CN1253541C - 润滑油组合物 - Google Patents

润滑油组合物 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1253541C
CN1253541C CNB011431059A CN01143105A CN1253541C CN 1253541 C CN1253541 C CN 1253541C CN B011431059 A CNB011431059 A CN B011431059A CN 01143105 A CN01143105 A CN 01143105A CN 1253541 C CN1253541 C CN 1253541C
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composition
weight
lubricating oil
acid
oil
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Expired - Fee Related
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CNB011431059A
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CN1357609A (zh
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R·罗伯森
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Infineum International Ltd
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Infineum International Ltd
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Abstract

一种含磷量低的润滑剂包含：润滑粘度的油；含氮的和无氮的分散剂；二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐；烃基取代的羧酸衍生物，其中分散剂的比率使得能提供适宜的与含氟弹性体密封剂的相容性。

Description

润滑油组合物
                       发明领域
本发明涉及曲轴箱润滑油组合物。更具体地说，本发明涉及这样的组合物，其含有较低量的磷和硫，并显示可接受的与内燃机中所用Viton含氟弹性体密封剂的相容性。
                       背景技术
二烃基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)曾是润滑油领域中的主要抗磨损添加剂，通常用于使成品油具有约0.1重量％或更高的含磷量，以便满足对减少磨损的工业性能测试。ZDDP的另一个优点是其能贡献润滑剂与氟碳弹性体的相容性，例如称作Viton弹性体的那些。为了符合规定和生产者的教导，润滑油工业的趋势是降低在曲轴箱润滑剂中磷和硫的量，以便提高尾气后处理系统的耐久性。含有这两种元素的ZDDP是润滑油组合物中磷和硫两者的主要供应者。
在配制含有少量ZDDP和相应少量磷和硫的润滑油组合物中的问题是在Volkswagen Viton密封剂相容性实验中的随后不利性能，特别是Volkswagen PV3344密封剂实验，其目前被认为是应用于商业润滑油的最困难的含氟弹性体密封剂相容性实验。本发明改进了该问题，如下文提供的数据所示，通过使用含氮的润滑油分散剂与无氮的润滑油分散剂、以及烃基取代的羧酸或其衍生物如酸酐的组合来进行。
EP-A-0 277 729公开了含磷量不大于0.1重量％的润滑油。这种油并不含有无氮分散剂或烃基取代的羧酸或其衍生物，也不具有所述的与含氟弹性体密封剂的相容性。
                        发明概述
第一方面，本发明提供一种曲轴箱润滑油组合物，其包含：
(A)主要量的润滑粘度的油；
(B)少量的含氮的润滑油分散剂，如1.5-2重量％；
(C)少量的无氮的润滑油分散剂，如1-1.5重量％；
(D)少量的二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐，如0.25-0.8重量％；
(E)少量的烃基取代的羧酸或其衍生物如酸酐，如0.25-0.8重量％；和
(F)少量的金属洗涤剂，如0.1-4重量％。
其中在组合物中(B)∶(C)的重量比是0.4∶1或更大，例如在10∶1至0.4∶1的范围内，组合物含有0.075重量％或更少、优选0.06重量％或更少、更优选0.05重量％或更少的磷，由元素磷表示。该组合物可以不含磷，或含有0.01重量％或0.02重量％的磷。
在第二方面，本发明提供由本发明第一方面限定的组分(B)至(F)在润滑油组合物中用于改进该组合物与含氟弹性体密封剂相容性的用途，其中该润滑油组合物含有0.075重量％或更少、优选0.06重量％或更少、更优选0.05重量％或更少的磷，由元素磷表示。
在第三方面，本发明提供一种配备有尾气后处理系统的内燃机的润滑方法，包括向内燃机供应本发明第一方面的润滑油组合物。
                 具体实施方案的描述
在本说明书中：
“主要量”指超过组合物的50重量％。
“少量”指少于组合物的50重量％，对所述添加剂和在组合物中存在的所有添加剂的总重量％都是如此，它们被视为添加剂的活性成分。
“含有”或其相关词语表示存在所述的特征、步骤、整数或组分，但不排除存在额外的一种或多种其它特征、步骤、整数、组分或其组合。
“TBN”是总碱值，用ASTM D2896检测。
“油溶性”或“油分散性”不必要地指添加剂是能以全部比例在油(A)中可溶、溶解、混溶或能悬浮在其中。但是，这些词指例如添加剂在油中溶解或稳定分散到足以使其在该油的使用环境中起预期作用的程度。此外，需要时，其它添加剂的额外引入还可以允许引入较高含量的特定添加剂。
除非另有说明，所有百分比是以活性成分为基准的重量百分比，即不含载体或稀释剂油。
应该注意的是，本发明的润滑油组合物含有特定的单独组分，它们在混合之前和之后可以保持或不保持相同的化学结构。因此，应该理解的是，该组合物的各种组分，不论是必要的以及最佳的和常用的，可以在配制、储存或使用条件下反应，和本发明还提供由这种反应获得的产物。
本发明的特征将在下面详细描述：
(A)润滑粘度的油：
润滑粘度的油可以选自宽范围的基础原料，包括天然油、合成油或其混合物。适宜的基础原料的实例可以在一个或多个基础原料的组中找到，或所述基础原料组的混合物，如美国石油研究所(AmericanPetroleum Institute)(API)出版物“Engine Oil Licensing andCerification System”，工业服务部，第14版，1996年12月，附录1，1998年12月。
(a)第I组基础原料含有少于90％的饱和物和/或大于0.03％的硫，并具有粘度指数大于或等于80且小于120，粘度用下表A所列的方法检测。
(b)第II组基础原料含有大于或等于90％的饱和物和少于或等于0.03％的硫，并具有粘度指数大于或等于80且小于120，粘度用下表A所列的方法检测。
(c)第III组基础原料含有大于或等于90％的饱和物和少于或等于0.03％的硫，并具有粘度指数大于或等于120，粘度用下表A所列的方法检测。
(d)第IV组基础原料是聚α-烯烃(PAO)，一种合成的基础原料。
(e)第V组基础原料包括所有其它在第I、II、III或IV组中未包括的基础原料。
表A-检测基础原料的分析方法
性能                   检测方法
饱和物                 ASTM D2007
粘度指数               ASTM D2270
硫                     ASTM D2622、D4292、D4927、或D3120
用于本发明的润滑粘度的油优选应该具有粘度指数为至少95，优选至少100。优选的油选自第II、III和IV组，因为它们的含硫量低。
天然油包括动物油和植物油(例如蓖麻油、猪油)以及无机润滑油，例如液体石油润滑油和石蜡、环烷烃类或混合的石蜡、环烷烃类溶剂处理的或酸处理的无机润滑油。衍生自煤和页岩的润滑粘度的油也是有用的。合成润滑油包括烃油和卤代烃油，例如聚合的和共聚的烯烃(例如聚丁烯、聚丙烯、丙烯/聚异丁烯共聚物和氯化聚丁烯)；聚(1-己烯)、聚(1-辛烯)、聚(1-癸烯)及其混合物；烷基苯(例如十二烷基苯、十四烷基苯、二壬基苯、和二-(2-乙基己基-苯)；多苯基化物(例如联苯、三联苯和烷基化多苯基化物)；烷基化二苯醚和烷基化二苯硫醚及其衍生物、类似物和同系物。
其端羟基已通过例如酯化反应或醚化反应改性的氧化烯聚合物和共聚物及其衍生物，形成另一类公知的可以使用的润滑油。这些例如是通过以下物质的聚合得到的油，环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷的聚合、这些聚氧亚烷基聚合物的烷基和芳基醚(例如甲基聚异丙二醇醚，其平均分子量为约1000，聚乙二醇的二苯醚，其平均分子量为500-1000，聚丙二醇的二苯醚，其平均分子量为1000-1500)或其单-和多羧酸酯，例如乙酸酯、混合的C3-8脂肪酸酯或四甘醇的C13含氧酸二酯。
另一类适用的合成润滑油包括二羧酸(例如邻苯二甲酸、琥珀酸、烷基琥珀酸、链烯基琥珀酸、马来酸、壬二酸、辛二酸、癸二酸、富马酸、己二酸、亚油酸二聚体、丙二酸、烷基丙二酸和链烯基丙二酸)与各种醇(例如丁醇、己醇、十二醇、2-乙基己基醇、乙二醇、二甘醇一乙醚和丙二醇)的酯。这些酯的具体例子包括己二酸二丁酯、癸二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、富马酸二正己基酯、癸二酸二辛酯、壬二酸二异辛基酯、壬二酸二异癸基酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二癸基酯、癸二酸二(二十烷基)酯、亚油酸二聚体的2-乙基己基二酯、和通过1摩尔癸二酸与2摩尔四甘醇和2摩尔2-乙基己酸反应得到的复合酯。
用作合成油的酯还包括由C5-C12单羧酸和多元醇和多元醇醚形成的那些，例如新戊二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇和三季戊四醇。
硅基油例如聚烷基聚芳基-、聚烷氧基-或聚芳氧基-硅氧烷油和硅酸酯油构成另一类有用的合成润滑剂(例如硅酸四乙酯、硅酸三异丙酯、硅酸四(2-乙基己基)酯、硅酸四(4-甲基己基)酯、硅酸四(对叔丁基苯基)酯、己基-(4-甲基地-2-戊氧基)二硅氧烷、聚(甲基)硅氧烷、和聚(甲基苯基)硅氧烷)。其它合成润滑油包括含磷的酸的液体酯(例如磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸三辛酯、和癸烷膦酸的二乙基酯)和聚四氢呋喃。
未精制的、精制的和再次精制的油，不论是上述合成的或天然的(以及两种或多种这些物质的混合物)，可以在本发明的组合物中使用。未精制的油是从天然的或合成的来源直接得到而没有经过进一步纯化处理的那些。例如，直接从干馏操作得到的页岩油，直接从初级蒸馏得到的石油，或直接从酯化方法得到的酯油，没有经过进一步处理就使用，可以是未精制的油。精制的油与未精制的油相似，不同的是前者进一步在一个或多个纯化步骤中经过处理，以提高一种或多种性能。许多这种纯化技术是本领域技术人员公知的，例如溶剂萃取、二次蒸馏、酸或碱萃取、过滤和渗滤。再次精制的油是通过与用于精制油相似的方法得到的。这种再次精制的油还称作再生油或后处理油，通常通过涉及除去昂贵添加剂和油裂解产品的技术来进行额外处理。
(B)含氮的润滑油分散剂
各种含氮的分散剂，通常是无灰分的，可以用于本发明。它们的用量为1.5-2重量％。适宜的含氮的分散剂是碱性氮化合物，其必须具有ASTM D-664或D-2896所检测的碱性氮含量。它们优选是油溶性的。这种分散剂典型地是琥珀酰亚胺、羧酸酰胺、烃基一酰胺、烃基聚酰胺、Mannich碱、磷酰胺、硫代磷酰胺、膦酰胺、分散剂粘度指数改进剂，及其混合物。这些含碱性氮的化合物如下所述。任何含氮分散剂可以用本领域公知的方法进行后处理，只要它们继续含有碱性氮即可。后处理可以通过使含碱性氮的化合物与后处理化合物同时或按照任何顺序接触来完成。适宜的后处理化合物包括脲、硫脲、二硫化碳、醛、酮、羧酸、烃取代的琥珀酸酐、腈、环氧化物、硼化合物、有机磷化合物、无机磷化合物(例如H3PO3和H3PO4)和硫化合物，及其混合物。这些后处理特别用于琥珀酰亚胺和Mannich碱。
可以用作本发明分散剂的单-和聚琥珀酰亚胺公开于许多文献中，是本领域公知的。特定的基础类型的琥珀酰亚胺和术语“琥珀酰亚胺”所涵盖的相关物质描述于美国专利3219666、3172892和3272746中。术语“琥珀酰亚胺”在本领域理解为包括可能形成的多种酰胺、酰亚胺和脒物质。但是，主要产物是琥珀酰亚胺，且该术语一般被认为是指链烯基取代的琥珀酸或酸酐与含氮化合物的反应产物。优选的琥珀酰亚胺，因为其工业应用性，是从烃基琥珀酸酐制得的那些琥珀酰亚胺，其中烃基含有60-350个碳原子，和亚乙基胺，所述乙烯胺的特别实例是乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、和四亚乙基五胺。特别优选的是从含70-128个碳原子的聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐和四亚乙基五胺或从聚亚乙基胺制得的所谓“聚胺”制备的。这些“聚胺”主要含有五亚乙基六胺和四亚乙基五胺和较少量的轻质亚乙基聚胺和含有哌嗪环的环状缩合产物。
术语“琥珀酰亚胺”还包括烃基琥珀酸或酸酐与含有至少一个叔氨基氮以及两个或多个仲氨基的聚仲胺的共聚低聚物。该组合物通常具有1500-50000的数均分子量(Mn)。典型的化合物将是通过聚异丁烯基琥珀酸酐和亚乙基二哌嗪制得的。
羧酸酰胺也是合适的分散剂。典型的是美国专利3405064公开的那些。这些通常通过羧酸或酸酐或其酯与胺或烃基聚胺例如亚乙基胺反应而制成，以得到单-或多羧酸酰胺，其中羧酸或酸酐或其酯在脂族主链中具有至少12-350个脂族碳原子以及需要时具有足够的脂族侧基，以使分子具有油溶性。优选的是那些从以下物质制备的酰胺，即(1)式RzCOOH的羧酸，其中Rz是C12-C20烷基，或聚异丁烯基羧酸，其中聚异丁烯基含有64-128个碳原子，和(2)亚乙基胺，特别是三亚乙基四胺或四亚乙基五胺或其混合物。
用于供应含碱性氮的分散剂的另一类化合物是Mannich碱。它们可以从酚或C9-C200烷基酚、醛例如甲醛或甲醛前体如对甲醛和胺化合物制成。胺可以是单-或聚胺，它们通常从烷基胺，例如甲基胺或亚乙基胺，例如二亚乙基三胺或四亚乙基五胺制成。酚类物质可以被硫化，并优选是十二烷基酚或C80-C100烷基酚。可用于本发明的典型的Mannich碱公开于美国专利4157309、3649229、3368972和3539663。最近的参考专利公开了通过具有至少50个碳原子、优选50-200个碳原子的烷基苯酚与甲醛和亚烷基聚胺HN(ANH)nH反应制成的Mannich碱，其中A是具有2-6个碳原子的饱和二价烷基烃，n是1-10，其中所述亚烷基聚胺的缩合产物可以进一步与脲或硫脲反应。这些Mannich碱作为制备润滑油添加剂的原料的用途一般通过用常规技术处理Mannich碱以将硼引入组合物中来显著改进。
优选的用于本发明的含氮分散剂是琥珀酰亚胺、羧酸酰胺和Mannich碱，其中被硼化的琥珀酰亚胺是特别优选的，特别是具有数均分子量为约700-5000、更优选950-2500的聚异丁烯基取代基的琥珀酰亚胺。
(C)无氮的润滑油分散剂
无氮、无灰分的分散剂包括例如含有1-20个碳原子和1-6个羟基的醇的链烯基琥珀酸酯。“酯”包括单-或聚酯和偏酯。代表性例子公开于美国专利3331776、3381022和3522179。这些酯的链烯基琥珀酸部分对应于上述琥珀酰亚胺的链烯基琥珀酸部分，包括相同的优选和最优选分类，例如琥珀酸和酸酐，其中链烯基含有至少30个碳原子，特别是聚异丁烯基琥珀酸和酸酐，其中聚异丁烯基的数均分子量为500-5000，优选700-2500，更优选700-1400，特别是800-1200。如在琥珀酰亚胺的情况下那样，链烯基可以被氢化或经过涉及烯烃双键的其它反应。这些分散剂的存在量可以例如是1-1.5重量％。
用于制备酯的醇包括甲醇、乙醇、2-甲基丙醇、十八醇、二十醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、四甘醇、二甘醇一乙基醚、丙二醇、三丙二醇、甘油、山梨糖醇、1，1，1三羟甲基乙烷、1，1，1三羟甲基丙烷、1，1，1-三羟甲基丁烷、季戊四醇和二季戊四醇。
琥珀酸酯可以通过仅仅加热链烯基琥珀酸、酸酐或低级烷基(C1-C4)酯与醇的混合物、同时蒸馏出水或低级链烷醇来制备。在酸-酯的情况下，使用较少的醇。实际上，由链烯基琥珀酸酐制得的酸-酯不生成水。在另一种方法中，链烯基琥珀酸或酸酐可以仅仅与合适的氧化烯例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷等及其混合物反应。
如上所述，(B)与(C)的重量比是0.4∶1或更大，例如在10∶1至0.4∶1的范围内。优选，该范围是9∶1至0.4∶1，例如8∶1至0.5∶1。
(D)二烃基二硫代磷酸的金属盐
金属优选是锌。二烃基二硫代磷酸盐的存在量可以是润滑油组合物的0.25-0.8重量％、优选0.5-0.7重量％。优选，使用二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(zDDP)。这向润滑组合物提供抗氧化和抗磨损性能。这种化合物可以根据公知的技术制备，其中先形成二硫代磷酸，通常通过醇或酚与P2S5反应，然后用合适的锌化合物中和二硫代磷酸。可以使用醇的混合物，包括伯醇和仲醇的混合物。这种醇的实例包括，但不限于以下物质：异丙醇、异辛醇、2-丁醇、甲基异丁基卡必醇(4-甲基-1-戊-2-醇)、1-戊醇、2-甲基丁醇和2-甲基-1-丙醇。烃基可以是伯烃基、仲烃基或其混合物，例如该化合物可以含有衍生自伯或仲碳原子的伯烷基和/或仲烷基。此外，使用时，优选具有至少50重量％、更优选75重量％或更多、最优选85-100重量％的仲烷基；实例是具有85重量％仲烷基和15重量％伯烷基的ZDDP，例如由85重量％丁-2-醇和15重量％异辛醇制得的ZDDP。
二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐提供大部分的(如果不是全部的)润滑油组合物的含磷量。其在润滑油组合物中的存在量用于提供，以重量％元素磷表示的含磷量为0.075或更少，优选0.06或更少，更优选0.05或更少，例如在0.025-0.04的范围内。
(E)烃基取代的羧酸或其衍生物
优选多羧酸，例如二羧酸，如琥珀酸和其同系物。衍生物优选是酸酐。
烃基取代基可以含有平均至少8个或30个或35个至350个或200个或100个碳原子。烃基可以具有数均分子量为450-5000或至2200，优选950-1300。
烃基通常是烯烃聚合物(或聚烯烃)，特别是含有主要摩尔量的(即大于50摩尔％)C2-C18烯烃(例如乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、戊烯、辛烯、苯乙烯)、通常是C2-C5烯烃的聚合物。油溶性聚烃主链可以是均聚物(例如聚丙烯或聚异丁烯)或两种或多种烯烃的共聚物(例如乙烯与α-烯烃的共聚物，或两种不同α-烯烃的共聚物，其中α-烯烃例如丙烯和丁烯)。其它共聚物包括那些，其中少量摩尔量例如1-10摩尔％的共聚单体是C3-C22非共轭二烯烃(例如异丁烯与丁二烯的共聚物，或乙烯、丙烯和1，4-己二烯或5-亚乙基-2-降冰片烯的共聚物)。
一类优选的烯烃聚合物是聚丁烯，特别是聚异丁烯(PIB)或聚正丁烯，例如可以通过C4精制流聚合制成的那些。
另一类烯烃聚合物是乙烯/α-烯烃(EAO)共聚物或α-烯烃均聚物和共聚物，在每种情况下具有高度的(例如大于30％)端亚乙烯基不饱和度。
优选的(E)的例子是琥珀酸或酸酐。这些优选的产品可以通过公知的官能化反应制备，其包括：聚合物在烯键上的卤化以及随后的卤化聚合物与马来酸或酸酐的反应；和聚合物与马来酸或酸酐在不存在卤化下通过“烯键”反应。特别优选的琥珀酸酐是具有聚异丁烯基主链的那些，通常具有数均分子量为700-2500，例如900-1100。(E)的存在量可以是以组合物重量为基准的0.3-0.4重量％。
(F)金属洗涤剂
含金属的或形成灰分的洗涤剂可以存在，其存在量例如为0.1-4重量％，优选1.5-3重量％，并作为洗涤剂以减少或除去沉积物，和作为酸中和剂或防锈剂，从而降低磨损和腐蚀和延长机器寿命。洗涤剂通常包括极性的头部和长的疏水尾部，其中极性头部含有酸有机化合物的金属盐。这些盐可以含有基本上化学计算量的金属，其中它们通常描述为正盐或中性盐，将通常具有总碱值(TBN)为0-80，由ASTMD-2896检测。可以通过过量的金属化合物例如氧化物或氢氧化物与酸气体例如二氧化碳反应来包括大量的金属碱。所得的高碱性洗涤剂包含中和的洗涤剂作为金属碱(例如碳酸盐)胶束的外层。这种高碱性洗涤剂可以具有TBN为150或更大，通常为250-450或更大。
公知的洗涤剂包括金属、特别是碱金属或碱土金属例如钠、钾、锂、钙和镁的油溶性中性和高碱性磺酸盐、酚盐、硫化酚盐、硫代膦酸盐、水杨酸盐和环烷酸盐和其它油溶性羧酸盐。最常用的金属是钙和镁，它们都可以存在于润滑剂中所用的洗涤剂中，以及钙和/或镁与钠的混合物。特别优选的金属洗涤剂是TBN为20-450的中性和高碱性磺酸钙，和TBN为50-450的中性和高碱性苯酚钙和硫化苯酚钙。
使用洗涤剂时，水杨酸盐也具有相同的优点，因为它们可以是基本上无硫的。
本发明的润滑油组合物可以用于配制曲轴箱润滑油(即，客车机油、重载柴油车机油和客车柴油)，它们用于火花点火的和压缩点火的往复式内燃机。它们特别适合用于配备有尾气后处理系统的机体；因此，其低的含磷量和可能的低的含硫量减少了对这种系统性能的不利影响，例如当该系统是以催化体系的形式。下列额外的添加剂的通常用量使得能提供其正常的辅助功能，并还可以任选地存在于本发明的油中。单独组分的典型用量如下所列。所有列出的值是以活性组分为基准的重量％。
  添加剂   重量％(宽)   重量％(优选)
  缓蚀剂   0-5   0-1.5
  抗氧化剂   0-5   0.01-3
  倾点抑制剂   0.01-5   0.01-1.5
  消泡剂   0-5   0.001-0.15
  辅助抗磨损剂   0-1   0-0.5
  摩擦改性剂   0-5   0-1.5
  粘度改性剂   0.01-20   0-15
  合成的和/或无机的基础原料   余量   余量
可以使用的防锈剂选自非离子性聚氧亚烷基多元醇及其酯、聚氧亚烷基酚和阴离子性烷基磺酸。
可以使用含铜和铅的缓蚀剂，但通常不是本发明的配方所必需的。这种化合物通常是含有5-50个碳原子的噻二唑聚硫醚，其衍生物和其聚合物。1，3，4-噻二唑的衍生物，例如美国专利2719125、2719126和3087932所述的那些是典型的。其它相似的物质公开于美国专利3821236、3904537、4097387、4107059、4136043、4188299和4193882。其它添加剂是噻二唑的硫代和多硫代亚磺酰胺，如UK专利说明书1560830所述的那些。苯并三唑衍生物也在此类添加剂的范围内。当这些化合物包括在润滑组合物中时，它们的存在量优选不超过0.2重量％的活性物质。
氧化抑制剂或抗氧化剂降低了基础原料在使用过程中劣化的趋势，这种劣化由产物的氧化产物和粘度的增长表现出来，氧化产物例如是在金属表面上的淤渣和清漆状沉积物。这种抗氧化剂包括受阻酚、具有优选C5-C12烷基侧链的烷基酚硫代酯的碱土金属盐、壬基酚硫化钙、无灰分的油溶性酚盐和硫化的酚盐、磷硫化的或硫化的烃、烷基取代的二苯基胺、烷基取代的苯基和萘基胺、磷酯、硫代氨基甲酸金属盐、无灰分的硫代氨基甲酸盐和油溶性铜化合物，如US4867890所述。最优选的是烷基取代的二苯基胺。
倾点抑制剂，也称作润滑油流动改进剂，降低了最低温度，在该温度下流体将会流动且能倾倒。这种添加剂是公知的。能改进流体的低温流动性的典型添加剂是富马酸C8-C18二烷基酯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和聚甲基丙烯烷基酯。
泡沫控制可以通过许多化合物来提供，包括聚硅氧烷型消泡剂例如硅油或聚二甲基硅氧烷。
可以使用少量的破乳组分。特别合适的破乳组分描述于EP330522。该组分通过氧化烯与一种加合物反应而得到，该加合物通过二环氧化物与多元醇的反应来获得。破乳剂的用量应该不超过活性组分的0.1重量％。0.001-0.05重量％活性组分的处理速率是适宜的。
粘度改性剂(VM)用于赋予润滑油以高温和低温操作性。所用的VM可以具有单一功能，或可以是多功能的。
一部分上述添加剂可以提供多种作用；因此，例如单一添加剂可以用作分散剂-氧化抑制剂。
可以以任何适宜的方式将单独的添加剂引入基础原料中。因此，每种组分可以通过在所需浓度下分散或溶解于基础原料或基础油混合物中而被直接加入基础原料或基础油混合物中。这种混合可以在室温下或在高温下进行。
优选，除粘度改性剂和倾点抑制剂之外的所有添加剂混合入浓缩物或添加剂中，然后混合入基础原料中，以制备最终的润滑油组合物(或润滑剂)。该浓缩物将通常配制成含有适宜量的添加剂，从而当浓缩物与预定量的基础油组合时提供在最终配方中的所需浓度。
浓缩物优选根据US4938880所述的方法制备。该专利描述了制备无灰分的分散剂和金属洗涤剂的预混物，在至少100℃温度下进行预混合。此后，将预混物冷却到至少85℃，并加入额外的组分。
最终的曲轴箱润滑油配料可以使用2-20重量％、优选4-18重量％、最优选5-17重量％的浓缩物或添加剂包，其余的是基础原料。

Claims (16)

1.一种润滑油组合物，其包含：
(A)主要量的润滑粘度的油；
(B)少量的含氮的润滑油分散剂；
(C)少量的无氮的润滑油分散剂；
(D)少量的二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐；
(E)少量的烃基取代的羧酸或其衍生物如酸酐；和
(F)少量的金属洗涤剂，其中在组合物中(B)∶(C)的重量比大于0.5∶1，组合物含有0.075重量％或更少的磷，由元素磷表示。
2.根据权利要求1的组合物，其中含氮的润滑油分散剂(B)以基于润滑油组合物总重量的1.5-2重量％存在。
3.根据权利要求1或2的组合物，其中无氮的润滑油分散剂(C)以基于润滑油组合物总重量的1-1.5重量％存在。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项的组合物，其中二烃基二硫代磷酸盐(D)以基于润滑油组合物总重量的0.25-0.8重量％存在。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项的组合物，其中烃基取代的羧酸或其衍生物(E)以基于润滑油组合物总重量的0.25-0.8重量％存在。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项的组合物，其中金属洗涤剂(F)以基于润滑油组合物总重量的0.1-4重量％存在。
7.根据权利要求1的组合物，其中无氮的分散剂(C)包括具有1-20个碳原子和1-6个羟基的醇的烷基琥珀酸酯。
8.根据权利要求1至7任一项的组合物，其中二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐(D)是二烷基二硫代磷酸锌。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项的组合物，其中金属洗涤剂(F)是中性或高碱性的碱土金属洗涤剂，其中表面活性剂是水杨酸盐、酚盐或磺酸盐或其混合物。
10.根据权利要求9的组合物，其中所述碱土金属选自Ca和Mg。
11.根据权利要求9或10的组合物，其中该洗涤剂是水杨酸盐。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项的组合物，包含0.06重量％或更少的磷，以元素磷表示。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项的组合物，包含一种或多种额外添加剂，选自缓蚀剂、抗氧化剂、倾点抑制剂、消泡剂、辅助抗磨损剂、摩擦改性剂和粘度改性剂。
14.由权利要求1至11中任一项限定的组分(B)至(F)在润滑油组合物中用于提高该组合物与含氟弹性体相容性的用途，其中该润滑油组合物含有0.075重量％或更少的磷，由元素磷表示。
15.一种配备有尾气后处理系统的内燃机的润滑方法，包括向内燃机供应根据权利要求1至13中任一项的润滑油组合物。
16.含有油质载体流体、权利要求1-11任一项定义的组分(B)-(F)和权利要求13定义的额外添加剂的浓缩物，当油组合物使用2-20重量％的所述浓缩物时，除粘度改性剂和倾点抑制剂之外的额外添加剂的量以提供权利要求1-13任一项定义的润滑油组合物。
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