CN1308369C - 生物降解热塑性聚酯 - Google Patents
生物降解热塑性聚酯 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1308369C CN1308369C CNB038090864A CN03809086A CN1308369C CN 1308369 C CN1308369 C CN 1308369C CN B038090864 A CNB038090864 A CN B038090864A CN 03809086 A CN03809086 A CN 03809086A CN 1308369 C CN1308369 C CN 1308369C
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- polyester
- biological degradation
- aliphatic polyester
- mole
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本发明描述了可用于几种类型制品如膜、片材、网、膨胀模塑产品等的生产的生物降解脂族热塑性聚酯,及其生产方法。
Description
本发明描述了可用于各种物体如膜、片材、网、膨胀模塑产品等的生产的生物降解脂族热塑性聚酯,及其生产方法。
本发明涉及二元酸/二元醇类型的生物降解聚酯,该聚酯包含至少一种至少三官能的化合物以获得具有增强的渗透率、低凝胶含量和改进的透明度的制品。
从本说明书中将显然的是,根据本发明的聚酯可以适宜地用于各种类型制品的生产。
本发明涉及由二元羧酸、二元醇和一种或多种至少三官能的化合物形成的生物降解热塑性脂族聚酯,根据本发明的聚酯包含作为重复基础单元的如下单体:
a)至少一种含有C9-C13原子的脂族二元羧酸或其酯;
b)至少一种含有2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族二元醇;
c)至少一种至少三官能的分子,
其中基于脂族二元羧酸和该至少三官能的化合物的摩尔数的总和,包含的c)的范围是从0.05%到作为上限的根据如下公式的数值:
该公式适用于ηinh>0.6dl/g并且其中:
%P=相对于二元羧酸摩尔数和该至少三官能的分子的摩尔数的总和的摩尔百分比;
N=聚合物主链中重复二元酸/二元醇单元的平均碳原子数目(例如:对于聚癸二酸乙二醇酯,N=12,对于聚癸二酸丁二醇酯,N=14);
ηinh=最小的所需比浓对数粘度,ηinh>0.6dl/g(在0.2g/dl CH3Cl溶液中,在25℃下);
f=至少三官能的分子中反应性部分的数目。
根据多官能化合物的化学性质和根据聚酯的粘度和化学结构,以上公式允许确定多官能化合物的浓度范围。例如可以采用高百分比的多官能分子获得具有低凝胶含量的高粘度聚癸二酸二十烷二醇酯(polyesamethylensebacate),而用较低多官能化合物百分比,高粘度聚癸二酸乙二醇酯显示高凝胶含量。
根据本发明的聚酯的特征为高渗透率值,该渗透率值使得它们特别可用于生产透气制品如用于水果和蔬菜的包装膜和包装泡沫材料。
本发明聚酯的进一步特征是它们的改进的透明度,该透明度使得它们特别适于包装方面和农业领域中的应用。
根据本发明,聚酯不显示显著的交联现象,该交联现象会导致凝胶形成,使它们不适于各种加工类型,例如薄膜吹塑。
根据本发明的聚酯显示高渗透率,该渗透率作为水蒸气透过率测定并根据ASTM E 96-90对薄膜测量。数值高于550(g·30μm)/(m2·24h),优选高于600(g·30μm)/(m2·24h)。
获得根据本发明的聚酯,该聚酯的相对于聚酯计的凝胶含量低于2.0%(w/w)。
本发明的聚酯可以吹塑为厚度为25-30μm的膜,该膜具有改进的光透明度和雾度的特性。
本发明的聚酯具有低的酸值数值,该酸值数值使得它们对水解特别稳定。
二元羧酸的例子是壬二酸、癸二酸、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸和十三烷二酸。
二元醇的例子包括1,2-乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,7-庚二醇、1,8-辛二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,11-十一烷二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇、1,13-十三烷二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、丙二醇、新戊二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、双脱水山梨醇、双脱水甘露糖醇、双脱水艾杜糖醇、环己二醇、环己烷甲二醇。
至少三官能的化合物的例子包括甘油、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、柠檬酸、12-羟基-十八碳-顺式-9,15-烯酸:18:2-OH(densipolic acid)、14-羟基-二十碳-顺式-11,17-烯酸:20:2-OH(auripolic acid)、环氧化豆油和蓖麻油。
有利地,可以向根据本发明的聚合物中加入一种或多种天然或合成来源的不饱和酸。
合成来源的不饱和酸的例子是马来酸、富马酸、醋酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸羟烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯。
天然来源不饱和酸的例子是脂肪酸,其中单不饱和羟基酸,如蓖麻油酸、14-羟基-二十碳-顺式-11-烯酸:20:1-OH(lesquerolic acid),和单或多不饱和单羧酸,如油酸、芥酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸。天然来源的不饱和酸可以以纯物质形式使用或与饱和或不饱和的其它脂肪酸混合使用。特别地,它们可以作为从它们所源自的植物油的皂化或酯交换而获得的共混物形式使用。例如,蓖麻油酸甲酯形式的蓖麻油酸可以采用如下衍生的或多或少为纯物质形式使用:蓖麻油与甲醇的酯交换反应,并且随后脱除甘油(反应副产物)和过量甲醇。
天然来源不饱和酸的浓度按摩尔计低于15%,基于不饱和酸摩尔数和脂族二元羧酸或其酯摩尔数的总和,优选0.5至小于15%,特别是0.5-6%和更优选1-5%。
根据本发明的聚酯的分子量Mn为30,000-150,000,优选40,000-120,000。
根据本发明的聚酯的比浓对数粘度(对于浓度为0.2g/dl的CHCl3溶液在25℃下采用乌氏粘度计测量)为大于0.6并最高至1.5,优选0.7-1.4dl/g。
当用于塑料的典型应用领域(例如薄膜吹塑、泡沫材料等)时,根据本发明的聚酯的熔体流动速率(MFR)是在0.5-150g/10min,优选1.5-70g/10min,更优选3.0-50g/10min范围内(在150℃/2.16kg下,根据ASTM D1238测量)。
聚酯采用Mohr-Westphal天平测量的密度小于1.25g/cm3,优选小于1.15g/cm3。
除基础单体以外,根据本发明的聚酯可包含数量在0-50摩尔%,优选0-30摩尔%范围内的至少一种羟基酸,基于脂族二元羧酸的摩尔数。适宜的羟基酸的例子是乙醇酸、羟基丁酸、羟基己酸、羟基戊酸、7-羟基庚酸、8-羟基己酸、9-羟基壬酸和乳酸。
此外,根据本发明的聚酯可包含最多至50摩尔%多官能芳族化合物,例如苯二甲酸,特别地是对苯二甲酸,双酚A,对苯二酚等,基于二元羧酸和可能在链中包括的任何其它酸的含量,同时实际上保持了生物降解性。
另外,根据本发明的聚酯可以与如下物质的共混物形式使用并也以该形式由反应性挤出获得:相同类型聚酯,或其它生物降解聚酯(如聚乳酸、聚-ε-己内酯、聚羟基链烷酸酯、聚亚烷基琥珀酸酯),或聚酯以外的聚合物;它也可以与如下天然来源聚合物的共混物形式使用:如淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖、藻酸盐或天然橡胶。淀粉和纤维素可以是改性的且其中可以提及,例如取代水平在0.2-2.5范围内的淀粉或纤维素酯,羟丙基化淀粉,由脂肪链改性的淀粉。淀粉可以是以变构的、以凝胶或以填料形式使用。
由相关分子量的适当控制,根据本发明的聚酯同样具有如下粘度值,该粘度值使它们适用于许多实际应用领域如膜、泡沫材料、热成形产品等。
特别地,根据本发明的聚酯适用于如下产品的生产:
-单向或双向的膜,和含有其它聚合物材料的多层膜;
-用于农业用途的膜,如地膜;
-用于有机废物收集的袋子和内衬;
-单层或多层食品包装物,如用于奶、酸乳、肉、饮料等的容器;
-采用挤出涂覆技术获得的涂层;
-含有纸、塑料、铝、金属化膜的层的多层层压材料;
-由合成获得的用于生产制品的膨胀或可膨胀珠粒;
-膨胀和半膨胀产品,包括从预膨胀粒子获得的膨胀块;
-膨胀和热成形片材和从其获得的用于食品包装的容器;
-一般用于水果和蔬菜的容器;
-采用胶凝化、变构和/或复合淀粉、天然淀粉、面粉,其它天然的、植物或无机填料作为填料的复合材料;
-用于卫生和保健领域的纤维、微纤维、织物和非织造织物。
因此,本发明也提供从本发明的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯或共混物获得的成形制品,例如单向膜、双向膜、含有其它聚合物材料的多层膜、地膜、由挤出涂覆技术获得的涂层;用于有机废物收集的袋子和内衬;选自奶容器、酸乳容器、肉容器、饮料容器、水果容器、蔬菜容器的单层或多层食品容器;包含选自如下材料的层的多层层压材料:纸、塑料、铝、金属化膜;半膨胀产品、膨胀产品、由预膨胀粒子形成的膨胀块、膨胀片材、热成形片材、由膨胀片材或热成形片材制成的食品包装用容器;采用胶凝化、变构和/或复合淀粉或天然淀粉作为填料的复合材料;用于卫生或保健领域的纤维、织物和非织造织物。
可以根据用于合成聚酯的已知方法制备根据本发明的生物降解聚酯。特别地,可以有利地通过缩聚反应获得该聚酯,其中在180℃-230℃的温度下进行第一酯化或酯交换步骤,直到蒸馏出至少85重量%,优选至少90重量%副产物(水或一价醇),基于副产物的总重量,随后优选在200℃-250℃的温度下,在强真空下,即在小于10mmHg,优选小于5mmHg的压力下进行第二脱二醇步骤。
有利地,可以在合适催化剂的存在下进行聚酯的聚合方法。合适的催化剂是,如有机金属化合物,特别是有机锡化合物,例如锡酸的衍生物,钛化合物,例如,钛酸原丁酯,铝化合物,例如三异丙氧基铝,锑和锌化合物。
有利地,在根据本发明的聚酯的生产方法中,在反应体系中以1-1.5摩尔/摩尔二元酸或其酯的数量提供二元醇。
在聚酯合成的已知方法中,也可以提及其中由发酵合成或基因工程方法获得聚合物的方法。
现在通过仅非穷举例示而说明根据本发明的聚酯的一些实施例。
实施例
在实施例中,采用乌氏粘度计在25℃下,在氯仿中,在0.2g/dl的浓度下测量比浓对数粘度。操作方法根据ASTM D 2857-89;
在2.16Kg和150℃下根据ASTM D 1238-89测量MFR。
根据本发明由如下方式测量凝胶含量:将聚酯样品(X1)加入氯仿中(以制备浓度接近0.02g/cm3的溶液),加热直到氯仿回流8h,在筛网上在真空下过滤混合物,并将保留在过滤格栅上的材料重量称重(X2)。凝胶含量作为这样获得的材料相对于样品重量的比例(X2/X1)×100而确定。
借助HAZEGUARD SYSTEM XL-211,根据ASTM D 1003进行在源端口的透光率(T源)和雾度值的测量。
根据如下方法测量酸值。将约1-3克聚合物溶于10ml甲苯和10ml吡啶中,加热直到回流。然后将溶液冷却到室温,加入5ml水和50mlTHF并采用标准KOH溶液进行滴淀。不用测试物质而重复该测定(空白样品)。然后从如下公式得到酸值:
AN=T×56.1×(V1-V2)/m
其中
T=标准KOH溶液的滴定度
m=以mg计的测试物质重量
V1=带有测试物质使用的标准溶液的ml数
V2=不带有测试物质使用的标准溶液的ml数
实施例1
将
-8000g癸二酸(39.6摩尔),
-4000g 1,4-丁二醇(44.4摩尔),
-18.4甘油(0.2摩尔,等于0.5摩尔%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的25l钢反应器中。
在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。进行反应直到蒸馏出85%的理论数量的挥发性副产物(水)。然后加入9.4g异丙醇铝(4.6·10-2摩尔)。
然后将温度升高到240℃并对系统施加2mmHg的压力。反应进行240min。获得比浓对数粘度为1.2dl/g,MFR=3.1g/10min,酸值为1.5mgKOH/g的聚合物。
凝胶含量是0%。
其后在Ghioldi机器(L/D=30,螺杆直径=40mm,热分布:120-135-145×2-145×4,45rpm和生产量=20kg/h)中将这样获得的产物进行薄膜吹塑。
对25μm膜测量水蒸气透过率(ASTM E 96-90),获得670(g·30μm)/(m2·24h)的数值。
雾度(ASTM D1003)是13%和在源端口的透光率(Ts)(ASTM D1003)是79%(在薄膜吹塑之后15天测量)。
实施例2
将
-5000g癸二酸(24.7摩尔),
-1690g乙二醇(27.2摩尔),
-2.3g甘油(0.025摩尔,等于0.1摩尔%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
-5g一丁基锡酸(2.4·10-2摩尔)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的25l钢反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。进行反应直到蒸馏出85%的理论数量的挥发性副产物(水)。
然后将温度升高到240℃并对系统施加1mmHg的压力。反应进行140min。获得比浓对数粘度为1.23dl/g,MFR=5.3g/10min,酸值为1.2mgKOH/g的聚合物。
凝胶含量是0.2%。
其后采用Formac机器(L/D=25,螺杆直径=20mm,热分布:60-110-120-130-135℃,35rpm和生产量=2.1kg/h)将实施例中获得的产物进行薄膜吹塑。
对25μm膜测量水蒸气透过率(ASTM E 96-90),获得650(g·30μm)/(m2·24h)的数值。
实施例3
将
-80.8g癸二酸(0.4摩尔),
-49.5g1,6-己二醇(0.42摩尔),
-0.59g甘油(6.4·10-3摩尔,等于1.6%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
-0.12g一丁基锡酸(5.7·10-4摩尔)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的1.5升Pirex玻璃锥形反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。继续反应直到蒸馏出88%的理论数量的挥发性副产物。
然后将温度升高到240℃并将系统设定在0.5mmHg的压力。反应进行270min。获得比浓对数粘度为1.4dl/g的聚合物。
凝胶含量是1.3%。
对比例A
将
-101g癸二酸(0.5摩尔),
-50.5g1,4-丁二醇(0.56摩尔),
-0.69g甘油(7.5·10-3摩尔,等于1.5%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的1.5升Pirex玻璃锥形反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。继续反应直到蒸馏出88%的理论数量的挥发性副产物。然后加入0.12g异丙醇铝(5.9·10-4摩尔)。
然后将温度升高到240℃并将系统设定在0.5mmHg的压力。在100min之后获得比浓对数粘度为0.7dl/g的产物。在120min之后产物交联并且它不可加工。凝胶含量是15%。
对比例B
将
-101g癸二酸(0.5摩尔),
-34.1g乙二醇(0.56摩尔),
-0.42g甘油(4.5·10-3摩尔,等于0.9%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
-0.1g二丁基锡酸(4.8·10-4摩尔)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的1.5升Pirex玻璃锥形反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。继续反应直到蒸馏出88%的理论数量的挥发性副产物。
然后将温度升高到240℃并将系统设定在0.5mmHg的压力。在110min之后获得比浓对数粘度为0.75dl/g的产物。在120min之后产物交联并且它不可加工。凝胶含量是50%。
对比例C
将
-8000g癸二酸(39.6摩尔),
-4000g1,4-丁二醇(44.4摩尔),
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的25l钢反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。进行反应直到蒸馏出85%的理论数量的挥发性副产物(水)。
然后加入9.4g异丙醇铝(4.6·10-2)摩尔。然后将温度升高到240℃并对系统施加2mmHg的压力。反应进行330min。获得比浓对数粘度为1.22dl/g,MFR=4.1g/10min的聚合物。
其后在Ghioldi机器(L/D=30,螺杆直径=40mm,热分布:120-135-145×2-145×4,45rpm和生产量=20kg/h)中将这样获得的产物进行薄膜吹塑。
对25μm膜测量水蒸气透过率(ASTM E 96-90),获得400(g·30μm)/(m2·24h)的数值。
雾度(ASTM D1003)是36%和在源端口的透光率(Ts)(ASTM D1003)是60%(在薄膜吹塑之后15天测量)。
实施例4
将
-4320g癸二酸(21.4摩尔),
-2120g 1,4-丁二醇(23.6摩尔),
-1000g蓖麻油酸甲酯(3.2摩尔,>98%纯度)等于13摩尔%,基于癸二酸和蓖麻油酸甲酯的含量,
-18g甘油(0.2摩尔,0.9摩尔%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
-10g一丁基锡酸(相应于4.8·10-2摩尔)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的25l钢反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。进行反应直到蒸馏出85%的理论数量的挥发性副产物(水和甲醇)。
然后将温度升高到240℃并对系统施加0.6mmHg的压力。反应进行300min。获得5.4kg的具有比浓对数粘度为1.21dl/g,MFR=3.2g/10min,密度=1.08g/cm3的聚合物。凝胶含量是0.3%。
其后采用用于薄膜吹塑的Ghioldi机器(L/D=30,螺杆直径=40mm,热分布:120-135-145×2-145×4,45rpm和生产量=20kg/h)将这样获得的产物制成膜;在薄膜吹塑后15天,对25-30μm膜测量拉伸性能(ASTMD882-88),抗撕裂性能(ASTM D1922-89)。结果见表I。
实施例5
将
-4320g癸二酸(21.4摩尔),
-2120g 1,4-丁二醇(27.2摩尔),
-15-7g甘油(0.2摩尔,0.8摩尔%,基于二元羧酸和甘油的含量)
-10g一丁基锡酸(相应于4.8·10-2摩尔)
加入到实施例4的钢反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。进行反应直到蒸馏出85%的理论数量的挥发性副产物(750水)。
然后将温度升高到240℃并对系统施加0.6mmHg的压力。反应进行300min。获得5.0kg的具有比浓对数粘度为1.17dl/g,MFR=2.6g/10min,密度=1.12g/cm3的聚合物。
其后采用用于薄膜吹塑的Ghioldi机器(L/D=30,螺杆直径=40mm,热分布:120-135-145×2-145×4,45rpm和生产量=20kg/h)将这样获得的产物制成膜;在薄膜吹塑后15天,对25-30μm膜测量拉伸性能(ASTMD882-88),抗撕裂性能(ASTM D1922-89)。结果见表I。
关于实施例5,根据实施例4的共聚酯较不刚硬且在横向上具有改进的抗撕裂性能以及最好的平衡(实施例4聚合物在纵向和横向上的断裂强度事实上可比)。
表I
实施例 | 4 | 5 |
粘度(dl/g) | 1.21 | 1,17 |
MFR | 3.2 | 2,6 |
密度(g/cm3) | 1.08 | 1,12 |
拉伸性能-机器方向 | ||
屈服应力(MPa) | 10.5 | 27 |
断裂应力(MPa) | 23 | 37,5 |
屈服伸长率(%) | 5 | 7,5 |
断裂伸长率(%) | 290 | 325 |
弹性模量(MPa) | 340 | 800 |
断裂能(MJ/m3) | 49 | 94 |
拉伸性能-横向 | ||
屈服应力(MPa) | 10 | 23 |
断裂应力(MPa) | 14 | 18.5 |
屈服伸长率(%) | 4 | 3.6 |
断裂伸长率(%) | 595 | 80 |
弹性模量(MPa) | 475 | 1055 |
断裂能(MJ/m3) | 55 | 12 |
抗撕裂性能(埃尔门多夫(Elmendorf)) | ||
纵向(N/mm) | 3 | 3 |
横向(N/mm) | 49 | 10 |
实施例6
将
-202g癸二酸(1摩尔),
-10g 1,4-丁二醇(1.1摩尔),
-46.8g蓖麻油酸甲酯(0.13摩尔,纯度=85重量%)(由蓖麻油的碱催化酯交换反应和随后脱除甘油-反应副产物-和过量甲醇而获得)等于13摩尔%,基于癸二酸和蓖麻油酸甲酯的含量,
-1.2g甘油(1.3·10-2)摩尔,等于1.3摩尔%,基于癸二酸和甘油的含量)
加入到配有机械搅拌器,氮气流入口,冷凝器,并与真空泵连接的1.5升Pirex玻璃锥形反应器中。在剧烈搅拌和氮气流下逐渐升高温度直到210℃。继续反应直到蒸馏出88%的理论数量的挥发性副产物。然后加入0.25g异丙醇铝。
然后将温度升高到240℃并将系统设定在0.5mmHg的压力。反应进行360min。获得250g的具有比浓对数粘度为1.2dl/g,MFR=5g/10min,凝胶含量是0.4%的聚合物。
Claims (32)
1.一种二元酸/二元醇类型的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其包含作为基础单元的如下单体:
a)至少一种含有C9-C13原子的脂族二元羧酸或其酯;
b)至少一种含有2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族二元醇;
c)至少一种至少三官能的分子,
其中基于脂族二元羧酸和该至少三官能的分子的摩尔数的总和,包含的c)的范围是从0.05%到作为上限的根据如下公式的数值:
该公式适用于ηinh>0.6dl/g并且其中
%P=相对于该至少三官能的分子的摩尔数和二元羧酸摩尔数的总和的摩尔百分比,
N=聚合物主链中重复二元酸/二元醇单元的平均碳原子数目,
ηinh=最小的所需比浓对数粘度,ηinh>0.6dl/g,该比浓对数粘度在0.2g/dl CH3Cl溶液中,在25℃下,根据ASTM D2857-89测量,
f=至少三官能的分子中反应性部分的数目;
其特征在于,天然或合成来源的不饱和酸以0.5摩尔%至小于15摩尔%的浓度存在,基于该不饱和酸摩尔数和脂族二元羧酸或其酯摩尔数的总和,
其中该生物降解聚酯的特征为具有相对于聚酯计为低于2.0%(w/w)的凝胶含量,该凝胶含量通过如下方法测量:将聚酯样品X1加入氯仿中以制备浓度接近0.02g/cm3的溶液,加热直到氯仿回流8h,在筛网上在真空下过滤混合物,并将保留在过滤格栅上的材料重量称重X2,凝胶含量作为这样获得的材料相对于样品重量的比例(X2/X1)×100而确定。
2.根据权利要求1的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其特征为具有高于550(g·30μm)/(m2·24h)的水蒸气渗透率,该水蒸气渗透率根据ASTME96-90对薄膜测量。
3.根据权利要求2的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其特征为具有高于600(g·30μm)/(m2·24h)的水蒸气渗透率。
4.根据权利要求1的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其特征为具有在大于0.6并最高至1.5dl/g范围内的比浓对数粘度。
5.根据权利要求4的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其特征为具有在0.5-150g/10min范围内的熔体流动速率,该熔体流动速率是在150℃/2.16kg下根据ASTM D1238测量。
6.根据权利要求5的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中脂族或环脂族二元醇选自1,2-乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,7-庚二醇、1,8-辛二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,11-十一烷二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇、1,13-十三烷二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、新戊二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、双脱水山梨醇、双脱水甘露糖醇、双脱水艾杜糖醇、环己二醇、环己烷甲二醇。
7.根据权利要求6的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中至少三官能的分子选自甘油、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷、柠檬酸、12-羟基-十八碳-顺式-9,15-烯酸、14-羟基-二十碳-顺式-11,17-烯酸、环氧化豆油和蓖麻油。
8.根据权利要求1的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中天然来源的不饱和酸选自蓖麻油酸、14-羟基-二十碳-顺式-11-烯酸、油酸、芥酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸。
9.根据权利要求1的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中合成来源的不饱和酸是马来酸、富马酸、醋酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸羟烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中包含至少一种羟基酸,其数量在0-30摩尔%范围内,基于脂族二元羧酸的摩尔数。
11.根据权利要求10的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中羟基酸选自乙醇酸、羟基丁酸、羟基己酸、羟基戊酸、7-羟基庚酸、8-羟基己酸、9-羟基壬酸、乳酸。
12.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其包含最多至50摩尔%的多官能芳族化合物,基于二元羧酸和任何可能在链中存在的其它酸的含量。
13.根据权利要求12的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中多官能芳族化合物选自苯二甲酸,双酚A,对苯二酚。
14.根据权利要求13的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其中所述苯二甲酸是对苯二甲酸。
15.根据权利要求1-14中任一项的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯与天然来源的聚合物形成的共混物,该天然来源的聚合物选自淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖、藻酸盐或天然橡胶。
16.根据权利要求15的共混物,其中淀粉和纤维素是经改性的,或淀粉为变构、胶凝化形式或填料形式。
17.一种热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯的生产方法,其包括第一酯化或酯交换步骤,和在催化剂存在下的第二真空脱二醇步骤;
其中所述聚酯是一种二元酸/二元醇类型的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯,其包含作为基础单元的如下单体:
a)至少一种含有C9-C13原子的脂族二元羧酸或其酯;
b)至少一种含有2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族二元醇;
c)至少一种至少三官能的分子,
其中基于脂族二元羧酸和该至少三官能的分子的摩尔数的总和,包含的c)的范围是从0.05%到作为上限的根据如下公式的数值:
该公式适用于ηinh>0.6dl/g并且其中
%P=相对于该至少三官能的分子的摩尔数和二元羧酸摩尔数的总和的摩尔百分比,
N=聚合物主链中重复二元酸/二元醇单元的平均碳原子数目,
ηinh=最小的所需比浓对数粘度,ηinh>0.6dl/g,该比浓对数粘度在0.2g/dl CH3Cl溶液中,在25℃下,根据ASTM D2857-89测量,
f=至少三官能的分子中反应性部分的数目;
并且其中有天然或合成来源的不饱和酸以0.5摩尔%至小于15摩尔%的浓度存在,基于该不饱和酸摩尔数和脂族二元羧酸或其酯摩尔数的总和,
所述生物降解聚酯进一步的特征为具有相对于聚酯计为低于2.0%(w/w)的凝胶含量,该凝胶含量通过如下方法测量:将聚酯样品X1加入氯仿中以制备浓度接近0.02g/cm3的溶液,加热直到氯仿回流8h,在筛网上在真空下过滤混合物,并将保留在过滤格栅上的材料重量称重X2,凝胶含量作为这样获得的材料相对于样品重量的比例(X2/X1)×100而确定。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中催化剂是有机金属化合物。
19.根据权利要求17的方法,其中在环境压力和180℃-230℃的温度下进行酯化或酯交换步骤,直到蒸馏出至少85重量%的副产物,基于副产物的总重量。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中在强真空下,即在小于10mmHg的压力下,和在220℃-250℃的温度下进行脱二醇步骤。
21.根据权利要求20的方法,其中使用的二元醇数量是在1-1.5摩尔/摩尔二元羧酸或其酯范围内。
22.根据权利要求1-14中任一项的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯或根据权利要求15或16的共混物用于生产如下产品的用途:
-单向或双向的膜,和含有其它聚合物材料的多层膜;
-用于农业用途的膜;
-用于有机废物收集的袋子和内衬;
-单层或多层食品包装物;
-采用挤出涂覆技术获得的涂层;
-含有纸、塑料、铝、金属化膜的层的多层层压材料;
-由合成获得的用于生产制品的膨胀或可膨胀珠粒;
-膨胀和半膨胀产品,包括从预膨胀粒子获得的膨胀块;
-膨胀和热成形片材和从其获得的用于食品包装的容器;
-一般用于水果和蔬菜的容器;
-采用胶凝化、变构和/或复合淀粉、天然淀粉、面粉,其它天然的、植物或无机填料作为填料的复合材料;
-用于卫生和保健领域的纤维、织物和非织造织物。
23.根据权利要求22的用途,其中所述用于农业用途的膜是地膜。
24.根据权利要求22的用途,其中所述单层或多层食品包装物是用于奶、酸乳、肉、饮料的容器。
25.从权利要求1-14中任一项的热塑性生物降解脂族聚酯或权利要求15或16的共混物获得的成形制品。
26.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品选自单向膜、双向膜、含有其它聚合物材料的多层膜、地膜、由挤出涂覆技术获得的涂层。
27.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品选自用于有机废物收集的袋子和内衬。
28.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品是选自奶容器、酸乳容器、肉容器、饮料容器、水果容器、蔬菜容器的单层或多层食品容器。
29.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品是包含选自如下材料的层的多层层压材料:纸、塑料、铝、金属化膜。
30.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品选自半膨胀产品、膨胀产品、由预膨胀粒子形成的膨胀块、膨胀片材、热成形片材、由膨胀片材或热成形片材制成的食品包装用容器。
31.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品选自采用胶凝化、变构和/或复合淀粉或天然淀粉作为填料的复合材料。
32.根据权利要求25的成形制品,其中该制品选自用于卫生或保健领域的纤维、织物和非织造织物。
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