发明的脂质体制剂的特征在于,本发明的干燥脂质体制剂的透明度非常好并且甚至在水性介质(例如血浆)中进行重分散时也不形成沉淀。此外,本发明还涉及生产所述脂质体制剂的方法。
背景技术
关于含有他克莫司的脂质体制剂,例如已知有通过如下方法制备的脂质体制剂:在作为主要成分的磷脂中掺入一种稳定剂例如胆固醇,用于制备脂质体(WO93/08802)。对于这样一种构成,使得用微溶于水的他克莫司制备液体制剂成为可能。即使这种制剂与体液接触时,有效成分也不会产生结晶,使得所述制剂具有极好的生物利用度并且是稳定的。因此,所述制剂可以制成通过注射滴注至眼睛内、鼻腔给药、吸入、经皮吸收、局部注射等提供的任何剂型。此外,它也使得增强他克莫司加强移动到特别需要他克莫司移动的部位,以及抑制他克莫司移动到不一定需要移动的部位成为可能。已知实际上由此获得极好的效应,例如增强药效、降低副作用和使药效持久。
对于治疗大脑缺血性疾病例如脑梗塞,所述脂质体制剂具有极好的效果。然而,由于脂质体膜太稳定,所以脂质体制剂的作用往往表现得不够快速,像用作药物治疗脑梗塞的抗凝血药、纤溶剂和脑血管扩张药。因此,需要开发这样一种药物,所述药物具有极好的快速作用,使得能够应付突发情况例如脑梗塞,并且还具有极好的重分散特性。
本发明的一个目的是解决上述问题,由此提供具有极好的作用和在水性介质中具有极好的重分散作用的脂质体制剂。
本发明的公开内容
本发明提供通过真空干燥生产所述脂质体制剂的方法,所述方法的特征在于,将通过除去脂质体溶液中的溶剂后获得的脂质体浓缩溶液在所述浓缩溶液起泡的同时或所述浓缩溶液起泡后进行真空干燥,而不是进行冷冻干燥。因此,本发明提供通过本发明的方法生产的脂质体制剂。用于本发明的有效成分并无具体限制,只要所述有效成分适用于所述脂质体制剂即可。关于有效成分,优选使用脂质体中包封的2-哌啶酸衍生物、更优选为由以下通式(I)的三环化合物作为例子的大环内酯化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。关于一种优选的构成,卵磷脂主要用作一种脂质体形成脂质,并且优选不含胆固醇作为稳定剂的制剂。
尤其优选含有下式(I)的17-烯丙基-1,14-二羟基-12-[2-(4-羟基-3-甲氧环己基)-1-甲基乙烯基]-23,25-二甲氧基-13,19,21,27-四甲基-11,28-二氧杂-4-氮杂三环[22.3.1.04,9]二十八碳-18-烯-2,3,10,16-四酮或其药学上可接受的盐作为有效成分以及卵磷脂作为脂质体形成脂质的脂质体制剂。
在本发明中,以下事实受到特别的关注:用于所述脂质体制剂的2-哌啶酸衍生物、特别是大环内酯化合物具有神经保护作用,因而预期所述大环内酯化合物表现出以下药效:防止由于脑血栓形成所致坏死的脑细胞的外周的神经和细胞进一步坏死。然而,作为药物的应用当然不限于此。
本发明中的2-哌啶酸衍生物是指具有能够对FKBP型亲免蛋白具有亲和性并且抑制肽基脯氨酸异构酶和/或旋转异构酶活性的共有活性并且具有能够成为2-哌啶酸衍生物的共同化学结构的化合物。
(a)为两个相邻的氢原子;或
(b)可以形成在与连接它们的碳原子之间形成的另一个键。
R2也可以为烷基;
R7为氢原子、羟基、被护羟基、烷氧基或与R1一起为氧代基;
R8和R9独立地为氢原子或羟基;
R10为氢原子、烷基、被一个或多个羟基取代的烷基、链烯基、被一个或多个羟基取代的链烯基或被一个氧代基取代的烷基;
X为氧代基、一个氢原子和一个羟基与一个碳原子连接的状态、两个氢原子与一个碳原子连接的状态、或由式-CH2O-表示的基团;
Y为氧代基、一个氢原子和一个羟基与一个碳原子连接的状态、两个氢原子与一个碳原子连接的状态、或由式=N-NR11R12或N-OR13表示的基团;
R11和R12独立地为氢原子、烷基、芳基或甲苯磺酰基;
R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、R22和R23独立地为氢原子或烷基;
R24为可以含有一个或多个杂原子的任选取代的环;和
n代表1或2的整数。
除上述定义外,Y、R10和R23与连接它们的碳原子一起可以是含有氮原子、硫原子和/或氧原子的饱和或不饱和五元或六元杂环环,并且所述杂环环可以用选自以下的一个或多个基团取代:烷基、羟基、烷氧基、苄基、式-CH2Se(C6H5)-基团和被一个或多个羟基取代的烷基。
下文将详细解释用于上述通式(I)的定义并叙述其具体实例和优选实例。
术语“低级”是指具有1-6个碳原子的基团,除非另有说明。
“烷基”及“烷氧基”的烷基部分的优选实例包括直链或支链脂族烃残基,例如低级烷基,诸如甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、戊基、新戊基和己基。
“链烯基”的优选实例包括具有一个双键的直链或支链脂族烃残基,例如低级链烯基,诸如乙烯基、丙烯基(例如烯丙基)、丁烯基、甲基丙烯基、戊烯基和己烯基。
“芳基”的优选实例包括苯基、甲苯基、二甲苯基、枯烯基、基和萘基。
稍后描述的“被护羟基”和“被护氨基”中的优选保护基包括1-(低级烷硫基)(低级)烷基,诸如低级烷硫基甲基(例如甲硫基甲基、乙硫基甲基、丙硫基甲基、异丙硫基甲基、丁硫基甲基、异丁硫基甲基、己硫基甲基等),更优选的是C1-C4烷硫基甲基,最优选的是甲硫基甲基;
三取代的甲硅烷基诸如三(低级)烷基甲硅烷基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基、三乙基甲硅烷基、三丁基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基、三叔丁基甲硅烷基等)或低级烷基二芳基甲硅烷基(例如甲基二苯基甲硅烷基、乙基二苯基甲硅烷基、丙基二苯基甲硅烷基、叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基等),更优选的是三(C1-C4)烷基甲硅烷基和C1-C4烷基二苯基甲硅烷基,最优选的是叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基和叔丁基二苯基甲硅烷基;以及
酰基诸如脂族酰基、芳族酰基或被芳基取代的脂族酰基,它们由羧酸、磺酸或氨基甲酸衍生。
脂族酰基的实例包括任选地具有一个或多个合适的取代基(例如羧基)的低级烷酰基,例如甲酰基、乙酰基、丙酰基、丁酰基、异丁酰基、戊酰基、异戊酰基、新戊酰基、己酰基、羧乙酰基、羧丙酰基、羧丁酰基、羧己酰基等;
任选地具有一个或多个合适的取代基(例如低级烷基)的环(低级)烷氧基(低级)烷酰基,例如环丙氧基乙酰基、环丁氧基丙酰基、环庚氧基丁酰基、氧基乙酰基、氧基丙酰基、氧基丁酰基、氧基戊酰基、氧基己酰基等;樟脑磺酰基;或
具有一个或多个合适的取代基(例如羧基或被护羧基)的低级烷基氨基甲酰基,例如羧基(低级)烷基氨基甲酰基(例如羧甲基氨基甲酰基、羧乙基氨基甲酰基、羧丙基氨基甲酰基、羧丁基氨基甲酰基、羧戊基氨基甲酰基、羧己基氨基甲酰基等)、三(低级)烷基甲硅烷基(低级)烷氧羰基(低级)烷基氨基甲酰基(例如三甲基甲硅烷基甲氧羰基乙基氨基甲酰基、三甲基甲硅烷基乙氧羰基丙基氨基甲酰基、三乙基甲硅烷基乙氧羰基丙基氨基甲酰基、叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基乙氧羰基丙基氨基甲酰基、三甲基甲硅烷基丙氧羰基丁基氨基甲酰基等)和诸如此类的基团。
芳族酰基的实例包括任选地具有一个或多个合适的取代基(例如硝基)的芳酰基,例如苯甲酰基、甲苯甲酰基、二甲苯甲酰基、萘甲酰基、硝基苯甲酰基、二硝基苯甲酰基、硝基萘甲酰基等;以及
任选地具有一个或多个合适的取代基(例如卤素)的芳基磺酰基,例如苯磺酰基、甲苯磺酰基、二甲苯磺酰基、萘磺酰基、氟苯磺酰基、氯苯磺酰基、溴苯磺酰基、碘苯磺酰基等。
被芳族基取代的脂族酰基的实例包括任选地具有一个或多个合适的取代基(诸如低级烷氧基或三卤(低级)烷基)的芳(低级)烷酰基,例如苯乙酰基、苯丙酰基、苯丁酰基、2-三氟甲基-2-甲氧基-苯乙酰基、2-乙基-2-三氟甲基-2-苯乙酰基、2-三氟甲基-2-丙氧基-2-苯乙酰基等。
上述酰基中更优选的酰基是任选地具有羧基的C1-C4烷酰基、在环烷基部分具有两个(C1-C4)烷基的环(C5-C6)烷氧基(C1-C4)烷酰基、樟脑磺酰基、羧基-(C1-C4)烷基氨基甲酰基、三(C1-C4)烷基甲硅烷基(C1-C4)烷氧羰基(C1-C4)-烷基氨基甲酰基、任选地具有一个或两个硝基的苯甲酰基、具有卤素的苯磺酰基或具有C1-C4烷氧基和三卤(C1-C4)烷基的苯基(C1-C4)烷酰基。其中,最优选的酰基是乙酰基、羧丙酰基、甲氧基乙酰基、樟脑磺酰基、苯甲酰基、硝基苯甲酰基、二硝基苯甲酰基、碘苯磺酰基和2-三氟甲基-2-甲氧基-2-苯乙酰基。
“含有氮原子、硫原子和/或氧原子的饱和或不饱和五元或六元杂环环”的优选实例包括吡咯基和四氢呋喃基。
R24是一个可以含有一个或多个杂原子的任选取代的环,R24最好可以是可以用合适的取代基取代的环(C5-7)烷基,下列基团可以作为例证:
(a)3,4-二-氧代-环己基,
(b)3-R20-4-R21-环己基,其中R20为羟基、烷氧基、氧代基或-OCH2OCH2CH2OCH3基团,R21为羟基、-OCN、烷氧基、可以被合适的取代基取代的杂芳氧基、1-四唑基、2-四唑基、-OCH2OCH2CH2OCH3基团、被护羟基、氯代、溴代、碘代、氨基草酰氧基、叠氮基、对甲苯氧基硫代羰基氧基或R25R26CHCOO-(其中R25为任选被护的羟基或被护的氨基,R26为氢或甲基),或者R20和R21相互连接以形成环氧环中的氧原子;或
(c)被以下基团取代的环戊基:甲氧基甲基、任选被护的羟甲基、酰氧基甲基(其中酰基部分任选地含有或者可以被季铵化的二甲氨基、或者可以被酯化的羧基、一个或多个可以被保护的氨基和/或羟基)或氨基草酰氧基甲基。
一个优选的实例是2-甲酰-环戊基。
“可以被合适的取代基取代的杂芳氧基”的“可以被合适的取代基取代的杂芳基”部分,可以是EP-A-532,088的式I化合物的举例说明的R1的杂芳基,优先选择1-羟乙基吲哚-5-基,所述文献的公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
众所周知,用于本发明的三环化合物(I)及其药学上可接受的盐具有极好的免疫抑制活性、抗微生物活性和其它药理学活性,因此对于治疗或预防以下病症特别有价值:器官或组织移植后的排斥反应、移植物抗宿主反应、自身免疫病和传染病,并且所述化合物及其药学上可接受的盐的制备方法也是熟知的[EP-A-0184162、EP-A-0323042、EP-A-423714、EP-A-427680、EP-A-465426、EP-A-480623、EP-A-532088、EP-A-532089、EP-A-569337、EP-A-626385、WO89/05303、WO93/05058、WO96/31514、WO91/13889、WO91/19495、WO93/04680、WO93/5059等],所述文献的公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
准确地说,称为他克莫司、FR900520(子囊霉素)、FR900523和FR900525的化合物是由链霉菌属微生物产生的产物,所述链霉菌属微生物例如Streptomyces tsukubaensis No.9993[保藏于工业科学技术院国立生命科学和人体技术研究所(National Institute of Bioscience andHuman Technology Agency of Industrial Science and Technology)(以前称为工业科学技术院发酵研究所(Fermentation Research Institute Agencyof Industrial Science and Technology)),1-3,Higashi 1-chome,Tsukuba-shiIbaraki,日本,保藏日:1984年10月5日,保藏号FERM BP-927]或吸水链霉菌yakushimaensis亚种第7238号(Streptomyces hygroscopicussubsp.yakushimaensis No.7238)[保藏于工业科学技术院国立生命科学和人体技术研究所(以前称为工业科学技术院发酵研究所),at 1-3,Higashi 1-chome,Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki,日本,保藏日:1985年1月12日,保藏号FERM BP-928][EP-A-0184162]。具体地说,以下化学式的他克莫司是一种代表性化合物。化学名称:17-烯丙基-1,14-二羟基-12-[2-(4-羟基-3-甲氧环己基)-1-甲基乙烯基]-23,25-二甲氧基-13,19,21,27-四甲基-11,28-二氧杂-4-氮杂三环[22.3.1.04,9]二十八碳-18-烯-2,3,10,16-四酮
三环化合物(I)的优选实例是这样的化合物,其中R3和R4、和/或R5和R6中每个相邻对独立地形成在与连接它们的碳原子间形成的另一个键;
R8和R23中每个独立地为氢原子;
R9为羟基;
R10为甲基、乙基、丙基或烯丙基;
X为氧代基、一个氢原子和一个羟基与一个碳原子连接的状态、两个氢原子与一个碳原子连接的状态、或者氧代基;
Y为氧代基;
R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19和R22中每个都为甲基;
R24为3-R20-4-R21-环己基,其中R20为羟基、烷氧基、氧代基或-OCH2OCH2CH2OCH3基团,R21为羟基、-OCN、烷氧基、可以被合适的取代基取代的杂芳氧基、1-四唑基、2-四唑基、-OCH2OCH2CH2OCH3基团、被护羟基、氯代、溴代、碘代、氨基草酰氧基、叠氮基、对甲苯氧基硫代羰基氧基或R25R26CHCOO-(其中R25为任选被护的羟基或被护的氨基,R26为氢或甲基),或
R20和R21一起形成环氧环中的氧原子;和
n代表1或2的整数。
最优选的三环化合物(I)是除他克莫司以外的子囊霉素衍生物,例如在EP-A-427,680实施例66a中公开的卤化子囊霉素(ASM 981)(例如,33-表-氯代-33-脱氧子囊霉素)、在EP-A-532,088中公开的32-O-(1-羟乙基吲哚-5-基)子囊霉素(L-732,531)、在WO93/04680中公开的32-(1H-四唑基-1-基)子囊霉素(ABT281)等。
关于大环内酯化合物的其它优选实例,可以例举雷帕霉素[THEMERCK INDEX(第12版),第8288期]及其衍生物。所述衍生物的优选实例是O-取代的衍生物,其中WO95/16691的第1页中描述的式A的位置40中的羟基被-OR1取代,其中R1为羟基烷基、氢化烷氧基烷基、酰氨基烷基或氨基烷基,例如40-O-(2-羟基)乙基-雷帕霉素、40-O-(3-羟基)丙基-雷帕霉素、40-O-[2-(2-羟基)乙氧基]乙基-雷帕霉素和40-O-(2-乙酰氨基乙基)-雷帕霉素。
这些O-取代的衍生物可以在合适的反应条件下通过雷帕霉素(或二氢雷帕霉素或脱氧雷帕霉素)与连接离去基团的有机基反应来产生(例如RX,其中R为有机基(最好为O-取代基),诸如烷基、烯丙基或苄基部分;X为离去基团,诸如CCl3C(NH)O或CF3SO3)。
所述条件可以是酸性或中性条件,例如,在存在酸像三氟代甲磺酸、樟脑磺酸或对甲苯磺酸或其相应的吡啶鎓盐或取代的吡啶鎓盐的情况下(当X为CCl3C(NH)O时),或者在存在碱像吡啶、取代吡啶、二异丙基乙胺或五甲基哌啶的情况下(当X为CF3SO3时)。
最优选的雷帕霉素衍生物是40-O-(2-羟基)乙基雷帕霉素,其公开于WO94/09010,所述文献的公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
所述三环化合物(I)和雷帕霉素及其衍生物具有相似的基础结构(即三环大环内酯结构)和至少一种相似的生物学特性(或例如免疫抑制活性)。
所述三环化合物(I)和雷帕霉素及其衍生物的药学上可接受的盐可以是常规无毒的药学上可接受的盐,例如与无机碱或有机碱形成的盐,尤其是碱金属盐(例如钠盐和钾盐)、碱土金属盐(例如钙盐和镁盐)、铵盐和胺盐(例如三乙胺盐和N-苄基-N-甲胺盐)。
关于用于本发明的2-哌啶酸衍生物和大环内酯化合物,不用说,可能存在构象异构体和一对或多对立体异构体例如旋光异构体(由于不称碳原子所致)和几何异构体(由于双键所致),并且这样的构象异构体和异构体也包括在本发明的范围内。此外,2-哌啶酸衍生物和大环内酯化合物可以为溶剂合物形式,所述溶剂合物形式也包括在本发明的范围内。所述溶剂合物最好包括例如水合物和乙醇盐。
另外,可以用于本发明目的的2-哌啶酸衍生物的实例包括以下化合物:
(1)下面的Way-124466化合物,所述化合物通过4-fenyl-1,2,4-三唑啉-3,5-二酮和雷帕霉素之间的反应来合成(Ocain等,Biochemical andBiophysical Research Communications.第192卷,第3期,1993);
(2)称为RAP-Pa的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物(Charkraborty等,Chemistry and Biology,1995年3月,2:157-161);
(3)下面的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物(Ikeda等,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1994,116,4143-4144);
(4)Wang等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第9期,第1161-1166页,1994,特别是公开为化合物2a-2d的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(6)Holt等,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1993,115,9925-9938,特别是公开为化合物4-14的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(7)在Caffer等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第21期,第2507-2510页,1994中公开的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(8)在Teague等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第3卷,第10期,第1947-1950页,1993中公开的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(9)Yamashita等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第2期,第325-328页,1994,特别是公开为化合物11、12和19的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(10)Holt等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第2期,第315-320页,1994,特别是公开为化合物3-21和23-24的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(11)Holt等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第3卷,第10期,第1977-1980页,1993,特别是公开为化合物3-15的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(12)Hauske等,J.Med.Chem.1992,35,4284-4296,特别是公开为化合物6、9-10、21-24、26、28、31-32和52-55的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物;
(13)在Teague等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第13期,第1581-1584页,1994中公开的2-哌啶酸衍生物;和
(14)Stocks等,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters,第4卷,第12期,1457-1460,1994,特别是公开为化合物2、15-17的2-哌啶酸衍生化合物。
可以将通过除去脂质体溶液中的溶剂后获得的脂质体浓缩溶液,在所述浓缩溶液起泡的同时或所述浓缩溶液起泡后,进行真空干燥来生产本发明的脂质体制剂。
在真空下,通过将脂质体浓缩溶液条件从稳定条件变成不稳定条件,可以使该浓缩溶液起泡。作为一个实例,在真空条件下,通过热变化,更具体地说,降低浓缩溶液的温度后再升高该浓缩溶液的温度,可以产生气泡。浓缩溶液的这种热变化并不特别受限制,但建议在降低浓缩溶液的温度至-10℃或更低后再升高该浓缩溶液的温度至20℃或更高,最好是在降低溶液的温度至-10℃或更低后再升高该溶液的温度至范围为20℃-70℃。建议更优选在降低溶液的温度至范围为-20℃至-50℃后再升高该溶液的温度至范围为25℃-60℃,最优选在降低溶液的温度至-30℃至-40℃后再升高该溶液的温度至30℃-50℃。
作为另一个实例,通过在使浓缩溶液流动的同时或之后,将所述浓缩溶液置于在真空条件下,可以产生气泡。例如通过倾斜装有浓缩溶液的容器,可以使所述浓缩溶液流动。
当通过热变化或流动产生气泡时,最好在浓缩溶液保持其液相时产生气泡。
最好在使浓缩溶液保持其液相时,通过应用常规操作条件,实施本发明的真空干燥法。本文中的“真空”是指至少中等真空条件,而不必指完全真空条件。
按照本发明,当将冻干脂质体制剂在水性介质(例如血浆)中重分散时,应避免使用可以导致透明度降低的冷冻干燥法,而建议使用不使所述浓缩溶液冷冻的真空干燥法。
作为一个必要条件,通过上述生产工艺获得本发明的脂质体制剂,而其它条件例如脂质体的结构、组成、构成成分、制备工艺、大小以及可以与脂质体联合使用的化合物类型并不特别受限制,除非这些条件负面影响药物的快速作用并且除非这些条件确保在脂质体中稳定地包裹2-哌啶酸衍生物。因此,脂质体的结构可以是大单层脂质体(LUV)、多层脂质体(MLV)或小单层脂质体(SUV)。因此,LUV的粒径大小可以在200-1000nm的范围内,MLV的粒径大小可以在400-3500nm的范围内,SUV的粒径大小可以在20-50nm的范围内。优选在网状内皮系统(RES)中表现出低蓄积的SUV。
关于构成脂质体结构的脂质体,使用磷脂和硝化脂质(nitrolipids)。一般优选磷脂。其实例包括天然磷脂例如蛋黄卵磷脂(磷脂酰胆碱)、大豆卵磷脂、溶血卵磷脂、鞘磷脂、磷脂酸、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰甘油、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰甘油、双磷脂酰甘油、心磷脂、缩醛磷脂等或者通过常规技术可得自所述磷脂的氢化产物;和合成磷脂例如磷酸联十六烷基酯、二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、二棕榈酰磷脂酰丝氨酸、桐油酰磷脂酰胆碱、桐油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、桐油酰磷脂酰丝氨酸等,更优选的磷脂是卵磷脂,最优选的磷脂是蛋黄卵磷脂。
包括这些磷脂在内的脂质可以单独使用,或可以将它们中的两种或更多种联合使用。在这种情况下,其中磷脂酰基团中的电负性基团和与膦脂酰基团连接的原子团(乙醇胺、胆碱等)中的电正性基团是电平衡的,使得整个分子是电中性的。例如,通常单独使用卵磷脂、鞘磷脂、磷脂酰乙醇胺、二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱等。相比之下,总的来说为电负性的脂质(其中与磷脂酰基团(电负性基团)连接的原子团(atopicgroup)(例如丝氨酸、甘油、肌醇等)电中性的,例如磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰甘油、磷脂酰肌醇等)或者为电负性的脂质(例如磷脂酸或磷酸联十六烷基酯)可以独立地用作本发明的脂质,但是宁愿建议它们与所述中性脂质(例如上面提及的那些脂质)联合使用。其中,磷脂酸和磷酸联十六烷基酯不作为脂质体制备中的主要磷脂,而被称为脂质体形成添加剂。考虑到本发明中脂质体制剂的稳定性和处理,可能最好使用添加剂例如赋形剂和/或稳定剂。
优选用于本发明的稳定剂包括例如乳糖、麦芽糖、硬脂酰胺、α-生育酚、神经节苷脂、酸性糖脂硫苷脂和一种或多种具有硫酸基团的酸性糖脂。
当通过掺入稳定剂(例如胆固醇)来制备脂质体制剂时,几乎难以获得与本发明中所需要的相同水平的快速作用,并且胆固醇通常可能对脑梗塞发挥不合需要的影响。因此,在本发明中最好用乳糖和麦芽糖来代替胆固醇作为稳定剂。
表面活性剂例如聚氧乙烯硬化蓖麻油表面活性剂(HCO-60)可以用作大环内酯化合物重结晶的抑制剂,但是所述表面活性剂可能对患病区像大脑发挥不合需要的影响。因此,在本发明中最好不使用重结晶抑制剂。
实施本发明的最佳模式
实施例
本发明的实施例将说明本发明,但本发明不限于以下实施例,并且在不偏离本文上述和下文所述意图的情况下,可以进行各种修改,并且这些修改也包括在本发明的技术范围内。[实施例1]
将他克莫司(5g)和α-生育酚(0.3g)溶于适量的乙醇中,以获得100mL混合溶液。将蛋黄卵磷脂(100g)溶于所述混合溶液中后,在1330Pa下于40℃除去溶液中的乙醇。用搅拌器将如此获得的溶液大致分散到10升10%麦芽糖水溶液(约10.3kg)中,即得大致分散的溶液。
通过高压乳化机(DeBee公司生产的DeBee 2000,以色列),在乳化压力为241325kPa和背压力为13790kPa下,将所述分散溶液乳化后,分散液通过0.22μm滤膜过滤除菌。将约10.4g滤液灌装于管形瓶(在灌装所述滤液前,所述管形瓶已清洗完毕)中。将真空橡皮塞子压进管形瓶中(最多至塞子的一半),然后将管形瓶放入冻干机中。该机器在3990Pa下于25℃运行,以使溶于滤液中的气体脱气。脱气滤液在1330Pa下于40℃进行浓缩,以获得浓缩溶液。将浓缩溶液冷却至-40℃,然后在高真空条件(1.33Pa)下通过将溶液温度升高至40℃使溶液起泡。在13.3Pa下于30℃真空干燥该鼓泡溶液,然后用氮气使所述溶液增压至大气压后将管形瓶密封。如此获得的脂质体制剂的特性示于表1中。[比较实施例1](冷冻干燥法)
将他克莫司(5g)和α-生育酚(0.3g)溶于适量的乙醇中,以获得100mL混合溶液。将蛋黄卵磷脂(100g)溶于所述混合溶液中后,在1330Pa下于40℃除去溶液中的乙醇。用搅拌器将如此获得的溶液大致分散到10升10%麦芽糖水溶液(约10.3kg)中,即得大致分散的溶液。
通过高压乳化机(DeBee 2000),在乳化压力为241325kPa和背压力为13790kPa下,将所述分散溶液乳化后,分散液通过0.22μm滤膜过滤除菌。将约10.4g滤液灌装于管形瓶(在灌装所述滤液前,所述管形瓶已清洗完毕)后冻干。如此获得的脂质体制剂的特性示于表1中。
表1
比较实施例1 | 实施例1 | |
干燥方法 | 冷冻干燥 | 真空干燥 |
外观(颜色) | 团块(白色) | 多泡团块(白色) |
含量*1 | 4.99 | 4.91 |
含水量(%)*2 | 0.4 | 4.1 |
重分散所需时间(秒)*3 | 15 | 15 |
pH*4 | 5.45 | 5.82 |
通透性*5 | 4.9 | 66.8 |
平均粒径(nm)*6 | 91 | 42 |
血浆中的沉淀*7 | 存在 | 无 |
生理氯化钠溶液中的沉淀*7 | 存在 | 无 |
滤过过压(kPa)*8 | 10或更高 | 1.3 |
*1含量:通过HPLC测定干燥脂质体制剂中含有的他克莫司的量(mg/管形瓶)。
*2含水量:通过Karl Fischer方法测定干燥脂质体制剂中含有的水的量
*3重分散所需时间:在容器中加入约9mL注射用水和干燥脂质体制剂,然后在室温下用手以40cm振幅摇动该容器(2个往复/秒),每15秒测定脂质体制剂在水中的溶解度。
*4 pH:通过pH电极测定重分散溶液(通过用水溶解脂质体制剂获得的,参见*3)的pH。
*5通透性:通过分光光度计测定重分散溶液的通透性(测定池大小1cm×1cm)
*6平均粒径:通过动态光散射方法测定重分散溶液中脂质体的平均粒径。
*7沉淀:将重分散溶液与血浆或生理氯化钠溶液以2∶1的比例进行混合,然后将如此获得的混合溶液离心,肉眼估计溶液中的沉淀。
*8滤过压:通过配备0.22μm滤膜的注射型套管过滤重分散溶液,用放射自显影术测量滤过压。
通过本发明方法生产的脂质体制剂的含水量略高,但是与比较实施例1的脂质体制剂相比,本发明的脂质体制剂重分散后表现出极好的通透性,并且本发明的脂质体制剂的透明度也比比较实施例1的透明度好。实施例1的脂质体制剂与血浆混合后不形成沉淀,并且在重分散后保持良好的特性。[实施例2]
将他克莫司(5g)溶于适量的乙醇中,以获得100mL混合溶液。将蛋黄卵磷脂(100g)溶于所述混合溶液中后,在1330Pa下于40℃除去溶液中的乙醇。用搅拌器将如此获得的溶液大致分散到10升10%麦芽糖水溶液(约10.3kg)中,即得大致分散的溶液。
通过高压乳化机(DeBee 2000),在乳化压力为241325kPa和背压力为13790kPa下,将所述分散溶液乳化后,分散液通过0.22μm滤膜过滤除菌。将约10.4g滤液灌装于管形瓶(在灌装所述滤液前,所述管形瓶已清洗完毕)中。将真空橡皮塞子压进管形瓶中(最多至塞子的一半),然后将管形瓶放入冻干机中。该机器在3990Pa下于25℃运行,以使溶于滤液中的气体脱气。脱气滤液在1330Pa下于40℃进行浓缩,以获得浓缩溶液。将浓缩溶液冷却至-40℃,然后在高真空条件(1.33Pa)下通过将溶液温度升高至40℃使溶液起泡。在13.3Pa下于30℃真空干燥该鼓泡溶液,然后用氮气使所述溶液增压至大气压后将管形瓶密封。如此获得的脂质体制剂表现出与实施例1的脂质体制剂相同的特性。[实施例3]
以与实施例2相同的方式,用以下处方获得脂质体制剂。
他克莫司 3mg
纯化蛋黄卵磷脂 100mg
乳糖一水合物 1000mg
总计 1103mg实施例3中如此获得的脂质体制剂表现出与实施例1的脂质体制剂相同的特性。[实施例4]
以与实施例1相同的方式,用以下处方获得脂质体制剂。
他克莫司 3mg
纯化蛋黄卵磷脂 100mg
α-生育酚 0.3mg
麦芽糖 1000mg
总计 1103.3mg
实施例4中如此获得的脂质体制剂表现出与实施例1的脂质体制剂相同的特性。
本发明的生产方法可以提供在水性介质中具有极好重分散作用的脂质体制剂(例如:重分散后透明度极好,平均粒径的分布范围窄小,并且当与血浆混合后不形成沉淀)。
与含有胆固醇的常规脂质体脂质体制剂相比,按照本发明,脂质体可以容易地解体,有可能预期通过大剂量给药有更为出色的快速作用。此外,本发明的制剂不含有表面活性剂,使得它有可能在对循环器官产生无任何影响的情况下获得极好的效果。工业应用性
因此,本发明脂质体制剂特别适用于治疗和预防其中期望药效快速作用的疾病,例如脑缺血性疾病(例如,头部损伤、脑出血(例如蛛网膜下出血、大脑内出血)、脑梗塞、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞、心跳停止、中风、一过性缺血发作(TIA)、高血性压脑病)。
根据作为有效成分的2-哌啶酸衍生物(特别是大环内酯化合物例如三环化合物(I))的药理学作用,本发明的脂质体制剂可用于治疗和预防下列疾病和病症:
由于以下器官或组织的移植引起的排斥反应:心、肾、肝、骨髓、皮肤、角膜、肺、胰腺、小肠、肢体、肌肉、神经、椎间盘、气管、成肌细胞、软骨等;
骨髓移植后的移植物抗宿主反应;
自身免疫病,例如类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、桥本甲状腺炎(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)、多发性硬化、重症肌无力、I型糖尿病等;
由致病微生物(例如烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)、尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)、Trichophyton asteroides等)引起的感染;
炎性皮肤病或高增生性皮肤病或免疫介导疾病的皮肤表现(例如银屑病、特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、湿疹样皮炎、脂溢性皮炎、扁平苔癣、天疱疮、大疱性类天疱疮、大疱性表皮松解、荨麻疹、血管性水肿、血管炎、红斑、皮肤嗜酸粒细胞增多、红斑狼疮、痤疮和斑形脱发);
眼睛的自身免疫病(例如角结膜炎、春季结膜炎、与贝赫切特病(Behcet’s disease)相关的眼色素层炎、角膜炎、疱疹性角膜炎、圆锥形角膜炎、角膜上皮营养不良、角膜白斑、ocular premphigus、莫伦溃疡(Mooren’s ulcer)、巩膜炎、格雷夫斯眼病(Graves’ophthalmopathy)、伏格特-小柳-原田综合征(Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome)、
干燥性角膜结膜炎(干眼病)、小疱、虹膜睫状体炎、结节病、内分泌性眼病等);
可逆阻塞性气道疾病[哮喘(例如支气管哮喘、变应性哮喘、内因性哮喘、外因性哮喘和尘埃性哮喘),特别是慢性哮喘或慢性顽固性哮喘(例如晚期哮喘和气道反应过度)支气管炎等];
粘膜或血管炎症(例如胃溃疡、缺血性血管损伤或血栓形成性血管损伤、缺血性肠病、肠炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎、与热灼伤相关的肠损伤、白三烯B4介导的疾病);
肠炎/变态反应(例如腹腔疾病、直肠炎、嗜酸性胃肠炎、肥大细胞增生症、局限性回肠炎和溃疡性结肠炎);
具有远离胃肠道症状表现的食物相关变应性疾病(例如偏头痛、鼻炎和温疹);
肾病(例如间质性肾炎、古德帕斯彻综合征(Goodpasture’ssyndrome)、溶血性尿毒症综合征、糖尿病性肾病)和肾变病综合征(例如
肾小球肾炎);
神经病(例如多发性肌炎、急性热病性多神经炎(Guillain-Barresyndrome)、梅尼埃病(Meniere’s disease)、多神经炎、孤立性神经炎、脑梗塞、早老性痴呆(Alzheimer’s disease)、帕金森病(Parkinson’sdisease)、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)和神经根病);
内分泌性疾病(例如甲状腺功能亢进和巴塞多病(Basedow’sdisease));
血液病(例如单纯性红细胞再生不良、再生障碍性贫血、再生不良性贫血、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、粒细胞缺乏症、恶性贫血、巨幼细胞性贫血和红细胞发生不能);
骨病(例如骨质疏松);
呼吸系统疾病(例如结节病、肺纤维化和特发性间质性肺炎);
皮肤病(例如皮肌炎、寻常白斑病、寻常鱼鳞病、光过敏和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤);
循环系统病(例如动脉硬化、动脉粥样硬化、主动脉炎综合征、结节性多动脉炎和非炎性心肌病);
胶原性疾病(例如硬皮病、韦格纳肉芽肿(Wegener’s granuloma)和斯耶格伦综合征(Sjogren’s syndrome));
肥胖症;
嗜酸细胞性筋膜炎;
牙周病(例如龈损伤、牙周组织损伤、牙槽骨损伤或牙骨质损伤);
男性型脱发、老年性脱发;
肌营养不良;
脓皮病和赛塞利综合征(Sezary syndrome);
染色体异常相关疾病(例如唐氏综合征(Down’s syndrome));
艾迪生病(Addison’s desease);
活性氧介导的疾病[例如器官损伤(例如与防腐剂、移植术相关的器官(例如心、肝、肾、消化道等)的缺血性循环障碍或缺血性疾病(例如血栓形成、心肌梗塞等));
肠病(例如内毒素休克、假膜性结肠炎和药源性结肠性或辐射诱发性结肠炎);
肾病(例如缺血性急性肾功能不全、慢性肾衰竭);
肺病(例如由肺部氧或药物(例如去氢可的松、博来霉素等)引起的中毒、肺癌和肺气肿);
眼病(例如白内障、铁贮积病(眼球铁质沉着)、视网膜炎、色素沉着、老年斑、玻璃体瘢痕形成、角膜碱灼伤);
皮炎(例如多形红斑、线型免疫球蛋白A大疱性皮炎、粘固粉皮炎);
以及其它疾病(例如龈炎、牙周炎、脓毒病、胰腺炎和由环境污染(例如空气污染)、衰老、致癌物、癌转移引起的疾病和低气压病)];
由组胺释放或白三烯C4释放引起的疾病;
血管成形术后冠状动脉的再狭窄和手术后粘连的预防;
自身免疫病和炎症(例如原发性粘膜水肿、自身免疫性萎缩性胃炎、过早绝经、男性不育、青少年糖尿病、寻常天疱疮、类天疱疮、交感性眼炎、镜片诱发性色素层炎、特发性白细胞减少、慢性活动性肝炎、特发性肝硬化、盘状红斑狼疮、自身免疫性睾丸炎、关节炎(例如变形性关节炎)或多软骨炎);
ency病毒(HIV)感染、AIDS;
过敏性结膜炎;和
由于创伤、灼伤或手术引起的肥大性瘢痕和疤痕疙瘩。
另外,大环内酯化合物例如三环化合物(I)具有肝再生活性和/或刺激肝细胞肥大和增生的活性。因此,本发明的药用组合物可用于治疗和预防肝病[例如免疫原性疾病(例如慢性自身免疫性肝病例如自身免疫性肝病、原发性胆汁性肝硬化或硬化性胆管炎)、部分肝切除、急性肝坏死(例如由毒素引起的坏死、病毒性肝炎、休克或缺氧)、乙型肝炎、非甲非乙型肝炎、肝硬化和肝衰竭(例如暴发性肝炎、迟发性肝炎和慢性肝衰竭的急性发作(慢性肝病的急性肝衰竭))]。
此外,因为三环大环内酯的有效药理学活性,所以本发明的制剂也可用于增强预防和/或治疗各种疾病的效果,例如增强化疗作用的活性、巨细胞病毒感染的活性、抗炎活性、抑制抗肽基脯氨酸异构酶或旋转异构酶的活性、抗疟活性、抗肿瘤活性等。
Claims (12)
1.一种通过真空干燥生产脂质体制剂的方法,其中
将通过除去脂质体溶液中的溶剂后获得的脂质体浓缩溶液,在所述浓缩溶液起泡的同时或所述浓缩溶液起泡后进行真空干燥,而不进行冷冻。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中通过在真空条件下通过降低所述浓缩溶液的温度后,再升高所述浓缩溶液的温度,产生气泡。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中使所述浓缩溶液的温度降低至-10℃或更低后,再将所述浓缩溶液的温度升高至20℃或更高。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中使所述浓缩溶液的温度降低至-30℃至-40℃的范围后,再将所述浓缩溶液的温度升高至30℃-50℃的范围。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中通过在使所述浓缩溶液流动的同时或之后,将所述浓缩溶液置于在真空条件下,产生气泡。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中在使浓缩溶液保持其液相的同时,使所述浓缩溶液起泡。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述方法是指含有作为有效成分的一种2-哌啶酸衍生物或其药学上可接受的盐的脂质体制剂的生产方法。
(a)代表氢原子;或
(b)可以形成在与连接它们的相应碳原子之间形成的另一个键;和
R2也可以为烷基;
R7代表氢原子、羟基、被护羟基或烷氧基,或可以与R1结合,由此代表一个氧代基;
R8和R9独立地代表氢原子或羟基;
R10代表氢原子、烷基、用一个或多个羟基取代的烷基、链烯基、用一个或多个羟基取代的链烯基或用一个氧代基取代的烷基;
X代表氧代基、一个氢原子和一个羟基与一个碳原子连接的状态、两个氢原子与一个碳原子连接的状态、或由式-CH2O-表示的基团;
Y为氧代基、一个氢原子和一个羟基与一个碳原子连接的状态、两个氢原子与一个碳原子连接的状态、或由式N-NR11R12或N-OR13表示的基团;
R11和R12独立地代表氢原子、烷基、芳基或甲苯磺酰基;
R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、R22和R23独立地代表氢原子或烷基;
R24代表能够含有一个或多个杂原子的任选取代的环;和
n代表1或2的整数;
前提是,除上述定义外,Y、R10和R23可以与连接它们的碳原子结合,由此代表含有氮原子、硫原子和/或氧原子的饱和或不饱和五元或六元杂环基,并且所述杂环基可以用选自以下的一个或多个基团取代:烷基、羟基、烷氧基、苄基、式-CH2Se(C6H5)基团和用一个或多个羟基取代的烷基。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中主要用卵磷脂作为脂质体形成脂质。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述脂质体不含胆固醇。
11.权利要求8的方法,其中所述大环内酯化合物(I)是17-烯丙基-1,14-二羟基-12-[2-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基环己基)-1-甲基乙烯基]-23,25-二甲氧基-13,19,21,27-四甲基-11,28-二氧杂-4-氮杂三环[22.3.1.04,9]二十八碳-18-烯-2,3,10,16-四酮或其水合物。
12.脂质体制剂,所述脂质体制剂通过权利要求1中限定的方法获得。
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JP295834/1999 | 1999-10-18 |
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US (1) | US6979461B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1221938A2 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2003512314A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20020063873A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1411368A (zh) |
AR (1) | AR026076A1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU7452900A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0015053A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2386155A1 (zh) |
HU (1) | HUP0203159A3 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA02003846A (zh) |
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CN110151590A (zh) * | 2019-06-19 | 2019-08-23 | 湖州浦瑞生物医药技术有限公司 | 视黄醇视黄酸酯纳米制剂及其制备方法和用途 |
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US20040018228A1 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2004-01-29 | Afmedica, Inc. | Compositions and methods for reducing scar tissue formation |
DK1848431T3 (en) | 2005-02-09 | 2016-04-18 | Santen Pharmaceutical Co Ltd | LIQUID FORMULATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF DISEASES OR CONDITIONS |
ITMI20051826A1 (it) * | 2005-09-29 | 2007-03-30 | Novachem S A | Kit per la somministrazione parenterale di medicamenti |
AU2013200089B2 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2016-03-03 | Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd | Stable formulations, and methods of their preparation and use |
AU2007212271B2 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2012-11-01 | Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Stable formulations, and methods of their preparation and use |
BRPI0709016A2 (pt) | 2006-03-23 | 2011-06-21 | Macusight Inc | formulações e métodos para doenças ou condições relacionadas com a permeabilidade vascular |
US20120201871A1 (en) * | 2011-02-07 | 2012-08-09 | Professional Compounding Centers Of America, Ltd. | Permeation enhancers with liposomes for topical formulations |
US8871811B2 (en) | 2011-02-07 | 2014-10-28 | Professional Compounding Centers of America, Ltd | Permeation enhancers for topical formulations |
US8906397B2 (en) | 2011-02-07 | 2014-12-09 | Professional Compounding Centers of America, Ltd | Permeation enhancers for topical formulations |
JP7020914B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-18 | 2022-02-16 | 日本化薬株式会社 | ラパマイシン又はその誘導体を含有する医薬組成物 |
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US4532130A (en) | 1981-07-06 | 1985-07-30 | Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center | Preparation of synthetic frythrocytes |
US4880635B1 (en) | 1984-08-08 | 1996-07-02 | Liposome Company | Dehydrated liposomes |
US5096629A (en) | 1988-08-29 | 1992-03-17 | 501 Nippon Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. | Method for preparing lipid powder for use in preparing liposomes and method for preparing liposomes |
JP3299745B2 (ja) | 1991-06-18 | 2002-07-08 | イマアーレクス・フアーマシユーチカル・コーポレーシヨン | 新規なリポソーム薬配達システム |
WO1993008802A1 (en) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-05-13 | Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Liposome preparation containing tricyclic compound |
JP3329554B2 (ja) | 1993-03-10 | 2002-09-30 | 千葉製粉株式会社 | 乾燥小胞体 |
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- 2000-10-03 US US10/089,084 patent/US6979461B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN110151590A (zh) * | 2019-06-19 | 2019-08-23 | 湖州浦瑞生物医药技术有限公司 | 视黄醇视黄酸酯纳米制剂及其制备方法和用途 |
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HUP0203159A2 (hu) | 2002-12-28 |
JP2003512314A (ja) | 2003-04-02 |
HUP0203159A3 (en) | 2004-12-28 |
AR026076A1 (es) | 2002-12-26 |
BR0015053A (pt) | 2002-07-02 |
US6979461B1 (en) | 2005-12-27 |
AU7452900A (en) | 2001-04-30 |
MXPA02003846A (es) | 2002-09-30 |
KR20020063873A (ko) | 2002-08-05 |
WO2001028522A3 (en) | 2002-05-10 |
RU2002113171A (ru) | 2004-01-27 |
EP1221938A2 (en) | 2002-07-17 |
CA2386155A1 (en) | 2001-04-26 |
WO2001028522A2 (en) | 2001-04-26 |
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