CN1278173A - 增强皮肤渗透的组合物 - Google Patents

增强皮肤渗透的组合物 Download PDF

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CN1278173A
CN1278173A CN98810780A CN98810780A CN1278173A CN 1278173 A CN1278173 A CN 1278173A CN 98810780 A CN98810780 A CN 98810780A CN 98810780 A CN98810780 A CN 98810780A CN 1278173 A CN1278173 A CN 1278173A
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A·D·奥默罗德
A·温菲尔德
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于治疗皮肤病的外用制剂,它包含大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的生物学活性类似物、衍生物或前药;其特征在于,它还包含渗透调节剂,所述渗透调节剂与大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的生物学活性类似物、衍生物或前药以这样的相对含量存在,即在将治疗量制剂涂于皮肤时,产生最小的全身性作用。所述的免疫抑制性大环内酯可以是sirolimus。

Description

增强皮肤渗透的组合物
本发明涉及用外用免疫抑制剂有效治疗牛皮癣及其它皮肤病的方法。优选的制剂不会令药物以显著水平出现在血液或其它循环系统中。
皮肤病会造成患者不适和烦恼,因此需要有效而安全的治疗方法。有些皮肤病是由免疫系统过度活跃造成的,例如牛皮癣、脱发、扁平苔癣、红斑狼疮、坏疽性脓皮病、白斑病和移植物抗宿主病。其它可能是细菌或脓疱性皮肤感染引起的。
免疫系统过度活跃引起的皮肤病可用免疫抑制性大环内酯来治疗,例如sirolimus(雷伯霉素),FK-506(tacrolimus)或SDZ ASM981。那些细菌引起的皮肤病或深层皮肤感染,例如寻常痤疮和hidranitis suppcurativa,可用大环内酯类抗生素来治疗,例如红霉素、阿齐红霉素和克拉红霉素。上述药物可以外用乳膏和洗剂的形式使用,也可以口服。
有2.4%的人患有牛皮癣,目前认为该病的发生最初是由免疫细胞引起的。这些免疫细胞与角质化细胞相互刺激并通过淋巴细胞产生细胞因子TGFα、IL-6和IL-8而活化。结果造成过度增殖性表皮,其角质化细胞瞬时扩增区室的循环快达36小时一次。
FK506是一种大环内酯类抗生素,与sirolimus具有部分同源性。模型研究显示,它在接触性皮炎、特应性湿疹局部治疗中有一定疗效,对较轻的牛皮癣也有一定疗效。已知环孢素也能治疗许多皮肤病。然而,这些药物的用途因全身性给药可能引起副作用而受到限制。
皮肤病的其它治疗形式还包括局部使用甾体,但它们具有不良副作用,例如不可逆性萎缩和紫癜。
在治疗人或动物时,考虑因素之一是用药尽可能只作用于发病部位。众所周知,为了避免不良突变,循环药量应尽可能低。局部药物(例如用于皮肤)的一个问题是,药物会通过皮肤渗透进入循环血液系统。这是在皮肤病治疗中不希望发生的情况。
EP-A-0533433所述的大环内酯类抗生素雷伯霉素已被用于局部治疗牛皮癣和皮炎等皮肤病。然而,还没有尝试过减少雷伯霉素透过皮肤进入到全身性系统中的量。也没有有关降低雷伯霉素或其它大环内酯类药物循环水平而同时有效治疗多种皮肤病的论述。
现在,我们发现,加入渗透调节剂类药物可达到以上目的。渗透增强剂是众所周知的一类药物转移促进剂,但它们的目的是增加药物通过皮肤的通量。然而,渗透调节剂能允许药物透过皮肤,尤其是角质层,但不会大量透过表皮进入全身性系统(例如血液或淋巴系统)。
另外,已知口服免疫抑制剂和局部使用甾体可用来治疗牛皮癣或湿疹等皮肤病。然而,它们的作用一般是非特异性的,因此会导致不良副作用。所以,有必要开发一种适合免疫抑制剂的外用递送制剂,它只优先治疗疾病部位,避免大规模全身性接触;由此减少有害的副作用。
sirolums是吸水链霉菌产生的一种大环内酯类抗生素;已知它具有很强的免疫抑制活性。sirolums通过特异性结合一种称为FK结合蛋白(FKBP)的胞质性亲免蛋白起作用。sirolums FKBP复合物至少在三个部位起作用。首先,封闭p70 s6激酶的磷酸化活性,该激酶作用于40S核糖体亚基s6蛋白,因此降低了翻译效率。其次,阻止蛋白合成所需特异性延长因子的活化。第三,抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶cdk-细胞周期蛋白E复合物的酶活性,该复合物抑制继IL-2刺激后通常发生的p27cdk抑制剂减少,严格控制着细胞分裂时的G1/S’过渡。sirolums比之其它治疗牛皮癣所用免疫抑制剂的优点在于具有抑制角质化细胞增殖的作用。体外试验已证明,这种抑制作用发生在3-10μg/ml浓度范围。可以使用更宽的范围,例如1-20μg/ml,但更有效的范围是5-8μg/ml。
根据本发明第一方面的内容,在此提供了一种用于治疗皮肤病的外用制剂,它包含大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药;其特征在于,它还包含一种渗透调节剂,该渗透调节剂与大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学上的活性类似物、衍生物或前药以这样的相对含量存在,即在将治疗有效量用于皮肤时,产生最小的全身性作用。
“最小的全身性作用”指给药后4至24小时,可在血液中测得的主要活性成分含量低于0.3ng/nl,同样久之后,低于0.1ng/nl则更好。
较好的大环内酯类抗生素选自红霉素、阿其红霉素或克拉红霉素。这些大环内酯类抗生素治疗脓疱性和细菌性皮肤感染例如寻常痤疮有效。
通常,免疫抑制性大环内酯选自sirolimus、FK-506或SDZ ASM 981。优选sirolimus,因为它还是有效的抗生素,可用于保存制剂免于微生物污染。sirolimus的抗微生物学特性还有助于治疗头皮和颅曲牛皮癣,脂溢性皮炎和继发性特应性湿疹。
在优选实施例中,渗透调节剂可以是链烷酸或链烯酸,最好是具有6-20个碳原子的,例如癸酸、辛酸、油酸或混合酸或中等链长的酸。渗透调节剂帮助免疫抑制性大环内酯或大环类抗生素透过角质层,角质层是药物渗透的主要屏障。角质层是充满角质蛋白的细胞堆叠的、扁平的骨架的聚集物,其间分散着脂质单层结构和水。制剂中加入渗透调节剂造成对屏障组分特别是脂质结构的部分破坏。于是,可形成横跨角质层的药物梯度,促进免疫抑制性大环内酯或大环内酯类抗生素透过角质层扩散,进入活性表皮。选择大环内酯或抗生素与渗透调节剂的相对浓度,使得只发生部分皮肤渗透;大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯到达需要治疗的区域,但避免药物被大量吸收进全身性循环,因此减少了全身性副作用的可能性。
通常,渗透调节剂与溶剂系统联用,溶剂系统包括芳香醇,例如苯基-烷醇或生物学认可的苯衍生物,另外包含或不包含单甘油酯和/或脂肪酸酯(例如肉豆蔻异丙酯)的混合物。使用的其它溶剂包括苯甲醛、苯甲酸苄酯和丙酮。溶剂与渗透调节剂组合进一步促进免疫抑制性大环内酯或大环内酯类抗生素透过角质层。
较好的是,大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯的浓度占制剂重量的10%。更好的是,大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯的浓度为0.5-5.9重量%或6-12重量%。更好的是,大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯的浓度为1-5重量%或6-8重量%。治疗湿疹时,最佳浓度是0.05-2重量%。“重量%”指占最终制剂重量的百分比。
较好的是,将以上范围的大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的同系衍生物或前药用于含渗透调节剂的药剂中;其中渗透调节剂的浓度是0.1-60重量%。较好的是,渗透调节剂的浓度是0.1-39.9重量或40-80重量%。更好的是,渗透调节剂的浓度是0.1-19.9重量%,20-39.9重量%或40-60重量%。
较好的是,以上范围的大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制剂与渗透调节剂在制剂中与溶剂系统联用;其中溶剂系统的浓度是5-90重量%。较好的是,溶剂系统的浓度是0.1-49.9重量%或50-90重量%。更好的是,溶剂系统的浓度是0.1-19.9重量%,20-39.9重量%,40-69.9重量%或70-90重量%。
较好的是,制剂中含增稠剂。如果是外用制剂,它必需具有合适的稠度。所以,可加入增稠剂,例如十六醇十八醇混合物或市售药用级白软石蜡。它们可能降低免疫抑制剂的渗透作用,但是为效使用所必需。本发明的制剂特别适合治疗头皮病。
除上述液体和固体运载体之外,本发明制剂还可另含以下物质之一:香精、润滑剂、助溶剂、悬浮剂、填料和助流剂。
还可以将制剂溶解或悬浮在各种药学上认可的运载体或载体中,例如水或药学上认可的油或脂。上述运载体或载体还可以包含其它药学上认可的添加剂,例如助溶剂、乳化剂、缓冲液、防腐剂、悬浮剂、增稠剂、色素、粘度调节剂、稳定剂或渗透压调节剂。
以下将参照实施例、表格和附图描述本发明,这些仅是说明性的。
图1显示改变癸酸与卞醇的比例对sirolimus(y)透过角质层通量(μg/hr/cm2)的作用,x是癸酸在卞醇中的百分比。
图2显示改变辛酸与卞醇的比例对sirolimus(y)透过角质层通量(μg/hr/cm2)的作用,x是辛酸在卞醇中的百分比。
图3显示改变油酸与卞醇的比例对sirolimus(y)透过角质层通量(μg/hr/cm2)的作用,x是油酸在卞醇中的百分比。
图4显示保持癸酸与卞醇比例不变,改变sirolimus浓度(mg/ml)(x)对sirolimus(y)透过角质层通量(μg/hr/cm2)的作用。
图5显示实施例3使用sirolimus制剂(空白)和对照(阴影)后测定的临床分值(y)。
图6显示实施例3使用sirolimus制剂后测定的临床分值差异,y是每组中对象的人数。正值(x)表示使用活性制剂后有改善。
图1至4是体外试验获得的。以上结果被用来确定体内试验使用的sirolimus最佳浓度和渗透调节剂与溶剂的最佳比例。
实施例1
配制如下制剂,其中含8%sirolimus和92%作为载体的癸酸(50%)与卞醇(50%)。在对4人正常皮肤的一次涂用实验中测试以上制剂。涂用后第4、7和24小时,静脉血取样,用MSGCMS没有测得显著水平的sirolimus,MSGCMS能测知低于0.1ng/mi的sirolimus。
与此同时,由个体采集7小时后的皮肤活检组织,将活检组织样品胶固在玻片上,连续水平切片成4层,每层厚0.7mm,并用乙腈萃取。结果见表1。
表1显示涂用含8%sirolimus的癸酸∶卞醇(50∶50)后7小时组织内的sirolimus浓度。水平皮肤切片厚0.7mm。因此,例如,标号为2的皮肤是距皮肤表面0.7-1.4mm处的水平层。
  皮肤切片1=表面                   sirolimus浓度μg/mg
    A     B     C     D
  1     0.059     0.288     0.301     0.216
  2     未进行     0.108     0.144     0.126
  3     0.255     0.173     0.339     0.256
  4     0.239     0.214     0.370     0.241
实施例2
制剂包含sirolimus(2.2%),载体含肉豆蔻酸异丙酯40%,卞醇10%和癸酸50%,在对3人正常皮肤的一次涂用试验中对其进行测试。涂用后第4、7和24小时,静脉血取样,用MSGCMS未测得显著水平的sirolimus。
7小时后,采集2人的活检组织样品。平行于表面,分割成上下两半,大致对应于表皮和真皮。皮肤在丙酮中制成匀浆,HPLC测定sirolimus浓度。结果见表2。
表2显示涂用含2.2%sirolimus的癸酸∶肉豆蔻酸异丙酯∶卞醇(50∶40∶10)后7小时的组织sirolimus浓度。
皮肤切片     sirolimus浓度μg/mg
    对象A     对象B
    上层(1)     0     1.5
    下层(2)     0.333     0.5
实施例3
对24名慢性(3个月以上)斑样牛皮癣患者局部涂用实施例1和2所述制剂形式的sirolimus,对效果进行双盲,左-右比较。(最终对24人中的22人进行了分析)。对一个目标癣斑用实施例2的低强度制剂进行最初6周的治疗。然后,将活性治疗提高到实施例1的高强度制剂进行6周,除非一侧已经出现明显改善。
研究包括的成年人患有稳定的、边界清晰的慢性牛皮癣斑,并且,在身体两侧,具有约50cm2的两块对称的、对侧的、匹配的斑。对象都在18岁以上,能够涂用乳膏,没有其它重要医学问题。转氨酶不超过正常上限的2倍,避免挑选可能在为期6-12周的试验中去渡假接受日晒的对象。
试验开始前有2周的清洗时间,期间只在目标损伤部位涂用空白油膏。
治疗是随机和双盲的。每日2次涂用测试制剂之间将手彻底洗净。活性制剂始终涂于一个癣斑,只含运载体的对照始终涂于对侧的癣斑。如果可能,选择手臂或肘作为目标区,因为这些部位交叉污染的可能性较小。
在第0,2,4和6周评价低强度治疗,在第8,10和12周评价高剂量制剂,假如没有毒性迹象或实验室证据。对每次处理做临床评分,并在治疗开始和结束时对损伤区域描图。在结束或放弃治疗时从活性和对照损伤取活检样品。如果出现不良结果例如对涂用有反应,则不进行活检组织取样,因为这样的结果会影响评估。
还以14天为间隔对损伤进行评价,根据红斑、增厚和鳞屑将对象评为0-8分。每段治疗(低强度和高强度制剂)结束时都对两侧损伤的改善进行客观指标评价。这包括脉冲A扫描超声波测定损伤的厚度和用反射红斑测量仪测定红斑,两数据都取每个牛皮癣损伤内5个区域的平均值,并用过去以倍它米松为参照所进行的研究做验证。
每次随访,我们都进行全血计数,生物化学测定,包括尿液、电解质、肝酶、胆红素、钙、镁、尿酸、葡萄糖、淀粉酶、肌酶、脂类和胆固醇。治疗期间,每2周测定一次sirolimus水平。测定sirolimus水平的样品保存于-80℃,送到中央参照实验室由Wyeth Ayerst Research进行LC/MS/MS分析。
在活组织中,测定表皮厚度,并用以下抗体,以盲法,进行免疫过氧化物酶免疫组织化学测定,计数细胞:
用Ki-67抗体测定表皮的过度增殖,用CD4辅助淋巴细胞衡量造成牛皮癣的自身免疫活性。
用计算机辅助图象分析(Seescan)自动计数组织内的细胞。用配对数据的Student’s T测试和Wilcoxon’s测试分析数据。
比较最后的分值,T测试所得的活性制剂比安慰剂显著性差异P值为0.032,Wilcoxon’s测试所得为0.0457,参见表3和图5与6。红斑测定和超声波记录没有显著性差异。22名患者中有3名对外用制剂过敏,其中一名对卞醇过敏,一名对sirolimus接触过敏,一名对以上两药都过敏。
Ki-67抗体测试显示增殖细胞显著减少,由对照的平均83/mm3减少到使用sirolimus(雷伯霉素)的55/mm3,显著性差异p为0.027(T测试)。用CD4细胞的对照值为61/mm3,使用雷伯霉素后的平均值为32.7/mm3,显著性差异p为0.0026(T测试)。因为有样品丢失,所以T测试不配对的。
表3显示对外用sirolimus的临床应答。临床评分分为0-24,分值越高表示结果越好,超声波测得的厚度以mm为单位,红斑测定采用公断单位(arbitraryunits)。
         sirolimus          对照 显著性p
  平均值   S.D.   平均值   S.D.
 临床评分   11.2   5.8   9.1   4.8     0.032
 超声波测得的厚度   2.99   0.6   2.96   0.72     NS
 红斑测定   34.5   7.9   33.1   7.7     NS
以上结果显示,上述制剂的确发生了sirolimus的渗透。可认为,所发生的透过头皮的吸收增强有效地治疗了头皮牛皮癣。

Claims (23)

1.一种用于治疗皮肤病的外用制剂,它包含大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药;其特征在于,它还包含渗透调节剂,所述渗透调节剂与大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药以这样的相对含量存在,即在将治疗量制剂涂于皮肤时,产生最小的全身性作用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制剂,包含10重量%大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的类似物、衍生物或前药;1-60重量%渗透调节剂。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制剂,其中的大环内酯类抗生素选自红霉素、阿齐红霉素或克拉红霉素。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的制剂,其中的免疫抑制性大环内酯选自sirolimus,FK506或SDZ ASM981。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的制剂,其中的渗透调节剂是链烷酸或链烯酸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制剂,其中的链烷酸或链烯酸选自癸酸、辛酸、油酸,或中等链长的酸。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的制剂,其中的皮肤病选自牛皮癣、脱发、湿疹性皮炎、扁平苔癣、红斑狼疮、坏疽性脓皮病、白斑病、移植物抗宿主病、脓疱性皮肤感染、细菌性皮肤感染或寻常痤疮。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制剂,其中的皮肤病是湿疹性皮炎,大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯的浓度是0.05-2重量%。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的制剂,其中的渗透调节剂与溶剂系统联用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的制剂,其中的溶剂系统包含芳香醇或生物学上认可的苯衍生物,另含或不另含单甘油酯和/脂肪酸酯的混合物。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的制剂,渗透调节剂包含癸酸,溶剂系统包含卞醇。
12.根据权利要求8-11中任一项所述的制剂,溶剂系统的浓度为5-90重量%。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的制剂,还包含增稠剂。
14.根据权利要求13所述的制剂,其中的增稠剂选自白软石蜡,十六醇十八醇混合物,黄软石蜡,鲸蜡醇、十八醇、二价羧酸皂和巴西棕榈蜡。
15.一种用于治疗皮肤病的外用制剂,它包含免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药;其特征在于,它还包含渗透调节剂,所述渗透调节剂与大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药以这样的相对含量存在,即在将治疗量制剂涂于皮肤时,产生最小的全身性作用。
16.根据权利要求15所述的制剂,其中的免疫抑制性大环内酯选自sirolimus,FK506或SDZ ASM981。
17.根据权利要求16所述的制剂,其中的免疫抑制性大环内酯是sirolimus。
18.大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药在制造用于治疗皮肤病的外用制剂中的用途,其特征在于,制剂中还包含渗透调节剂,所述渗透调节剂与大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药以这样的相对含量存在,即在将治疗量制剂涂于皮肤时,产生最小的全身性作用。
19.根据权利要求18所述的用途,其中大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯占组合物重量的10%。
20.免疫抑制性大环内酯、大环内酯类抗生素或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药在制备权利要求1至17中任一项所述外用制剂中的用途。
21.一种治疗皮肤或粘膜疾病的方法,包括在发病区涂用外用组合物,其中包含大环内酯类抗生素、免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药;其特征在于,组合物中还包含渗透调节剂,所述渗透调节剂与大环内酯类抗生素,免疫抑制性大环内酯或它们的药学活性类似物、衍生物或前药以这样的相对含量存在,即在将治疗量制剂涂于皮肤时,产生最小的全身性作用。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中大环内酯类抗生素或免疫抑制性大环内酯占组合物重量的10%。
23.根据权利要求21或22所述的方法,其中使用了免疫抑制性大环内酯。
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