CN1293100C - 生物高分子纳米微粒 - Google Patents

生物高分子纳米微粒 Download PDF

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CN1293100C
CN1293100C CNB008030790A CN00803079A CN1293100C CN 1293100 C CN1293100 C CN 1293100C CN B008030790 A CNB008030790 A CN B008030790A CN 00803079 A CN00803079 A CN 00803079A CN 1293100 C CN1293100 C CN 1293100C
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dispersion liquid
starch
water
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CN1337969A (zh
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弗朗西斯库斯·埃盖尼尔斯·盖齐恩
雷米吉乌斯·厄尼·朱尔斯·容博姆
赫尔曼·法伊尔
科内利斯·费斯泰·戈特利布
阿里亚恩·布尔斯马
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Ecosynthetix Inc
Ecosynthetix Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08BPOLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B31/00Preparation of derivatives of starch
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/12Powdering or granulating
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08BPOLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B30/00Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin
    • C08B30/12Degraded, destructured or non-chemically modified starch, e.g. mechanically, enzymatically or by irradiation; Bleaching of starch
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08BPOLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B31/00Preparation of derivatives of starch
    • C08B31/003Crosslinking of starch
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L3/00Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
    • C08L3/02Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2303/00Characterised by the use of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
    • C08J2303/02Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin

Abstract

本发明涉及一种制备生物高分子纳米微粒的方法,其中,生物高分子用剪切力进行增塑,并在加工过程中加入交联剂。在所说的加工之后,生物高分子可以溶于或分散于水性介质中,浓度4-40wt%。所得到的纳米微粒的特征是平均粒径小于400nm。

Description

生物高分子纳米微粒
本发明涉及一种制备纳米微粒的方法,即本发明涉及一种制备基本上由生物高分子如淀粉构成的微粒的方法。本发明也涉及由这样方法所制得的纳米微粒。
US5,116,890中公开了基于淀粉乳液聚合物接枝的自交联胶乳。但这些胶乳需要使用不太希望的化学品,而且在许多场合下显得太过疏水。
现在发现,通过用剪切力加工生物高分子并同时进行交联,也可以使生物高分子如淀粉和其它的多糖如纤维素和树胶以及蛋白质(例如明胶、乳清蛋白)形成纳米微粒。生物高分子可以预先进行改性,例如用阳离子基团、羧甲基基团、酰化、磷酸化、羟烷基化、氧化等进行改性。优选采用淀粉和含有至少50%淀粉的淀粉与其它(生物)高分子的混合物。在进行加工的时候,所说的生物高分子具有的干物质含量优选至少为50wt%,更优选至少为60wt%。
按照本发明,用剪切力进行加工意味着机械处理,特别是在高剪切的条件下和较高的温度下(高于40℃,特别是高于60℃,但低于所说高分子的降解温度,可以高至如200℃,特别是高至140℃)进行挤出加工。剪切可以通过在每克生物高分子上施加至少100焦耳的比机械能(SME,specific mechanical energy)完成。与所用的机械加工设备有关,该最低机械能可能更高,而且当使用非明胶化的材料时,最低的SME可以更高,如至少为250焦耳/克,特别是至少为500焦耳/克。
在较高的温度下可以方便地进行机械处理。对于淀粉来说,如果采用碱性介质或者使用预先明胶化的淀粉,所说的较高的温度可以缓和一些。在机械处理过程中,生物高分子在水性溶剂如水或水/醇混合物中的浓度较高,特别是至少为40wt%,更优选至少为50wt%。在高浓度下可以施加高压(如5至150巴),以方便加工。
除了水或水/醇混合物外,还可以有增塑剂,如多元醇(乙二醇、丙撑二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油、糖醇、脲、柠檬酸酯等),其含量为生物高分子重量的5-40%。不过,水已起到增塑剂的作用。增塑剂的总量(即水和其它如甘油)优选为15-50%。也可以有润滑剂,如卵磷脂、磷脂或单酸甘油酯,其含量为0.5-2.5%。也可以有酸,优选固体或半固体的有机酸如马来酸、柠檬酸、草酸、乳酸、葡糖酸,或者有碳水化合物降解酶,如淀粉酶;其含量为生物高分子重量的0.01-5%。酸或酶有助于轻微的解聚,这种轻微的解聚被认为有利于形成一定大小的纳米微粒。
本发明方法的一个基本步骤是在机械处理过程中进行交联。交联优选是可逆的,即在机械处理步骤之后,交联可以部分或全部地裂开。合适的可逆交联剂包括那些在较低的水浓度下能够形成化学键、而在较高的水浓度下可以解离或水解的交联剂。这种交联方式会使得在加工过程中具有暂时较高的粘度,而在加工之后粘度较低。
可逆交联剂的实例有二醛和多醛、酸酐和混合酸酐(如琥珀酸和乙酸酐)等等,其中二醛和多醛可以可逆地形成半缩醛。合适的二醛和多醛是戊二醛、乙二醛、高碘酸氧化的碳水化合物等等。对于本发明的目的来说,乙二醛是特别合适的交联剂。
这样的交联剂可以单独使用,或者以可逆交联剂的混合物形式使用,或者以可逆或非可逆交联剂的混合物形式使用。因而,常规的交联剂如表氯醇和其它环氧化物、三磷酸盐、二乙烯基砜可以用作多糖类生物高分子的非可逆交联剂,而二醛、硫醇类等可以用于蛋白质生物高分子。交联反应可以是酸催化的或碱催化的。相对于生物高分子来说,交联剂的含量通常为0.1-10wt%。交联剂可以在机械加工的开始时就已存在,但对于非明胶化的生物高分子如粒状淀粉来说,优选交联剂稍后加入,即在加工过程中加入。
然后,将经过机械加工的、交联的生物高分子分散于适当的溶剂中,形成胶乳,溶剂通常为水和/或其它的羟基溶剂如醇,浓度为4wt%-50wt%,优选为10wt-40wt%。在分散之前,可以进行低温研磨,但温热搅拌也可达到同样好的效果。这种处理会得到一种凝胶,该凝胶会自发地或经水吸附诱导后分离成胶乳。这种粘度行为可以在应用微粒时得以利用,例如改进混合等。如果需要,可以使用上面所述的同样交联剂或其它交联剂,使分散的生物高分子进一步交联。
本发明还涉及按照上面所述使生物高分子特别是淀粉增塑并进行交联所得到的挤出物。该挤出物的特征是,在水性溶剂中进行溶胀后,显示出粘度下降,并产生纳米微粒的分散液;所说的水性溶剂可以为水,或者为至少50%的水与可与之混溶的溶剂如醇的混合物。
本发明还涉及由上面所说的挤出物所得到的纳米微粒。这种纳米微粒(以此或以分散液)的特征是微粒粒径较小、其稳定性、较窄的粒径分布及其粘度,其粒径一般小于400nm,优选小于200nm。其较窄的粒径分布尤其反映在其重均分子量与数均分子量的比值低于2(Mw/Mn<2)。
纳米微粒可以作为基体材料,例如在涂覆应用中如果希望有较高的干态固体含量,可以作为树脂。这样的基体材料可以是成膜材料(用于调节最低成膜温度)、增稠剂、或流变性调节剂、或粘结剂、或粘结剂添加剂(增粘剂)。作为增稠剂,它可以具有更高的粘度,例如高于150mPa。这样的纳米微粒或分散液因其防渗性能(对氧气等具有高防渗性,对于水等具有低防渗性)可以用作载体(例如色料、药剂、调料和香料等,特别是作为缓释剂)、用作脂肪替代品(由于其口感)、用于化妆品中(无变态反应原发性)、作为缓解皮肤紊乱、烧伤等的药剂。其进一步的应用实例包括用于造纸业和包装业(纸和纸板的表面处理、上光等),或者用于农业和园艺(在茎块和其它植物艺术品上的防护层),或者为了进行保护而作为可去除的或临时性的防护层。纳米微粒也可以作为医药上的赋形剂或载体,其中它们可以复合或共价键合到活性物质如缓释药物上。纳米微粒也可以加工成相对高密度的泡沫。
附图说明
附图给出了实施例中所用的挤出机的两种螺杆构型。
实施例1
挤出
在室温下于Bear Varimixer混合器中制备当地马铃薯淀粉(12.6kg,水分含量18%,Avebe)和甘油(2.4kg,占预混物的16wt%)的预混物,混合15分钟后得到均匀的预混物。用K-Tron K2M&85定容喂入器将上述预混物以8.4千克/小时的速率送入挤出机中(Berstorff ZE40自擦拭、共转动双螺杆挤出机,38D)。该挤出机有9个区,其可调节的温度分布为20-80-90-100-100-100-100-100-95℃。采用螺杆构型1(见图1),螺杆速率设定在160rpm。用Prominent Meta HK20-12,5S活塞计量泵,以1.2千克/小时的流率向套筒的第5区内注入5%的乙二醛水溶液。其结果是相对于干态的淀粉来说,纯乙二醛的百分比为1%。挤出物通过五孔模(孔的直径为3mm)离开挤出机,随后粒化。
胶乳制备(1)
所得的粒子低温研磨、筛分得到小于150μm的颗粒。随后该粉末与水混合,粉末的量调节到最后分散液中所需的固态量。在室温下搅拌所得的混合物,得到浓凝胶。过一段时间后,该凝胶崩溃,形成低粘度均匀透明的浅褐色分散液。在室温下以55s-1的剪切速率,用BrookfieldDV-III粘度计测量10w/w%分散液的粘度,结果为26mPa。用DLS(动态光散射)测定10w/w%分散液的颗粒直径,其值在10nm-500nm之间,计算的平均粒径为54nm。
胶乳制备(2)
所得的粒子低温研磨、筛分得到小于500μm的颗粒。10克该粉末与90克水混合。在室温下搅拌所得的混合物,得到浓凝胶。过一段时间后,该凝胶崩溃,形成低粘度均匀透明的浅褐色分散液。用DLS(动态光散射)测定颗粒直径,其值在10nm-500nm之间。
胶乳制备(3)
10克所得的粒子与90克水混合。在50℃下搅拌所得的混合物2小时,形成低粘度的分散液。在用150μm的滤布过滤所得分散液后,用DLS测定颗粒直径,其值在10nm-500nm之间。
胶乳制备(4)
20克所得的粒子与80克水混合。在50℃下搅拌所得的混合物2小时,形成低粘度的分散液。在用150μm的滤布过滤所得分散液后,在室温下以55s-1的剪切速率,用Brookfield DV-III粘度计测量该分散液的粘度,结果为825mPa。
成膜
将上述所得的分散液(20克)浇注到聚苯乙烯盘上(浇注到玻璃、纸上也可),随后在室温下干燥。两天后得到透明结实的淀粉膜。
实施例2-6
以连续的模式重复实施例1:每小时喂入8.81千克的预混物(含有6.48千克的干马铃薯淀粉,18.0wt%的水即1.17千克的水,17.9wt%的甘油即1.16千克的甘油)。以1.2千克/小时的速率喂入含乙二醛5wt%、10wt%和15wt%的乙二醛水溶液(相对于干淀粉为0.93wt%、1.86wt%、2.80wt%)。所得结果列于下表。
                表    连续的机械热处理和交联的结果
  实施例   2   3   4   5   6
  交联剂wt%1   10   15   5   10   10
  螺杆速度   200   200   100   100   250
  螺杆构型2   1   1   1   1   2
  SME(焦耳/克)   1765   1818   972   1186   3316
  粘度3,mPa   27.8   17.0   185.0   118.3   17.5
  粒径,nm   42.5   36.9   101.4   53.4   41.9
1:交联剂在水中的浓度(1%相当于在干淀粉中约0.186wt%)
2:见附图
3:在20℃和186s-1下测定10%的分散液
实施例7
以8.8千克/小时的速率在Berstoff ZE40挤出机(L/D=38)的喂料区中喂入蜡质玉米淀粉(水分含量11.5%,Meritena 300,Amylum)、甘油(18%,以干淀粉计)和水(总的水含量调节到22%,以干淀粉计)的预混物。挤出机中的温度分布与实施例1中的类似。采用螺杆构型1,螺杆速度设定在200rpm。在第5区(22D)中以1.2千克/小时的速率喂入10%的乙二醛水溶液。挤出物干燥、造粒。按实施例1所述制备分散液(胶乳制备1)。得到20%的分散液,其Brookfield粘度值为225mPa,剪切速率为20s-1
实施例8
以8.8千克/小时的速率在Berstoff ZE40挤出机(L/D=38)的喂料区中喂入蜡质大米淀粉(水分含量14%,Remyline AX-DR,Remy)、甘油(18%,以干淀粉计)和水(总的水含量调节到22%,以干淀粉计)的预混物。挤出机中的温度分布与实施例1中的类似。采用螺杆构型1,螺杆速度设定在200rpm。在第5区(22D)中以1.2千克/小时的速率喂入10%的乙二醛水溶液。挤出物干燥、造粒。按实施例1所述制备分散液(胶乳制备1)。得到20%的分散液,其Brookfield粘度值为253mpa,剪切速率为20s-1
实施例9
以8.8千克/小时的速率在Berstoff ZE40挤出机(L/D=38)的喂料区中喂入改性的(乙酰化和交联)蜡质玉米淀粉(水分含量12.7%,Resistamyl342,Amylum)、甘油(18%,以干淀粉计)和水(总的水含量调节到22%,以干淀粉计)的预混物。挤出机中的温度分布与实施例1中的类似。采用螺杆构型1,螺杆速度设定在200rpm。在第5区(22D)中以1.2千克/小时的速率喂入10%的乙二醛水溶液。挤出物干燥、造粒。按实施例1所述制备分散液(胶乳制备1)。得到20%的分散液,其Brookfield粘度值为180mPa,剪切速率为20s-1
实施例10
以8.8千克/小时的速率在Berstoff ZE40挤出机(L/D=38)的喂料区中喂入蜡质玉米淀粉(水分含量11.5%,Meritena 300,Amylum)、甘油(18%,以干淀粉计)、水(总的水含量调节到22%,以干淀粉计)和马来酸(0.5%,以干淀粉计)的预混物。挤出机中的温度分布与实施例1中的类似。采用螺杆构型2,螺杆速度设定在200rpm。在第5区(22D)中以1.2千克/小时的速率喂入10%的乙二醛水溶液。挤出物干燥、造粒。按实施例1所述制备分散液(胶乳制备1)。得到35%的分散液,其Brookfield粘度值为1400mpa,剪切速率为20s-1

Claims (19)

1、一种制备生物高分子的方法,其中,所说的生物高分子选自多糖及其衍生物,该生物高分子用剪切力进行加工而得以增塑,而且在加工过程中有交联剂的存在,所说的生物高分子溶于或分散于水、醇或它们的混合物中。
2、如权利要求1所说的方法,其中,所说的生物高分子是淀粉或淀粉衍生物或至少含有50wt%淀粉的高分子混合物。
3、如权利要求1或2所说的方法,其中,所说的交联剂是二醛或多醛。
4、如权利要求1-3之一所说的方法,其中,所说的加工是在40-200℃的温度下进行的。
5、如权利要求1-4之一所说的方法,其中,在对应于至少为100焦耳/克的机械能输入下,使用剪切力。
6、如前述权利要求之一所说的方法,其中,在加工过程中,所说的生物高分子的干态物质含量至少为50wt%。
7、如前述权利要求之一所说的方法,其中,所说的加工包括挤出。
8、如前述权利要求之一所说的方法,其中,在加工过程中,以所说的生物高分子重量计,还存在1-40wt%的选自多元醇、脲和柠檬酸酯的增塑剂。
9、如前述权利要求之一所说的方法,其中,在加工过程中,以所说的生物高分子重量计,还存在0.01-5wt%的酸。
10、如前述权利要求之一所说的方法,其中,在加工过程中,以所说的生物高分子重量计,还存在0.01-5wt%的酶。
11、如前述权利要求之一所说的方法,其中,在所说的加工之后,将所说的生物高分子溶于或分散于水性介质中,浓度在4-50wt%之间。
12、如权利要求11所说的方法,其中,在所说的加工之后,所说的生物高分子的分散液还被进一步交联。
13、根据前述权利要求1-12之一方法所得到的生物高分子微粒,其可任选地分散于水中,其特征在于,其平均粒径小于400nm,而且重均分子量与数均分子量的比值低于2。
14、根据前述权利要求1-12之一方法所得到的分散液。
15、如权利要求13所说的生物高分子微粒在水中的分散液。
16、如权利要求14或15的分散液,其中,浓度10wt%、186s-1下的粘度值低于150mPa。
17、如权利要求16的分散液,其中,浓度10wt%、186s-1下的粘度值低于50mPa。
18、由权利要求7的方法于挤出步骤之后得到的交联高分子的挤出物,其含有至少50wt%的淀粉,其中,它在浸入水性介质后溶胀,并在浸入后形成浓度10wt%、186s-1下的粘度值低于150mPa的分散液。
19、如权利要求13或14所说的生物高分子或者如权利要求15-17之一所说的分散液在纸张或纸板表面处理中的应用。
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