CN1306564A - 用于润滑油的烷基硫代磷酸盐 - Google Patents

用于润滑油的烷基硫代磷酸盐 Download PDF

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CN1306564A
CN1306564A CN99807583A CN99807583A CN1306564A CN 1306564 A CN1306564 A CN 1306564A CN 99807583 A CN99807583 A CN 99807583A CN 99807583 A CN99807583 A CN 99807583A CN 1306564 A CN1306564 A CN 1306564A
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R·A·布劳啻
A·B·鲍法
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Abstract

公开了用于润滑油的磷挥发性降低的抗氧添加剂,该添加剂为通过使P2S5与由(a)其中R为C2-C20烃基且n为2—10的式R(OH)n的多元醇和(b)具有3—18个碳原子的脂族一元醇组成的醇混合物反应而制备的二烷基二硫代磷酸的钠、钾、锂或油溶性胺盐,该混合物含有相对量的多元醇和一元醇以使总OH基团的50mol%为该多元醇的OH基团。

Description

用于润滑油的烷基硫代磷酸盐
本发明涉及可在润滑油中用作抗氧剂的二烷基二硫代磷酸的改进盐。更具体地说,本发明涉及当经受发动机操作条件下的高温环境时具有降低的磷挥发性的该类盐。
二烷基二硫代磷酸盐在润滑油中特别可用作抗氧剂。该类化合物通常通过使醇与五硫化二磷(P2S5)反应和然后用金属中和所得酸而制备,锌是用于生产该添加剂盐的常规金属。非常希望生产磷挥发性低的该类盐,因为已知磷会污染处理汽车尾气的催化消音器中的催化剂。本发明的目的是提供磷挥发性降低的该类抗氧剂盐。
Love等人在美国专利4778906中公开了由脂族一元醇和多元醇的混合物得到的二烷基二硫代磷酸的锌盐,但锌盐倾向于在将高比例的多元醇,即大于约30mol%,与一元醇混合使用以制备二烷基二硫代磷酸时形成无法使用的凝胶。Colclough在美国专利5013465中公开了由醇类和二醇类得到的二硫代磷酸金属盐,所述金属盐为锌盐、钼盐和铜盐。Lilburn等人在美国专利4259192中公开了基于聚(氧化烯)醇的油溶性二硫代磷酸酯作为润滑油组合物的添加剂。Wiley等人在美国专利3944495中公开了其中二硫代磷酸已经由含有醚或硫键的醇制备的金属盐。Goldsmith等人在美国专利3029268中公开了由其中脂族基团可以含有惰性取代基如醚、酯、硝基、硫化物等的醇制备的二硫代磷酸。Horodysky在美国专利4450096中公开了通过使P2S5与具有12-20个碳原子的烃基二醇反应,然后使该产物与金属氧化物或金属盐反应形成的产物。
根据本发明,发现了一种用于润滑油的磷挥发性降低的抗氧添加剂,该添加剂为通过使P2S5与由(a)其中R为C2-C20烃基且n为2-10的式R(OH)n的多元醇和(b)具有3-18个碳原子的脂族一元醇组成的醇混合物反应而制备的二烷基二硫代磷酸的钠、钾、锂或油溶性胺盐,该混合物含有相对量的多元醇和一元醇以使混合物中OH基团的总摩尔数的50-75mol%为该多元醇的OH基团。本发明还包括含有0.1-6%重量、优选0.1-4%重量的上述抗氧添加剂的润滑油组合物。
可以用于形成本发明添加剂的合适多元醇由式R(OH)n代表,其中R为脂族或环脂族烃基且n为2-10,优选为2。该烃基可以含有约2-10个碳原子。该类多元醇可以含有约2-10个羟基、更优选2-6个羟基。特别有用的多元醇是己二醇、新戊二醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基丁烷、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、乙二醇和丙二醇。特别优选1,6-己二醇。
合适的一元醇是那些具有3-18个碳原子的脂族醇。特别优选的是具有6-13个碳原子的链烷醇,如4-甲基-2-戊醇或正十三烷醇。
优选的醇混合物含有约50mol%来自二醇如己二醇的OH基团。
制备二烷基二硫代磷酸的方法对本领域熟练技术人员而言是众所周知的。其典型地涉及加热P2S5在合适的烃溶剂中的混合物并向其中加入多元醇和一元醇的混合物,并继续加热直至反应完全,此时除去馏出液并将剩余的混合物冷却和过滤以除去任何残留的P2S5,然后回收二烷基二硫代磷酸。或者,可以将P2S5缓慢地加入多元醇和一元醇的混合物中。
在形成本发明添加剂的下一步中,使用碱性的钠、锂或钾盐以在需要金属盐添加剂时中和该产物。另外,使用油溶性脂族胺来提供本发明的胺盐添加剂。
用于本发明的合适胺通常可以描述为具有约4-30个碳原子的油溶性脂族伯、仲或叔胺。该类胺还可包括羟烷基胺和醚胺,特别优选的是含有约14-28个碳原子的羟烷基醚胺或烷基伯胺,特别是伯羟基醚胺。合适的胺包括辛基胺、十二烷基胺、月桂基胺、十三烷基胺、油基胺、椰子胺、C12-C14叔烷基伯胺、十八烷基胺等。优选的胺为式C18H37OC3H6N(C2H4OH)2的叔胺。
本发明的添加剂可以用于基于具有润滑粘度的天然或合成油的润滑油组合物中,且该类组合物为本发明的进一步的实施方案。
可以在本发明中用作基料的天然油包括动物油和植物油(例如蓖麻油、猪油),煤油以及链烷类、环烷类和混合链烷-环烷类的加氢精制的、溶剂处理的或酸处理的矿物润滑油。衍生于煤或页岩的具有润滑粘度的油也是有用的基础油。
其中端羟基已经通过酯化、醚化等改性的氧化烯聚合物和共聚物及其衍生物是一类可以在本发明中用作基料的已知合成润滑油。其例子是通过聚合氧化乙烯或氧化丙烯制备的聚氧化烯聚合物,这些聚氧化烯聚合物的烷基和芳基醚(例如平均分子量为1000的甲基-聚异丙二醇醚,分子量为500-1000的聚乙二醇的二苯基醚,分子量为1000-1500的聚丙二醇的二乙基醚);及其单-和多羧酸酯,例如四甘醇的乙酸酯、混合的C3-C8脂肪酸酯和C13含氧酸二酯。
另一类可用于本发明中的合适合成润滑油包括二羧酸(例如邻苯二甲酸、琥珀酸、烷基琥珀酸和链烯基琥珀酸、马来酸、壬二酸、辛二酸、癸二酸、富马酸、己二酸、亚油酸二聚体、丙二酸、烷基丙二酸、链烯基丙二酸)与各种醇(例如丁醇、己醇、十二烷醇、2-乙基己醇、乙二醇、二甘醇单醚、丙二醇)的酯。这些酯的具体例子包括己二酸二丁基酯、癸二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、富马酸二正己基酯、癸二酸二辛酯、壬二酸二异辛酯、壬二酸二异癸酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二癸酯、癸二酸二-二十烷基酯、亚油酸二聚体的2-乙基己基酯和通过使1摩尔癸二酸与2摩尔四甘醇和2摩尔2-乙基己酸反应形成的复合酯。
可用作合成油的酯还包括由C5-C12一元酸与多元醇和多元醇醚如新戊二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇和三季戊四醇制备的那些。
基于硅的油如聚烷基-、聚芳基-、聚烷氧基-或聚芳氧基硅氧烷油和硅酸酯油构成另一类合成润滑剂;它们包括硅酸四乙基酯、硅酸四异丙基酯、硅酸四(2-乙基己基)酯、硅酸四(4-甲基-2-乙基己基)酯、硅酸四(对-叔丁基苯基)酯、六(4-甲基-2-戊氧基)二硅氧烷、聚(甲基)硅氧烷和聚(甲基苯基)硅氧烷。其他合成润滑油包括含磷的酸的液态酯(例如磷酸三甲酚酯、磷酸三辛基酯、癸基膦酸的二乙基酯)和聚合的四氢呋喃。
未精制的、精制的和再精制的油可以用于本发明的润滑油中。未精制的油是直接由天然或合成源得到而不进行进一步的提纯处理的那些。例如,直接由干馏操作得到的页岩油、直接由蒸馏得到的石油或直接由酯化工艺得到且不经进一步处理而使用的酯油是未精制的油。精制的油类似于未精制的油,不同的是它们已经在一个或多个提纯步骤中进一步提纯以改进一种或多种性能。许多这类提纯技术如蒸馏、溶剂萃取、酸或碱萃取、过滤和渗滤对本领域熟练技术人员而言是已知的。再精制的油通过类似于用于得到精制油的那些方法的方法得到,这些方法用于已经使用的精制油上。这类再精制油也称为再生或再加工油且常常通过除去废添加剂和油裂解产物的技术额外加工。
本发明的组合物通常用于配制用于汽车发动机的曲轴箱润滑油。下列添加剂通常以这样的量使用,以提供它们的正常附带功能。各组分(包括二烷基二硫代磷酸的金属或胺盐)的通常量也如下所示。所有所列值均表述为总润滑油组合物中活性成分的质量百分数。
添加剂                质量%(宽范围)    质量%(优选)
无灰分散剂            0.1-20             1-8
金属洗涤剂            0.1-15             0.2-9
腐蚀抑制剂            0-5                0-1.5
二烃基二硫代磷酸      0.1-6              0.1-4
的金属或胺盐
补充抗氧剂            0-5                0.01-3
倾点下降剂            0.01-5             0.01-1.5
防沫剂                0-5                0.001-0.15
补充抗磨剂            0-5                0-2
摩擦改性剂            0-5                0-1.5
粘度改性剂            0.01-6             0-4
可以任何便利的方法将单个的添加剂掺入基料中。因此,可以通过将各组分以所需的浓度分散或溶于基料中而直接将其加入基料中。这种共混可以在环境温度或高温下进行。
优选将除粘度改性剂和倾点下降剂以外的所有添加剂共混成浓缩物或添加剂包装,本文称为添加剂包装,然后将其共混入基料中以制备最终的润滑剂。通常使用这类浓缩物。该浓缩物通常被配制成含有适量的添加剂以在该浓缩物与预定量的基础润滑剂混合时在最终配方中提供所需的浓度(如上表所示)。这类浓缩物通常(在基础油中)含有约2.5-90%,优选15-75%,最优选25-60%重量的添加剂。
浓缩物通过首先制备无灰分散剂和金属洗涤剂的预混物而制备,所述预混物在约95℃的温度下预混。然后将该预混物冷却至至少85℃并加入额外的组分。
本发明的另一实施方案是润滑油浓缩物,其包含存在量为2.5-90%重量、优选15-75%重量、更优选为25-60%重量的本发明的金属或胺盐。
最终的曲轴箱润滑油配方可以使用2-20%质量且优选4-15%质量的添加剂包装浓缩物,其余的组分为基料。
无灰分散剂将来自磨耗或燃烧过程中油的氧化的油不溶性物质维持为悬浮态。它们特别有利于防止淤渣的沉淀和漆膜形成,特别是在汽油发动机中。
无灰分散剂包括油溶性聚合的烃骨架,其带有一个或多个能够与待分散颗粒缔合的官能基团。典型的是,聚合物骨架被胺、醇、酰胺或酯极性部分官能化,通常是通过桥接基团。无灰分散剂例如可以选自长链烃取代的单羧酸和二羧酸或其酸酐的油溶性盐、酯、氨基-酯、酰胺、酰亚胺和噁唑啉;长链烃的硫代羧酸酯衍生物;具有直接与其连接的聚胺的长链脂族烃;以及通过使长链取代的苯酚与甲醛和聚亚烷基聚胺缩合而形成的Mannich缩合产物。
这些分散剂的油溶性聚合烃骨架典型的是衍生于烯烃聚合物或多烯烃,尤其是包含主要摩尔量(即大于50mol%)的C2-C18烯烃(例如乙烯,丙烯,丁烯,异丁烯,戊烯,辛烯-1,苯乙烯),典型的是C2-C5烯烃的聚合物。油溶性聚合烃骨架可以是均聚物(例如聚丙烯或聚异丁烯)或两种或更多种这类烯烃的共聚物(例如乙烯与α-烯烃如丙烯或丁烯的共聚物,或两种不同的α-烯烃的共聚物)。其他共聚物包括其中小摩尔量共聚单体,例如1-10mol%,为α,ω-二烯烃,如C3-C22非共轭二烯烃的那些(例如异丁烯和丁二烯的共聚物,或乙烯、丙烯和1,4-己二烯或5-亚乙基-2-降冰片烯的共聚物)。
粘度改性剂(VM)用于赋予润滑油以高温和低温操作性。所用的VM可以具有所述单一功能,或可以是多功能的。
也可用作分散剂的多功能粘度改性剂也是已知的。合适的粘度改性剂是聚异丁烯、乙烯和丙烯以及高级α-烯烃的共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、不饱和二羧酸和乙烯基化合物的共聚物、苯乙烯和丙烯酸酯的共聚体以及苯乙烯/异戊二烯、苯乙烯/丁二烯和异戊二烯/丁二烯的部分氢化共聚物,还有丁二烯和异戊二烯以及异戊二烯/二乙烯基苯的部分氢化均聚物。
可以存在含金属或成灰的洗涤剂且它们同时用作洗涤剂以降低或除去沉积物和用作酸中和剂或防锈剂,从而降低磨耗和腐蚀且延长发动机寿命。洗涤剂通常包含带有长疏水性尾的极性头,该极性头包含酸性有机化合物的金属盐。该类盐可以含有基本化学计算量的金属,其中它们通常被描述为正盐或中性盐,且典型的是具有的总碱值(TBN),由ASTM D-2896测定,为0-80。可以通过使过量的金属化合物如氧化物或氢氧化物与酸性气体如二氧化碳反应而引入大量的金属碱。所得高碱性洗涤剂包括中和的洗涤剂作为金属碱(例如碳酸盐)胶束的外层。这类高碱性的洗涤剂可以具有150或更大的TBN,典型的是250-450,如磺酸镁的TBN为400。
可以使用的洗涤剂包括金属,特别是碱金属,如钠、钾、锂和镁的油溶性的中性和高碱性磺酸盐、酚盐、硫化的酚盐、硫代膦酸盐、水杨酸盐以及环烷酸盐(nephthenate)和其他油溶性羧酸盐。优选的是中性或高碱性的钙和镁的酚盐和磺酸盐。
氧化抑制剂或抗氧剂降低基料在使用时劣化的趋势,所述劣化可以由氧化产物如金属表面的淤渣和漆状沉积物以及粘度增加来证实。这类氧化抑制剂包括受阻的酚、优选具有C5-C12烷基侧链的烷基酚硫酯的碱土金属盐、壬基酚硫化钙、无灰油溶性酚盐以及硫化的酚盐,磷硫化的或硫化的烃、亚磷酸酯、硫代氨基甲酸金属盐、美国专利4867890所述的油溶性铜化合物以及含钼的化合物。
可以使用选自非离子聚氧化烯多元醇及其酯、聚氧化烯酚和阴离子烷基磺酸的防锈剂。
可以使用含铜和铅的腐蚀抑制剂,但本发明的配方通常并不需要。典型的是,该类化合物为含有5-50个碳原子的噻二唑多硫化物,其衍生物和其聚合物。1,3,4-噻二唑的衍生物如描述于美国专利2719125,2719126和3087932中的那些是典型的。其他类似的物质描述于美国专利3821236,3904537,4097387,4107059,4136043,4188299和4193882中。其他添加剂为噻二唑的硫代和多硫代亚磺酰胺,如英国专利说明书1560830所述的那些。苯并三唑衍生物也落在该类添加剂的范围内。当这些化合物包含在润滑油组合物中时,它们优选以不超过0.2%重量活性成分的量存在。
可以使用少量破乳组分。优选的破乳组分描述于EP330,522中。其通过烯化氧与一种加合物反应而获得,所述加合物通过使双环氧化物与多元醇反应得到。破乳剂的用量应不超过0.1%质量活性成分。0.001-0.05%质量活性成分的处理率是有利的。
倾点下降剂也称为润滑油改进剂,其降低流体流动或可以倾倒的最低温度。该类添加剂是众所周知的。改进流体的低温流动性的这些添加剂典型的是C8和C18富马酸二烷基酯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯等。
可以由许多化合物提供泡沫控制,这些化合物包括聚硅氧烷类防沫剂,例如硅油或聚二甲基硅氧烷。
本发明由下列实施例进一步说明,但这些实施例并不是对本发明范围的限制。百分数按重量计,除非另有所指。
实施例1
使2mol(316.77g)4-甲基-2-戊醇和1mol(183.23g)1,6-己二醇的混合物(50mol%的OH基团为多元醇OH基团)与186.2g P2S5在85℃下反应约2小时,以制备相应的二烷基二硫代磷酸,其含有12.15%的P。然后用188.96 g式C18H37OC3H6N(C2H4OH)2的胺中和该产物(109g),以提供本发明的添加剂。该产物中磷的百分数为4.36%。
实施例2
安照实施例1的程序,由一种混合物制备相似的产物,所述混合物通过使摩尔比为2∶1的正十三烷醇和1,6-己二醇与P2S5反应得到。这里,OH基团的50mol%来自多元醇。二烷基二硫代磷酸的磷含量为8.78%。然后用与实施例1所用相同的胺中和该酸以提供另一本发明的胺盐。
实施例3
制备组成如下的基础润滑油配方:4%重量的乙烯共聚物酰胺分散剂,0.001%的聚硅氧烷防沫添加剂,1.2%的高碱性磺酸镁洗涤添加剂,0.3%的受阻酚抗氧剂,0.3%的烷基二苯基胺抗氧剂,0.2%的甘油单油酸酯摩擦改性剂,0.2%的乙氧基化C18伯胺摩擦改性剂,0.6%的油溶性铜抗氧剂,0.75%的硼酸盐化聚链烯基琥珀酰亚胺分散剂和7.7%的烯烃共聚物粘度指数改进剂,余量为矿物基础油。
向该基础配方中加入10种不同的含磷抗氧剂化合物,其中9种用于对比(油#1-9)且第十种配方(油#10)为使用本发明实施例1添加剂制备的。这些油如下所示。油       DDP盐的类型                        在油中的量#1 二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP),基于异构的        1.125%C8醇和2-丁醇的混合物含有7.7%磷#2 ZDDP,基于4-甲基戊醇-2含有7.7%磷           1.125%#3 ZDDP,基于2-乙基己醇含有6.7%磷             1.286%#4 ZDDP,基于壬基苯酚含有2.9%磷               3.103%#5 ZDDP,基于十二烷基苯酚含有2.9%磷           3.103%#6 ZDDP,基于异丙醇和4-甲基戊醇-2的            1.139%
混合物含有7.6%磷#7 ZDDP,基于2-甲基戊醇,1-戊醇和2-甲基        1.125%
丁醇的混合物含有7.7%磷#8 ZDDP,基于异构的C8醇和伯C8醇的混合物        1.286%
含有6.7%磷#9 ZDDP,基于2-乙基己醇含有6.9%磷             1.216%#10 实施例1的添加剂胺盐                        2.064%
注:配方中其他添加剂的量保持在相同的百分数水平,改变基础矿物油的量以反映磷添加剂含量的不同。所有百分数均按重量计。
然后根据Selby-Noack挥发性实验测量这10种油的磷挥发性,所述实验公开于Selby等人的SAE Paper 961227:“Noack挥发性实验的新方法”(1994年1月)中。这测试了挥发性磷的量,该量通过从该实验收集的挥发油的元素分析测定。结果示于表1中。这些结果清楚地表明使用本发明的添加剂(油#10)降低挥发性磷的量的优点。
表1
在SELBY-NOACK挥发性实验中的磷损失结果
油    油损失NOACK,%重量       挥发减量,%P
#1    21.03                      0.6076508
#2    24                         0.4545455
#3    22.85    2.2875703
#4    22.24    0.2993271
#5    20.78    0.2352453
#6    23.52    0.818087
#7    21.13    6.5593742
#8    23.87    1.4364789
#9    22.13    2.10663164
#10   22.31    0.1733938

Claims (8)

1.一种用于润滑油的磷挥发性降低的抗氧添加剂,该添加剂为通过使P2S5与由(a)其中R为C2-C20烃基且n为2-10的式R(OH)n的多元醇和(b)具有3-18个碳原子的脂族一元醇组成的醇混合物反应而制备的二烷基二硫代磷酸的钠、钾、锂或油溶性胺盐,所述混合物含有相对量的多元醇和一元醇以使OH基团总摩尔数的50-75mol%为该多元醇的OH基团。
2.权利要求1的抗氧剂,其中多元醇为己二醇。
3.权利要求1的抗氧剂,其中一元醇具有6-13个碳原子。
4.权利要求1的抗氧剂,其中胺为具有14-28个碳原子的烷基伯胺或醚胺。
5.权利要求4的抗氧剂,其中胺为C18H37OC3H6N(C2H4OH)2
6.权利要求1的添加剂,其中多元醇为二醇且存在50mol%的来自该二醇的OH基团。
7.一种润滑油组合物,含有0.1%-6%权利要求1,2,3,4或5的抗氧剂。
8.权利要求7的组合物,其中存在0.1-4%重量的抗氧剂。
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DE69901246T2 (de) 2002-10-17
WO1999063028A1 (en) 1999-12-09
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