CN1289389C - 含有磷酸铝组合物的材料以及磷酸铝组合物 - Google Patents

含有磷酸铝组合物的材料以及磷酸铝组合物 Download PDF

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CN1289389C
CN1289389C CNB018155839A CN01815583A CN1289389C CN 1289389 C CN1289389 C CN 1289389C CN B018155839 A CNB018155839 A CN B018155839A CN 01815583 A CN01815583 A CN 01815583A CN 1289389 C CN1289389 C CN 1289389C
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composition
solution
coating
amorphous
aluminum
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CN1455756A (zh
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S·萨姆巴斯范
K·A·斯泰纳
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Applied Thin Films Inc
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Abstract

在高温下提供热保护、抗腐蚀性和抗氧化性的组合物是基于合成的磷酸铝,其中铝的摩尔含量大于磷。所述组合物经热处理,在一直到1400℃的温度下是亚稳定的。

Description

含有磷酸铝组合物的材料以及磷酸铝组合物
发明背景
本发明涉及合成无机组合物,它们在中温和高温下,例如从800℃到1400℃或更高的温度下仍保持亚稳定性并具有其他所希望的性质。
使用金属氧化物涂层来进行基质和其他表面的高温保护是已知的。到目前为止,还没有一种已知的合成氧化物可以在1400℃和更高的温度下能保持无定形和亚稳定性。例如,在稍高于850℃的温度下已知的氧化硅就会析晶/晶化。其他非氧化物材料,例如碳氧化硅和氮氧化硅在高温下在空气中会迅速氧化并形成结晶相。
磷酸铝是大家熟悉的无机材料,已发现在各种应用场合中有许多用途,其中包括催化剂、耐火材料、复合材料、磷酸盐结合的陶瓷和许多其他的用途。磷酸铝有低的密度(d=2.56g/cm3)。在高温下,它在化学上是惰性的和稳定的,并在适中的温度范围内在化学上与许多金属和最广泛使用的陶瓷材料包括碳化硅、氧化铝和氧化硅是相容的。
但是,磷酸铝用作高温陶瓷材料是不适合的,因为它发生多晶型转变(石英型、鳞石英和方石英),有相应大的摩尔体积变化。因此,希望提供这样一种合成形式的磷酸铝,它在升温,或在加热和冷却循环下仍是亚稳定性的,仍基本上是无定形的。为了给基质例如金属和陶瓷提供氧化保护和抗腐蚀性,应使磷酸铝组合物具有另一所需的性质,即在高温或在苛刻的环境中具有低的氧扩散性。
发明概述
本发明通常涉及在高温条件下具有亚稳定性和其他相关性质的基本上为无定形的磷酸铝的材料和/或组合物。部分地,亚稳定性可通过在氧化条件下无定形特性的保留来证实,这样的形态及其程度至少部分由于这样的材料/组合物的铝含量,与它们的化学计量对应物相比,化学计量总体上过量铝的材料/组合物有增强的无定形特性和相关的稳定性。在这样的材料/组合物的制备中,这样的性质和相关的高温属性可主要受铝前体与相应的磷酸盐前体混合引起各种结构和/或组成改变影响,这种改变表现为生成的磷酸铝材料/组合物的高温性能。具体地说,正如在以下实施例中更清楚说明的,当铝加到磷酸盐前体中时,它可被鉴定出耒,并使生成的磷酸铝材料/组合物具有无定形特性和相关的亚稳定性。加入化学计量过量的铝前体增强了所得的无定形持形和亚稳定性。
部分地,本发明为一种含有磷酸铝组合物的亚稳定材料,这样的组合物可用式Al1+xPO4+3x/2表示,其中x为约0至约1.5。这样的材料的组合物可用在红外光谱中约795cm-1至约850cm-1处结构/组成组分吸收的射线来表征,还可进一步用在至少约1000℃下它们的存在来表征。不考虑任何特定的材料或组合物相,在本发明的各种优选的实施方案中,正如在下面更全面描述的,x为0或约0。在各种其他优选的实施方案中,视亚稳定材料所需的性能和/或最终的应用而定,x为约0.1至约1.0。通常,这样的材料是基本上无定形的,其程度部分取决于x的数值和整个组合物的铝含量。视这样的含量和形态而定,这祥的材料在至少约1200℃下是亚稳定的。正如下面说明的,在以下的实施例中,这样的材料也可含有结晶颗粒,包括但不限于CaWO4、Al2O3和ErPO4,这样的夹杂物可由温度处理和/或加入适合的前体组分产生。正如所希望的,这样的夹杂物可影响各种材料的物理特性和/或性能特性,包括但不限于对于特定的最终用途或复合物的制造的材料的热膨胀系数的改变。
根据上述内容以及结合以下实施例和详述,本发明还可为一种使用磷酸铝组合物的铝含量来影响和/或控制其亚稳定性的方法。这样的方法包括由或使用铝盐前体化合物来提供磷酸铝组合物。生成的磷酸铝组合物的铝含量对应于前体化合物的铝含量,这样的铝含量足以提供所需的和/或预期的组合物亚稳定性。正如下面说明的,以及正如本专业的技术人员理解的,这样的材料的亚稳定性可在光谱上表明的所述材料的无定形和/或非结晶方面来证实。相对于磷酸盐有化学计量的铝含量的材料可有一定的亚稳定性。通常,这样的材料的亚稳定性可通过化学计量过量的铝来提高。正如在这里说明的,相应的前体的制备和与磷酸盐前体的混合可影响铝含量和产生的稳定性。根据适合的前体的选择和/或改性,通过包含包括但不限于硅、镧和锆的其他金属组分可有利于亚稳定性和各种其他光学的、化学的和/或物理的性质。
因此,本发明还部分地包括一种制备用于生成金属磷酸盐组合物、优选磷酸铝组合物的前体溶液的方法。这一方法包括第一种金属和/或铝盐溶液的制备;磷组分的制备;以及溶液和组分的混合。通常,磷组分为五氧化二磷的醇溶液,但其他与这里描述的有可比效果的磷组分/磷酸盐前体也可使用。同样的和没有限制的,提供金属/铝组分的醇溶液,溶剂的选择取决于金属/铝溶解性以及与相应的磷/磷酸盐组分的相容性。在与现有技术的各种不同中,本发明的这一方面设想在这样的前体制备中使用化学计量过量的相应金属和/或铝组分,并在随后生成所需的金属和/或磷酸铝材料/组合物中使用它。正如在这里更全面描述的,本发明的优选实施方案针对适合的铝盐组分、前体和生成的材料/组合物,但也可将各种其他金属组分加到前体溶液中,以便提供与热、光学和/或物理性质有关的生成的材料/组合物。
部分地,本发明还包括一种使用磷酸铝组合物来提高有关基质的抗氧化性的方法。这一方法包括(1)提供本发明的磷酸铝组合物,优选其式为Al1+xPO4+3x/2,其中x为约0至约1.5;以及(2)将组合物涂到适合的基质上。在各种优选的实施方案中,视最终的应用和/或制造技术而定,组合物可在基质涂覆以前或以后热处理。正如下面所述的,不管怎样,这样的组合物都可浸涂在基质上形成薄膜。另一方面,在没有限制下,组合物可制成粉末,然后用等离子喷涂或气溶胶喷涂到基质上。
部分地,本发明还包括一种具有铝-氧-铝结构部分并在红外光谱约795cm-1至约850cm-1处吸收射线的磷酸铝产品。这样的产品可用以下步骤制得和/或生产:(1)将五氧化二磷的醇溶液与铝盐溶液混合,铝相对于磷前体为化学计量或化学计量过量;以及(2)将生成的混合物加热。这样的产品基本上是无定形的,但正如上面讨论的,也可有结晶颗粒夹杂物。作为一代表性实施方案,这样的颗粒为通过铒盐与上述铝盐溶液结合生成的结晶磷酸铒夹杂物。另一方面,说明本发明另一方面,产品可含有其量足以改变生成的产品的热膨胀系数的第IIIA和/或IIIB-VIB族金属氧化物颗粒。
关于上面讨论的一个或多个方面,本发明可包括新一类的磷酸盐化合物,在其组合物中含有过量的金属物质;也就是,根据一优选的实施方案,铝原子超过在化学计量磷酸铝中的磷原子数目。过量可大于1%、优选大于5%。
无论本发明的组合物是化学计量的或表现出过量的金属组分,其制备的方法包括在U.S.6036762中公开的那些方法,其全部内容作为参考在这里并入本发明。据此,前体溶液由两种液体组分形成。第一种组分为溶于醇的金属盐。第二种组分为溶于醇的五氧化二磷。然后将两种组分按所需的摩尔比例混合在一起,得到稳定的前体溶液,磷酸盐部分至少部分地酯化,生成能均匀捕获金属离子的类聚合物结构。
可将溶液按原样直接加热以除去醇部分和其他物质,得到纯的金属磷酸盐。但是,优选的是,用任何适合的方法将溶液作为涂层涂覆到无孔的或多孔的基质上,然后将经涂覆的基质加热,通常加热到小于600℃的温度,在基质上得到均匀的和纯的金属磷酸盐涂层。
这种方法的特别优点在于,前体溶液为基质涂覆提供了平滑均匀厚度的基质涂层。在最初热处理以后,可再涂覆随后的涂层,以便增加涂层的厚度。这种方法适用于制备含有多种金属离子的前体磷酸盐溶液。在宽范围内调节复合物溶液浓度的能力是另一明显的优点,能形成准确或可控地金属磷酸盐的数量。
此外,正如本发明更具体针对的,上述混合物/前体溶液可经干燥然后热处理,例如在高达800℃或更高的温度下在空气中热处理。据认为热处理步骤使分子结构变化,最终产物50%以上的含量为无定形的,以及在高达1400℃或更高的温度下无定形性质长期保持而不发生氧化。视合成步骤和其他组分或添加物的存在而定,组合物还可含有可影响其他所需性质例如韧性和光活性的小结晶夹杂物。组合物有其他所需的性质,例如很低的氧扩散性、低的导热性和高辐射系数。因此,特别适合的应用是将组合物用作基质上的涂层,以便使基质在高温下的氧化最小。
最初生成的有机溶液可转变成任何所需的形式。例如,可将该溶液涂覆到金属、陶瓷或其他基质例如陶瓷复合材料上,然后热处理,或可将它转变成任何所需的形状例如纤维或长丝,或成任何其他所需的模制形式,或可转变成能用适合喷涂技术的涂覆到基质上的粉末。在这里还提供各种其他最终应用。本发明的各种材料/组合物可以以Cerablak商标由Applied Thin Films,Inc.提供。
附图简述
图1.在1000℃100小时后未涂覆的和AlPO4涂覆的304型不锈钢。与未涂覆的部件相比(4.5-8.6%),氧化使经涂覆的部件的重量增加非常的少(0.08-0.24%)。
图2a)1200℃420小时、b)1300℃100小时、c)1400℃10小时、d)电子衍射1200℃100小时热处理的粉末的TEM显微镜图。
图3.1200℃2小时热处理的氧化铝涂层的Nextel 720纤维上的涂层的TEM显微镜图。
图4.a)1100℃1小时、b)1100℃163小时热处理的化学计量材料的XRD图。注意在21.5处峰的分离,表明结晶鳞石英和方石英相的存在。
图5.a)1100℃1小时下热处理的磷酸铝材料(x=0.75)的XRD图,b)1100℃163小时热处理的相同组合物的XRD图。注意鳞石英峰分化的缺少。
图6.本发明磷酸铝组合物的热膨胀测量值。
图7.1200℃100小时热处理的AlPO4涂覆的Nextel 720纤维的TEM显微镜图和电子衍射图。
图8.埋在无定形基质中的AlP04纳米晶的TEM明场图像。
图9.1000℃1小时热处理的Er-掺杂的磷酸铝的TEM显微镜图。
图10.a)含有YSZ、熔融氧化硅、莫来石氧化铝和尖晶石的AlPO4(较低的线)的传热性。B)AlPO4(较低的线)和YSZ(常用的阻热材料)的传热性。
图11.AlPO4纤维截面的SEM显微镜图。
图12.a)1100℃1小时热处理的粉末和b)1200℃、500小时、10大气压、15%水蒸汽热处理的粉末(白色)的XRD图。
图13.实施例31的破碎百色小粒的TEM显微镜图,显示在无定形基质中有纳米结晶夹杂物以及相同样品的不同区域的电子衍射图。
图14.1400℃1小时热处理的AlPO4相同材料/组合物样品的a)黑色区域和b)白色区域的Raman光谱图。
图15.溶于乙醇的五氧化二磷的31P NMR图。a)溶解后不久,b)24小时回流以后。
图16.混合的前体溶液的液体31P NMR图,表明铝加入的影响。a)全光谱、b)反映铝存在的峰的图。
图17.1100℃160小时热处理后图16中所示的溶液的X-射线衍射图。a)全范围、b)放大部分,以便说明在21度附近峰的差别。
图18.1100℃1小时热处理的化学计量和非化学计量的组合物的FTIR。
图19.1100℃1小时热处理的化学计量AlPO427Al NMR光谱的去卷积。
图20.1100℃160小时热处理后过量铝的组合物Al/P=2(1倍过量,x=1.0)的27Al MASNMR光谱的去卷积。
几个优选实施方案的详述
正如上面讨论的,本发明涉及新的一类亚稳定的高温无定形无机组合物。独特的无定形结构可用简单的低成本的溶胶-凝胶前体制得。无定形材料的热稳定性主要通过相应的前体的金属含量来控制,在优选的实施方案中为铝。几种无定形形式的组合物已合成,表明在1200℃以上稳定数百小时。现有技术用溶胶-凝胶途经合成的大多数结晶材料在1000℃以下就由无定形转变成结晶。但是,在这种情况下并以磷酸铝作为一般的例子,使结晶氧化铝和AlPO4相的热力学平衡一直到热处理超过1500℃才出现。量热测量揭示的高度放热溶解行为表明材料是热力学上不稳定的或亚稳定的。可能由于特殊的“Al-O-P”原子团产生的无定形材料极低的氧扩散性,似乎控制着粘滞动力学(Slugglish kinetics)。用简单浸涂法沉积的气密上致密和粘着的薄膜(1000或更薄)证明材料具有在1000℃下防止不锈钢氧化的显著能力(见下文的图1和实施例2)。
当制成薄膜或涂层时,所述的材料倾向于保持完全的无定形,而由此得到的粉末为含有少量,直到约20-30%,化学计量磷酸铝纳米晶夹杂物(尺寸为5-60纳米不等)的无定形材料(图2和3)。同样,正如这里所公开的,无定形的含量和纳米晶夹杂物的存在也可受铝前体的化学计量影响,其化学计量过量的应用使这样夹杂物的影响下降,使无定形含量增加以及使整个材料/组合物的亚稳定性提高。下表I提供表征本发明这样的组合物的几个性质。
表I.所选的说明性性质
  氧扩散性   ~1×10-12cm2/sec(化学扩散性@1400℃)
  热膨胀   5×10-6K-1
  传热性   1.0-1.5W/mK(RT-1300℃)
  介电常数   3.3-6.35(x=0.5-0.75)
很低的氧扩散性允许使用极薄的无定形保护涂层(50-100nm),在那里由于热应力的裂纹影响不大。这一独特的性质可用于对高温应用中使用的许多金属和陶瓷提供保护。纳米晶玻璃-陶瓷复合材料的生成也可为许多应用场合定制物理、热、机械和光学性质提供机会。本发明的材料/组合物可作为连续的薄膜或作为粉末(它可被等离子喷涂)或以接近无余量的压实形式来制成。某些潜在的应用包括氧化和腐蚀保护(低氧扩散性和化学耐久性)、航空和航天器的热保护(高辐射系数、低传热性和低氧扩散性)、低可见的热稳定涂层(低介电常数)、抗熔融金属的保护(非润湿特性)、界面涂层(非润湿性)和陶瓷基复合材料(CMCs)的基质(高强度和制作容易)。
制备本发明的组合物的优选方法在上述的U.S.专利No.6036762中描述。将铝盐例如有水合水的硝酸铝溶于有机溶剂、优选醇例如乙醇。在分开的容器中,将一定质量的五氧化二磷(P2O5)溶于相同的溶剂中。在Al溶液中的Al和P的摩尔比大于1比1,优选为至少1%最优选至少5%。过量铝的实际上限未确定,但己制备含有过量十倍的铝组合物;为在高温下保持无定形含量来说,1.5-3.5过量摩尔比看来是最有前途的。
更一般地说,适用于本发明的更广泛的方面,这一合成途径由两种分开的使用共同的有机溶剂液体组分得到金属磷酸盐前体溶液提供。虽然许多有机溶剂都可能是有用的,但液体醇类是优选的,例如甲醇或乙醇,乙醇是最优选的。因此,前体溶液的第一种组分由溶于醇例如乙醇中溶解的金属盐制得。可使用不同金属的盐的混合物。可使用硝酸盐、氯化物、乙酸盐或任何可溶于醇介质的金属盐。金属盐和/或醇的选择只受相关的溶解性考虑因素的限制。
任何金属的盐都可用于第一种组分。对于用于高温反应环境中的涂层的制备,可参考U.S.专利No.5665463,在这里作为参考并入。金属盐可包含通式为MPO4的独居石,其中M选自较大的三价稀土元素或镧系元素(La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd和Th)。正如在上述专利中公开的,也可制备磷钇矿。其他二价和三价金属例如铝是特别适用的。
前体溶液的第二种组分是溶于相同溶剂例如乙醇中的五氧化二磷(P2O5)。没有任何限制,据认为醇和五氧化二磷之间有受控的反应性,其中生成磷酸酯。酯化过程继续生成酯链,同时溶液陈化,而溶液变得足够聚合,以致得到良好的成膜性质。优选将金属盐溶液在五氧化二磷溶液中制备后和大量发生酯化以前加到后者中。
视所需的薄膜微观结构而定,可在各种浓度下制备前体溶液。例如,使用硝酸镧,可制得每升有160克磷酸镧的溶液。在化学计量比例或金属盐过量的混合物中提供金属盐和磷酸盐,从而得到所需的金属磷酸盐。
正如这里更加全面描述的,含有两种组分的溶液可稳定贮存,并可通过加热转变成金属磷酸盐。但是,因为溶液有良好的润湿性和涂覆性,使用的优选方法是在多孔的和无孔的基质上的涂层。例如,作为在陶瓷纤维、织物或在高温即超过1200℃下使用的其他结上的涂层,磷酸镧有重大的应用性。正如在U.S.专利No.5665463中提到的,磷酸盐涂层可提高复合材料的韧性。溶液可作为涂层涂覆到非孔材料例如金属和金属合金上。
当被前体涂覆的基质热解时,大量溶剂在相对低温下蒸发,在基质上留下残留前体材料的连续膜。当再次加热时,除了金属和磷酸盐外的所有物种都被除去,留下金属磷酸盐的涂层。所需加热到的温度可通过差热分析来测量。对于LaPO4前体,短期加热到600℃可确保总的转化率。制得膜的X射线衍射证实磷酸镧单相的生成。膜的扫描电子显微镜分析表明,它是平滑的、均匀的、连续的和化学计量的。挥发性溶剂体系的应用能在相对低的温度下生成金属磷酸盐。
可将前体液体涂覆到需要氧化和/或腐蚀保护的适合基质上,例如金属或合金或陶瓷,或者与陶瓷材料颗粒混合。此外,可将液体吸入纤维,放入铸模或单独使用。不管怎样,要通过热处理或在空气中热解将液体转变成稳定形式固体。通常,对于铝组合物,通常需要加热到750℃以上一段时间,例如1小时或更高的温度。当组合物呈现黑色或深灰色时,表明进行了完全的热处理。
至少就本发明的磷酸盐组合物来说,据认为有机基的前体的分解行为至少部分控制导致独特的无机化合物的分子过程。材料含有超过50%的无定形化合物,还可含有纳米晶。当从环境温度加热到1400℃或更高温度一段长时间,材料保持无定形的和亚稳定的。据认为增加前体溶液的贮存时间使无定形含量增加。
基于最初的观测,己发现本发明的经热处理的组合物的无定形含量可至少受两个因素的影响,也就是前体溶液的涂覆和陈化。作为第一个作用的一个例子,涂覆在纤维上的溶液涂层看来基本上是完全无定形的,甚至在1200℃热处理两小时以后。这一点首先被经溶液涂覆和处理的有氧化铝涂层的莫来石-氧化铝纤维TEM分析证实。另一方面,在1000℃30分钟下在氧化铝坩锅中合成的粉末含有一大部分AlPO4晶粒。前体溶液的陈化看来对前体中磷环境以及对热解产物中无定形的含量有重大的影响。溶液在冷冻器中贮存直到两年或在室温下贮存一月常常得到更纯的无定形含量。
测试的AlPO4样品中,与氧化铝的3.96g/cm3相比,组合物/材料有约1.99到2.25g/cm3的低密度。在1400℃下,组合物的化学扩散性在1×10-12cm2/sec的数量级。材料还显示出高辐射系好,可能用于热保护体系,例如空间应用。对传热性的测量在1到1.5W/m.k.。在各种苛刻环境中材料是惰性的,并对包括熔融铝和固体氧化物在内的大多数材料有不润湿性。薄至0.25微米的涂层能保护金属表面和其他表面。
可能的应用包括用于金属和金属/陶瓷基的热保护体系;高辐射系好涂层;用于碳化硅和氧化物基的陶瓷基质体系的界面涂层;用于金属和陶瓷基体系的环境屏蔽涂层;复合材料纤维和纤维激光器;熔融金属加工的防腐蚀;绝热的整体材料以及许多其他应用的热保护、腐蚀保护和氧化保护。材料还可具有低的介电常数,使它可用于屏蔽罩应用。
发明实施例
实施例1
为了制备850mL75.46g/L用于合成具有1.75∶1的Al∶P比(0.375摩尔过量Al2O3)的无定形磷酸铝材料的前体溶液,将408.94gAl(NO3)3·9H2O溶于382ml乙醇中制得500ml溶液。在惰性气氛中的另一容器中,将25.23gP2O5溶于300ml乙醇中。P2O5溶解以后,将两种溶液混合在一起,然后搅拌数分钟。溶液充分混合以后,将它放在150℃炉中的一个大容器中一小时或数小时。生成的粉末完全干燥以后,将它在1100℃空气中热处理一小时,以生成每摩尔磷酸铝有0.75摩尔过量铝的无定形磷酸铝粉末。
实施例2
为了在304不锈钢的矩形试件上形成抗氧化的无定形磷酸铝涂层,将试件浸在实施例1的前体溶液中,稀释到某一浓度并取出。样品在流动空气中干燥,以除去溶剂。将样品在65℃炉中更彻底地干燥。与未涂覆的相同尺寸和形状的304不锈钢试件一起,将试件在1000℃空气中热处理(升温速率为10℃/分)100小时,然后以10℃/分冷却到室温。在热处理以前测量每一未涂覆的试件的重量。在涂覆和热处理以后再次测量重量。涂覆无定形磷酸铝的试件有明显较小的重量增加。重量增加数据列入下表。
表I在1000℃空气中热处理的未涂覆和涂覆的(AlPO4,75%过量铝)不锈钢试件的重量增加。重量增加与未涂覆的试件重量有关。
  样品   原重量(g)  热处理后的重量(g)  重量增加(g)   %重量增加
  无定形磷酸铝(包括涂层)未涂覆的   20.372720.6303   20.420722.4123   0.0481.782   0.24%8.64%
实施例3
为了用等离子喷涂在固体基质上生成无定形磷酸铝涂层,将实施例1中制得的无定形磷酸铝粉末在球磨机中研磨到小且均匀的尺寸(约20微米)。然后用小颗粒等离子喷涂法将粉末沉积(见U.S.专利No.5744777,在这里其全部内容作为参考引入)。
实施例4
通过电子固化法(electroconsolidation)制成大块无定形磷酸铝(U.S.专利No.5348694)。将细磨碎的无定形磷酸铝粉末与粘合剂(1wt%PEG8000和2wt%PEG20M)混合,然后压成小球。将这一小球在1200℃下预烧结5小时。然后将小球在1300℃下电子固化30分钟。最终小球的密度为1.99g/cm3
实施例5
由实施例1的前体溶液生成的粘稠聚合物制备无定形磷酸铝纤维。将AlPO4溶液在50-65℃下干燥,一直到留下40-30%的重量。残留物有高粘度的基本上透明的玻璃状外观。用针插入粘稠的残留物中并迅速拔出,牵拉未加工的纤维。立刻将纤维在650流动空气中干燥。然后将未加工的纤维在至少900℃下热处理,以便生成无定形磷酸铝纤维。
实施例6
可将稀土和其他金属离子结合到无定形磷酸铝结构中。用类似于实施例1的无定形磷酸铝溶液的方法合成铒为5mol%有0.75摩尔过量金属(铝和铒)的铒掺杂的前体溶液。将31.2gAl(NO3)3·9H2O溶于75ml乙醇中。在惰性气氛的手套箱中在分开的容器中,将1.94gEr(NO3)3·5H2O溶于20ml乙醇中。将硝酸铒溶液加到硝酸铝溶液中,并搅拌数分钟。在分开的容器中在惰性气氛的手套箱中,将3.55gP2O5溶于40mL乙醇中。在P2O5溶解以后,加入硝酸铝和硝酸铒溶液,手套搅拌数分钟。然后将溶液在150℃下干燥约1小时,然后在1000℃下热处理1小时。在1000℃下热处理1小时的材料的X射线衍射证实无定形的结构,没有磷酸铒结晶。
实施例7
图4为含有标称等摩尔量一水合硝酸铝和五氧化二磷的乙醇前体溶液合成的化学计量磷酸铝得到的X射线衍射图(XRD)。将溶液干燥,并将得到的粉末在1100℃空气中焙烧1小时,为乌黑色。由图可立刻清楚,材料是不完全结晶的,可能含有大量结晶不规则物或无定形部分。宽峰的精细实验表明AlPO4的不规则鳞石英和方石英的存在。这种材料在空气中进一步更长时间热处理(1100℃、163小时)引起显著的晶化,正如在图4中看到的,在那里鳞石英峰被更好地确定,而方石英峰与主鳞石英峰分开。
相反,图5表示在前体溶液中有过量铝(x=0.75,75%摩尔过量)合成的磷酸铝的XRD图。图4和5之间的明显差别立刻很清楚:有过量铝的材料的衍射图保持的宽和低强度峰,说明有大量非结晶的无定形结构存在以及增强的亚稳定性。
不受任何理论和操作方式的限制,据认为有过量铝的前体设计是本组合物制备中的一个要素。P2O5与乙醇的多酯化和水解控制液体中簇团的化学,在此过程中发生一系列分子过程(molecular events),在P、Al、O和-OH之间产生独特的空间配位,并通过胶凝和焙烧保留下来。有过量铝的AlPO4的合成明显增强生成的材料/组合物的热稳定性。
实施例8
过量铝加到前体溶液中导致在热解产物中有大量除规则四面体配位外的配位存在,包括但不限于不规则的八面体配位的铝。现有技术的结晶磷酸铝包含四面体配位的铝和磷,但本发明的磷酸铝材料/组合物的27Al MAS NMR表明4-和6-倍的铝的存在(见下面实施例35a和35b以及图19和20),这与表现出的亚稳定性一致。
实施例9
用室温至1100℃的膨胀计测量法测量电子固化的磷酸铝小球的热膨胀(图6)。其热膨胀系数比热膨胀系数为约13×10-6/K的钢要低得多。但是,从不锈钢涂覆实验表明,这样材料的很薄的涂层能经受住热膨胀不匹配,甚至在加热到1000℃并返回室温以后仍保持附着和不开裂。
实施例10
在1200℃100小时热处理后,Nextel 720氧化铝/莫来石纤维上的50nm涂层的TEM分析表明,本发明的磷酸铝组合物仍完全是无定形的(图7)。没有明显的纳米晶夹杂物。
实施例11
镍基超级合金常常用于各种高温应用,例如涡轮叶片。但是,高温下的氧化仍然是一个问题。用本发明的AlPO4材料涂覆的镍基超级合金试样大大降低氧化铝氧化物层生长的动力学和剥落,证明本发明明显降低高温氧化。
实施例12
与作为薄膜制得的完全无定形材料相反,如这里描述的合成的磷酸铝粉末可含有埋在无定形基质中的纳米结晶夹杂物。热处理过的粉末的TEM研究表明两种完全不同类型的材料。在1100℃下热处理1小时以后,约20-30%粉末样品含有孤立的磷酸铝晶粒。但是,大部分样品含有5-30nm纳米范围且分散良好的纳米尺寸结晶夹杂物的无定形/玻璃状基质(图8)。1300℃下热处理100小时的粉末的TEM研究表明,材料中的大部分纳米结晶基本上是相同的,粒度稍有增加(25-60nm)。
实施例13
在基质中得到有ErPO4纳米结晶的相类似的结果。正如这里所述,制备了5mol%Er-掺杂的粉末。在1000℃热处理1小时的Er-掺杂的材料的TEM分析表明,纳米结晶部分比未掺杂的材料增加(图9)。EDS证实这些纳米结晶中Er的存在。在1000℃热处理1小时的Er-掺杂的材料的XRD分析表明有明确的ErPO4峰。
实施例14
本发明的组合物比氧化钇稳定的氧化锆,一种常用的热屏蔽涂层材料,有更低的传热性(1.0-1.5W/mK)(图10)。所以,这样的材料有可能同时提供环境保护和热屏蔽,可能在应用中在一个涂层中达到。热屏蔽涂料常常用等离子喷涂,它涉及粉末的部分熔化。将AlPO4粉末等离子喷涂到钢和铸铁上,XRD图未显示结构有任何变化。
实施例15
本实施例的AlPO4组合物作为平滑的、致密的无定形陶瓷纤维被制备,具有高强度和高抗蠕变性,没有晶界,而晶界处易形成缺陷。高温稳定的高强度和抗蠕变性具有巨大的潜在结构应用(见图11和下面几个其他实施例)。
实施例16
本发明的磷酸铝材料/组合物是非润湿的和不粘合的。由于在高达1400℃的热稳定性,它们可在烹调设备到工程组件的各种应用中为类Teflon非粘性涂料提供高温替代物。
实施例17
细颗粒在溶液中的浆料可用气溶胶喷涂法涂覆到基质上。因此,将AlPO4粉末的浆料(平均粒度为16微米)按5g粉末/100mL溶液混合到AlPO4溶液中。将这种浆料气溶胶喷涂到加热后的不锈钢试件上。结果得到埋在AlPO4涂层中的AlPO4颗粒涂层。涂层很好地附着到钢表面上。
实施例18
本发明的组合物/材料的涂层用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制得。CVD涂层可在低温下沉积,因此得到无定形涂层。CVD也能进行很好的化学计量控制。因此,将乙酰基丙酮铝和磷酸三甲酯溶于甲苯。将这一溶液放入液体输送辅助的CVD系统。这一液体前体能被仔细混合和化学计量控制。将溶液转移到闪蒸器中,在那里汽化。将蒸汽送入反应器,反应并作为固体沉积在基质上。
实施例19
制备本发明组合物的另一途径可通过固体与液体磷源(磷酸、五氧化二磷溶液等)反应。固体可含铝,它促进无定形磷酸铝的生成。因此,将含有少量铝的固体浸在磷酸中。当这种固体加热到800℃以上时,表面上的磷与少量铝反应,生成无定形磷酸铝。
实施例20
本发明的复合涂料可沉积在基质上。将固体颗粒加到AlPO4溶液中,生成浆料。这种涂料可用使用刷子的浸涂法,或气溶胶喷涂等方法沉积在基质上。当这一涂层在加热灯下或在加热炉中完全形成时,生成埋在AlPO4涂层中的含颗粒复合涂层。颗粒能够是任何成份。
实施例21
在从蒸馏水到潮湿的空气许多气氛中,玻璃对腐蚀是敏感的。硅酸钠玻璃是常用的一种玻璃,它对腐蚀是很敏感的,无论在玻璃浸在液体中、雨水滴在上面还是在潮湿的仓库的场合下。玻璃容器易受到所装的液体腐蚀。水和酸性介质和碱性介质加速玻璃的腐蚀。当淋雨时玻璃窗受到腐蚀。当大气潮湿度使液滴沉积在表面上时,贮存的玻璃受到局部的点蚀。
通过与氢离子的离子交换,钠离子溶于周围的水中。水中的羟基成份也溶解氧化硅,但这一过程要缓慢的多。
使用几种防止玻璃腐蚀的方法。提高商业生产的玻璃的耐用性的一些常用的方法包括:将一些其他组分加到熔融物中,形成保护涂层。通常将CaO、Al2O3和MgO加到硅酸钠熔融物中,以便阻止钠的浸析。通过用SO2气体处理以形成硫酸钠并在微量氟气氛中热处理玻璃来提供表面涂层。
本发明的组合物/材料在玻璃上提供透明的涂层。涂层很平滑,仅仅在受干扰的区域中涂层才很容易看见(例如在浸涂的过程中停留的位置)。这样的涂料可用来在不降低透明性的条件下提高化学耐用性。本发明可提供一种保护层,它限制氢或羟基转移到玻璃表面,而使腐蚀产物转移到玻璃外。
实施例22
本发明的水溶液需要作为对其醇对应物的不可燃的、无毒的替代物。在运输过程中,水溶液不需特殊的危险标识,在工作场所不需要大量通风,以及对通常用含水体系和方法工作的制造商更有吸引力。通过在100℃下在对流炉中加热来生成干燥的AlPO4凝胶。这种干燥的凝胶是白色的和疏松的。将这种凝胶溶于去离子水中。凝胶很容易进入溶液,形成粘稠的浅黄色溶液。当在1100℃热处理1小时,XRD图表明典型的磷酸铝衍射图。当在1000℃下热处理0.5小时,XRD图显示了无定形隆起,对陈化组合物/材料是典型的。粉末外观为漆黑色的和玻璃状的。
可制得更浓的水溶液:高达25%重量比AlPO4,而在乙醇中为10-15wt%。用标准的浸涂法将这种溶液涂覆到玻璃片上。对水溶液的考虑是,成膜的特性是不同的,连续平滑的膜的制备比使用醇溶液可能更加困难。
实施例23
参考上述有关前体溶液的讨论,可以制备粘稠的透明溶液,通过插入和收回针拉出纤维。通过将前体溶液在旋转蒸发器中浓缩到约30wt%来制备纤维前体。纤维前体可能在变得太浓的危险下难以制备。纤维前体本身不稳定。在浓缩后,留下透明液体。这种液体在10分钟至数小时是稳定的,但最终在强放热的反应中自发分解。可使用生成的纤维前体,但通常有许多泡沫。但是,如果在从旋转蒸发器中取出后立刻将溶液放在水浴中,那么可阻止上述如此强烈的分解,得到透明的浅黄色液体。因此,100mL9.1wt%溶液在旋转蒸发器中被浓缩到40mL。温度为60℃,改变压力保持乙醇汽化。将溶液浓缩后,将它倒入容器,并保持在水浴中。15分钟以后,分解开始,留下澄清的粘稠黄色液体。
实施例24
预期的纤维应用包括a)用于陶瓷基复合材料、金属基复合材料的结构陶瓷纤维-目前正在开发SiC和各种氧化物纤维,b)纤维-光放大器以及c)纤维激光器。纤维从纤维前体中手工拉出(为了按比例放大,将前体送入喷丝头,以便连续生产单丝或多丝(通常直径为10微米))。通过将细棒放在前体中拔出纤维,然后迅速将它取出。生成的纤维是平滑的和致密的。直径不均匀,但这仅仅是由于人工拉的方法。纤维直到1200℃10小时都是稳定的,但在1200℃100小时后,见到磷显著损失。这样的纤维的一个有吸引力的优点是在无定形基质中纳米结晶夹杂物的使用,它使强度、韧性、抗蠕变性和热膨胀性得到改进。因此,将小的金属刮板稍浸在上述实施例中前体中。将刮板以稳定速率取出,纤维粘在不锈钢网片上。将网弯曲成C型,因此,纤维仅在两点接触钢。将纤维放在炉中,並在900℃空气中热处理30分钟。
实施例25
用浸涂法可在各种基质上生成膜,钢是最常用。将样品在空气中干燥,然后用红外灯加热使涂层固化。涂层比在炉中固化迅速得多,即30秒至3分钟以上,这与基质有关。这样就消除了将样品放入炉中的步骤,从而降低了基质的温度和缩短了加热时间。根据其挥发性顺序,从前体状态除去的物种为乙醇和其他烃类(低于100℃)、硝酸盐(通常高于500℃)和羟基化物(在粉末的情况下至少高于1000℃)。对于非常薄的膜(在500埃以下),温度范围可低得多。值得注意的是,在225℃附近的DTA放热峰表明无定形磷酸盐相的生成。因此,将不锈钢的试件半浸涂在前体溶液中。用红外灯加热试件2分钟。得到的试件表明下半部很好地涂覆,而上半部仍象以前一样。相反,当不锈钢半浸和在炉中热处理时,下半部有良好组成的涂层,而整个试件氧化稍有变色。
实施例26
本发明的组合物在标准的旋涂器中被旋涂到硅和钢上。如在这里所述的,制备的磷酸铝也在3-维工艺中通过浸入试件和取出它,然后将整个试件旋转的方法涂覆到钢上(例如应用钻床(drill press))。与标准的浸涂试件相比,涂层看来更均匀,并有更少的裂纹。因此,将不锈钢试件完全浸在6.6g/L磷酸铝溶液中。取出试件,并立刻旋转(需确定转数,但小于540)。用IR灯使试件固化。通过用红外灯靠近试件缓慢照射使试件用5分钟缓慢固化。
实施例27
因为P2O5是高度吸湿的,所以最好在干燥的手套箱中进行制备。为了测试在敞开气氛中操作的可能性,在手套箱外称重P2O5,并放置过夜。总的来说,原来19g P2O5吸收3.8g水。将这种浆状P2O5溶于乙醇,然后加入硝酸铝溶液。XRD图表明在1100℃1小时热处理以后得到所需的磷酸铝组合物,说明它可在环境气氛下合成而不使用受控的环境,从而降低了高费用的气氛控制需要。因此,称出19.57g P2O5,并在实验室中放置22小时,吸水得到浆状粘稠物,而不是粉末;当它干燥时就是粉末。将它溶于乙醇,并加到硝酸铝溶液中。XRD表明在1100℃1小时热处理以后生成磷酸铝。
实施例28
本发明的组合物可通过浸涂法涂覆到玻璃上。生成的涂层是很平滑的和透明的。在涂层是连续的地方,在光学显微镜下它是没有特征的,仅仅当在光下才可注意到。在玻璃上的涂层用于防腐蚀,作为玻璃增强助剂(愈合表面裂缝),以及用于改变光学性质。因此,将玻璃显微镜载片浸在17.6g/L溶液中。试件用冷空气吹干至干燥。用低功率红外灯缓慢加热。干燥以后,开启高功率红外灯,将试件加热4分钟。
实施例29
可将浸涂的硅在1200℃下热处理一段时间。硅上的涂层可在半导体工业中用作低介电稳定的涂层(介电常数需低于2.9);已制得介电常数低至3.3的本发明典型的磷酸铝粉末;进一步的优化甚至可能更低,以满足2.9的标准,得到一种廉价制备这些涂层并得到这样的结果的方法。因此,将硅试件浸涂,并在1200℃下热处理180小时。存在某些涂层降解的证据,因为在TEM截面中没有明显的磷。类似的技术可用于涂覆钼基质。
实施例30
可将本发明的溶液喷雾干燥。生成颗粒的平均直径为11.5微米,通常为5-25微米。在1100℃下热处理1小时的粉末仍保持特征光谱图。
实施例31
已确定在1350和1600cm-1处的Raman峰与元素碳有关。还确定在某些FTIR光谱中1350cm-1附近的峰是大气污染的结果,而不是P=O。据认为纳米碳夹杂物的存在与本发明粉末的黑色有关。在Raman光谱中纳米结晶碳(粒度小至15)在1350和1600cm-1处有峰。碳有弱IR光谱,它解释在FTIR中为什么没有碳峰。
对热处理的粉末进行了XPS分析。Physical ElectronicsCorporation(MN,USA)分析了刚热处理的样品和破碎后的粉末(露出新鲜表面)。刚热处理的样品有小于0.1%的碳含量,而破碎后的粉末有接近1.6%的碳存在。然而,对报告中破碎后粉末的1.6%有疑问。怀疑点基于粉末在腔内的分散,可能是由于在广泛溅射过程中未除去的某些表面夹杂物的结果,溅射过程为从破碎的粉末中除去1500表面(从刚热处理的粉末中除去500埃表面以便除去表面污染,据报导对于暴露到空气中的任何材料是典型的)。这一假设也得到用低Z探测器的TEM和SEM分析的支持,虽然能量分散光谱(EDS)的检测限通常高于至少1wt%。此外,在无定形基质中未观测到石墨夹杂物。的确可能这些夹杂物的尺寸小于5nm且为随机分布的,或者它以玻璃状形式与无定形氧化物基质混合存在。
Raman光谱和CHNS(碳-氢-氮-硫)分析证实在本发明的磷酸铝材料中存在碳。存在的碳量用粉末的颜色来表示。黑色粉末比浅色粉末含有更多的碳。甚至称为“灰色”或“浅色”的粉末不一定真正是灰色,它们是黑色和白色部分的混合物;当破碎时看上去是灰色。
将黑色组合物/粉末的小球送到Oak Ridge National Lab在“Kaiser rig.”中进行测试。小球在1200℃下在10大气压总压下热处理500小时,有15%的水蒸汽。在实验过程中,小球损失约5wt%,然而在其他地方没有变化。小球几乎完全是白色的。清除表面以便消除任何表面污染物的影响,小球经X射线照射。X射线衍射图类似于原粉末(图12)。XRD图未表明明显的晶化。当在光学显微镜下观测时,小球有很少的孤立的黑色颗粒,而98%以上是白色的。
破碎的小球的TEM分析表明,有纳米结晶夹杂物埋在无定形基质中(图13)。电子衍射图表明扩散的无定形环叠在点状衍射斑上,这一点对于本发明的组合物是典型的。
得到Raman光谱。使用的microRaman有约3-5微米的空间分辨率,因此在相同的样品中可得到黑色和白色区域的光谱。黑色区域一致地在1350和1600cm-1附近有峰。这些峰的强度由一个样品到一个样品按比例变化。白色区域有低强度峰,它与结晶柏林石一致,在1350和1600cm-1处没有峰(图14)。
另外的分析未确定,但这一实施例的结果促进本发明在水蒸汽环境中应用,包括在SiC基的组合物用于煤燃烧中作为环境屏蔽涂层的应用,在那里与抗高温水蒸汽结合的低氧扩散性是关键的需要。此外,这样的涂料在含水蒸汽的气氛中在中高温应用场合的应用(例如石油化工工艺)也是切合的。
为了说明这一实施例的结果和本发明的一个应用,需要通过提高燃烧温度使由煤燃烧生产电力更有效。电力生产的更大效率有助于减轻不断增加的需求以及减少固相和气相有害废物排放。正如目前在California州证明的,电力需求迅速增加。California已面临滚动灯火管制,使位于那里的商家为此花费数百万美元。的确,具有有限环境影响的更有效的电力生产装置对于弥补不断增加的需求是必要的。
目前,锅炉的温度为550-650℃。常用的合金不具备用于700℃和更高的所需性质。下一代极-超临界锅炉所需的技术规格是在700℃下的高蠕变断裂强度和高的耐腐蚀性,在使用100000小时后截面损失不大于1mm。奥氏体不锈钢有希望作为替代材料,因为它们廉价且可在高温下维持必要的强度。但是,这些合金遇到的问题是,高温氧化和硫化以及被煤灰腐蚀。还有一个问题是钢部件的煤灰侵蚀。但是,煤灰迅速涂覆部件,事实上在基质上形成保护层。
在过去数十年,对金属和合金在煤燃烧环境中的保护进行了广泛的研究和开发。开发了许多新型的合金,它们与涂料一起使退化的速率减慢。研究者已探索了商业不锈钢、改性的不锈钢、镍基合金等的抗腐蚀性。含铁不锈钢被FeSO4的生成腐蚀。他们已发现,由于易生成NiSO4和CoSO4,含镍和钴的合金易于腐蚀。两种硫酸盐与NaSO4生成的熔点共晶,使合金的腐蚀增加。高铬含量合金(大于25%)改善了抗腐蚀性,因为氧化铬氧化物层由氧化生长。但是,这些合金也受到腐蚀,它在中等温度下在氧化铬生长缓慢的地方最严重。在燃烧气体中存在的硫生成CrS2,它使氧化物氧化物层的质量下降,进一步使它作为保护涂层的效率下降。由于这些问题,将其他合金元素加到钢中,例如钽和铌,它们已使抗腐蚀性提高。将含铝合金和金属间化合物(Fe3Al)用于开发氧化铝氧化物层中,它们有很好的抗氧化和腐蚀性。但是,这些高技术合金和大多数涂料对于广泛的应用来说有过高的价格。
对于普通的电力装置的应用来说,达到合理价格下所需的技术规格的适合体系到目前为止还没有找到。对于这一问题的理想解决是可作为常用的奥氏体钢的氧化和腐蚀屏蔽的廉价涂料。本发明提供一种可很容易涂覆的廉价材料,是对这一问题的低费用解决方法。如果可提高装置的温度,效率还可提高,对于一定数量的煤来说,得到提高输出功率的好处,它得到较低费用的能源,以及得到烧较少煤的环保好处。这不仅在处理电力中节省了钱,而且也使清理费用下降,这一点可能是重要的。组合物是廉价的和易于涂覆的:例如可将溶液喷到换热器管的外部或锅炉的内部。
实施例32a
对优选铝组合物的前体溶液的31P NMR光谱表明,硝酸铝与五氧化二磷相互作用生成一种或多种独特的配合物。作为比较的基础,示出五氧化二磷在乙醇中的31P NMR光谱。图15a表示溶于乙醇中的P2O5的光谱,在溶解以后很快取得。图15b表示在24小时回流以后的相同溶液。
实施例32b
硝酸铝Al(NO3)3·9H2O加到实施例32a的磷前体溶液中使31P光谱明显改变。图16a-b表示由三种混合的前体溶液得到的三个光谱:下部的曲线由C-1得到(化学计量A1),而其他两个曲线为增加铝的加入(C-1.5,50%过量Al;C-2,100%过量Al)。这些光谱和图1所示的光谱之间的差别很容易清楚。
在[-15和-24ppm]之间出现一组新的峰。在P2O5+乙醇前体光谱中未观测到这些峰。据认为这些峰属于铝与磷物种的配位。观测到随铝含量从化学计量到2倍过量的增加的光谱图。
实施例33
将实施例32b的溶液在高温下(1100℃)长时间(160小时)热处理。化学计量组合物随时间变得稍结晶,而本发明过量铝的这些材料得到有基本无定形特性的XRD图,表明亚稳定性提高(见图17a-b)。
实施例34
本发明的热处理材料/组合物的FTIR光谱表明几个独特的特性。对于短的热处理时间(1小时),化学计量的(x=0)和非化学计量的(x=0.25,0.5和0.75)组合物有类似的特性。光谱示于图18。光谱表明主要是Al-O-P键,但表明某些特性属于Al-O-Al和P-O-P。看来随着铝含量的增加,存在的Al-O-Al数量增加。化学计量的组合物含有很少量Al-O-Al。化学计量的组合物有相当强的P-O-P特性,它在Al∶P=1.25中较少,而在Al∶P=1.5中很少(或不存在,它难以确定),在Al∶P=1.75中没有。
实施例35a
化学计量组合物在1100℃热处理1小时后铝配位有变形。图19表示这一光谱的去卷积。在去卷积光谱中有四个曲线叠加为完整的光谱。在39ppm附近的锐峰表示在规则四面体配位中的Al。其他峰表示不规则配位的铝,并列入表II。
表II化学计量AlPO427Al NMR光谱的去卷积
  四面体峰位置   八面体峰位置   相对面积
  38.163   100
  33.222   45.52
  10.749   11.11
  -16.356   14.84
实施例35b
非化学计量组合物(x=1.0)的27Al MAS NMR光谱的去卷积表明,有变形的4-倍铝物种以及更多规则4-倍铝(图20)。40ppm附近的峰为四面体铝,在绿色区中强调的峰为规则配位,而在红色区中强调的峰为变形的八面体配位的铝。据认为规则4-倍铝存在于纳米晶体中,而变形的4-和6-倍铝存在于无定形基质中。表III示出四面体和八面体铝的相对峰位置和区域。
表III
  八面体峰位置   四面体峰位置   相对面积
  -9.37   15.667
  7.027   26.06
  38.847   100
  40.206   43.13
  62.638   11.9

Claims (12)

1.一种含有式为Al1+xPO4+3x/2的磷酸铝组合物的亚稳定材料,其中x为0至1.5,所述的组合物有吸收红外光谱中795cm-1至850cm-1处的射线的结构组分,所述的组分在至少1000℃的温度下存在。
2.根据权利要求1的材料,其中x为0。
3.根据权利要求2的材料,其中x为0.1至1.0。
4.根据权利要求3的材料,其中所述的材料为基本上无定形的。
5.根据权利要求3的材料,其中所述的材料在至少1200℃的温度下是亚稳定的。
6.根据权利要求3的材料,其中还含有结晶颗粒。
7.根据权利要求6的材料,其中所述的结晶颗粒为ErPO4
8.一种吸收红外光谱中795cm-1至850cm-1处的射线的有Al-O-Al结构部分的磷酸铝组合物,所述的组合物通过五氧化二磷醇溶液与铝盐溶液混合然后加热混合物来制得。
9.根据权利要求8的组合物,其中所述的组合物为基本上无定形的。
10.根据权利要求8的组合物,还含有结晶颗粒。
11.根据权利要求10的组合物,其中所述的颗粒为铒盐与所述的铝盐溶液结合得到的结晶ErPO4夹杂物。
12.根据权利要求8的组合物,还含有金属氧化物颗粒,所述的颗粒选自第IIIA和IIIB-VIB族金属氧化物,所述颗粒的量足以改变所述组合物的热膨胀系数。
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KR100932768B1 (ko) 2009-12-21
CA2420057C (en) 2013-04-30
US20090064893A1 (en) 2009-03-12
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US20040011245A1 (en) 2004-01-22
CA2420057A1 (en) 2002-02-28
RU2003107677A (ru) 2004-07-27
US20030138673A1 (en) 2003-07-24
WO2002016263A1 (en) 2002-02-28
EP1315673A1 (en) 2003-06-04
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KR100860861B1 (ko) 2008-09-29
KR20030053504A (ko) 2003-06-28

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