CN1196648C - 从含氧混合物中回收二氧化碳 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种从含氧混合物中回收被吸收物质如二氧化碳的系统,使二氧化碳浓集在含有链烷醇胺的吸收流体中,从吸收流体中分离氧,然后用蒸气从吸收流体中汽提二氧化碳,并进行回收。
Description
本发明通常涉及一种回收二氧化碳的方法,尤其涉及一种从含有氧气的混合原料中回收二氧化碳的方法。
二氧化碳的用途很多。例如,用二氧化碳制备碳酸盐饮料,冷藏、冷冻和包装海产品、肉、家禽、烘烤制品、水果以及蔬菜,还能用二氧化碳延长日常产品的存放期。在工业废物和水处理过程中,二氧化碳是重要的环境成分,可用二氧化碳代替硫酸控制pH值。二氧化碳的其它用途还包括处理饮用水,是有益于环境的杀虫剂, 用作温室中改善蔬菜生长状况的大气添加剂。
通常都是通过净化有机或无机化学工艺中的副产品废物来生产二氧化碳。用多个步骤,浓缩并净化含有高浓度二氧化碳的废物,然后对其进行蒸馏,生产出产品品位的二氧化碳。
随着二氧化碳需求的持续增加,人们正在用二氧化碳的替代源向净化系统提供粗二氧化碳原料。这种替代原料的二氧化碳浓度很低,因此需要提高等级,也就是说,在有效地生产出产品品位的二氧化碳之前,必须增加二氧化碳的浓度。这种二氧化碳浓度很低的替代原料被称之为贫原料。这种贫原料的一个实例是来自燃烧源,例如锅炉、内燃机、燃气轮机或石灰窑的烟道气。
可用多种途径提高原料中二氧化碳的等级。一种特别优选的方法是化学吸收,将粗二氧化碳原料中的二氧化碳吸收到链烷醇胺基吸收剂中。然后将得到的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂分离成可回收的二氧化碳产品和含有链烷醇胺的吸收剂,在回收系统中循环使用该吸收剂。
通常粗二氧化碳原料中含有相当多的氧气,氧能使链烷醇胺降解,由此降低它们在回收系统中的效用,同时还会使系统产生腐蚀问题。本专业普通技术人员已经提出这一问题的两种解决方法。一种方法是,在吸收剂中加入化学抑制剂,通过抑制链烷醇胺氧化,防止其降解。另一种方法是,在粗二氧化碳原料中加入燃料,在催化燃烧反应中,使燃料与氧气一同燃烧。虽然这两种方法都行之有效,但是这两种方法的投资费用高,而且运行复杂。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种采用链烷醇胺基吸收剂,从含氧原料中更有效地回收二氧化碳或其它被吸收物质以提高原料的等级。
本专业普通技术人员通过阅读本发明的说明书,将清楚地了解以本发明可达到上述目的和其它目的,本发明的一个方面是:
一种回收二氧化碳的方法,包括:
(A)使含有氧和二氧化碳的混合原料与至少含有一种链烷醇胺的吸收剂以逆流传质相接触,将混合原料中的氧和二氧化碳吸收到吸收剂中,得到吸收有二氧化碳并含有溶解氧的吸收剂;
(B)从吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂中分离氧,得到贫含氧的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂;
(C)加热该贫含氧的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂,得到加热的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂;
(D)从吸收剂中分离二氧化碳,得到富含二氧化碳的流体;以及,
(E)回收富含二氧化碳的流体。
本发明的另一方面是:
一种从含氧混合原料中回收被吸收物质的装置,包括:
(A)吸收塔,将含有氧和被吸收物质的混合原料输送到吸收塔下部的部件,以及将包含至少一种链烷醇胺的吸收剂输送到吸收塔上部的部件;
(B)氧分离器,和将流体从吸收塔下部输送到氧分离器的部件;
(C)热交换器,和将流体从氧分离器输送到热交换器的部件;
(D)汽提塔,和将流体从热交换器输送到汽提塔上部的部件;
(E)从汽提塔的上部回收被吸收物质的部件。
本文中,术语“吸收塔”指的是用一种合适的溶剂,即吸收剂,从含有一种或多种其它组分的流体中,有选择地吸收被吸收物质的传质设备。
本文中,术语“汽提塔”指的是通过利用能量,从吸收剂中分离出一种组分,如被吸收物质的传质设备。
本文中,术语“抑制剂”指的是能够抑制或降低反应速率的化学药品或化学药品的混合物。例如,在有或没有碱金属碳酸盐的情况下,与一种或多种二羟基乙基甘氨酸、碱金属的高锰酸盐、碱金属的硫氰酸盐、镍或铋氧化物相组合的碳酸铜,能抑制链烷醇胺的氧化降解。
本文中,术语“除氧气体”指的是氧浓度小于2%(摩尔),优选的小于0.5%(摩尔)的气体,用这种气体从液体中汽提溶解氧。
本文中,术语“上部”和“下部”分别指的是塔中点之上和塔中点以下的区段。
本文中,术语“间接热交换”指的是两种流体在没有任何相互接触或相互混合状况下进行的热交换的关系。
本发明唯一的图是一个优选实施方案的示意图,其中氧分离器包括一个氧汽提塔。
下面参照附图详细描述本发明的内容。参见附图,使通常已经被冷却和处理后的并除去了颗粒和其它杂质如硫氧化物(SOx)和氮氧化物(NOx)的混合原料气1,流入压缩机或鼓风机2中,并将其压缩到14.7-30磅/英寸2的绝对压力(psia)。通常混合原料气1中含有2-50%(摩尔)的被吸收物质二氧化碳,并且一般二氧化碳的浓度在3-25%(摩尔)范围内。通常混合原料气1含有浓度小于1-约18%(摩尔)的氧气。混合原料气1还含有一种或多种其它组分,如微量烃、氮、一氧化碳、水蒸汽、硫氧化物、氮氧化物和颗粒。
压缩后的混合原料气3从鼓风机2流进吸收塔塔4的下部,吸收塔顶部的运行温度是40-45℃,通常吸收塔底部的运行温度是50-60℃。将吸收剂6输送到吸收塔4的上部。吸收剂6至少包含一种链烷醇胺类。可用于本发明吸收液6中的链烷醇胺类的例子包括单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、二异丙醇胺、甲基二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺。通常采用链烷醇胺的水溶液。在吸收剂6中,链烷醇胺(多种)的浓度在5-80%(重量)范围内,优选的在10-50%(重量)范围内。优选的用于本发明吸收液中的伯链烷醇胺是单乙醇胺,优选的其浓度在5-25%(重量)范围内,更优选的在10-15%(重量)范围内。优选的用于本发明吸收液中的仲链烷醇胺是二乙醇胺和二异丙醇胺。
在吸收塔4中,混合原料气与下降的吸收剂呈逆流上升。吸收塔4内装有内部部件或传质元件,如塔板或无规则填料或结构填料。当原料气上升时,原料气中的大部分二氧化碳、氧气和少量的其它成分如氮气,会被吸收到下降的吸收液中,由此在塔4的顶部得到贫含二氧化碳的蒸气,在塔4的底部得到含有溶解氧的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂。从塔4的上部以物流5排出顶部蒸气,从塔4的下部以物流7排出吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂。
由于溶解氧最终能使链烷醇胺降解,由此导致腐蚀和其它运行问题。例如,在传质设备如附图所示的氧汽提塔中,通过使吸收剂与除氧气体相接触,能降低吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂中溶解氧的浓度。
使含有溶解氧的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂以物流7从吸收塔4的下部流进附加汽提塔151的上部。本发明的一个重要方面是,含物流7的液流从吸收塔4排出,不经加热便流入氧汽提塔151。除氧气体气流以物流152引入汽提塔151的下部。一种除氧气气源是不含氧的二氧化碳物流。这种物流的实例包括富含二氧化碳的蒸气16,如图中以物流71所示、来自储罐的二氧化碳,或者来自下游工艺的二氧化碳。还可以采用其它不含氧气的气体如氮气。
在汽提塔151中,除氧气体与下降的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂呈逆流上升。汽提塔151内装有内部部件或传质元件,如塔板或无规则填料或结构填料。当除氧气体上升时,吸收剂中的氧将从下降的吸收剂中被汽提到向上流动的除氧气体中,由此在汽提塔151的顶部得到含有氧气的除氧气体,在汽提塔151的底部得到了贫含氧的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂。从汽提塔151的上部以物流150排出含有氧气的除氧气体。通常在该物流150中,除含有氧气和其它物质以外,还含有一些二氧化碳。可将该气流排放到大气中,或原样利用,或者如图所示,作为气流72,与最终产品的二氧化碳气流16相混合。从汽提塔151的下部以物流153排出的贫含氧的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂 通常的含氧量小于2ppm,优选的小于0.5ppm,并使其流过液泵8,以物流9流入热交换器10,在此通过间接热交换,将其通常加热到90-120℃,优选地加热到100-110℃。
使加热后的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂以物流11从热交换器10流入第二或主汽提塔12的上部,通常该汽提塔顶部的运行温度是100-110℃,底部的运行温度是119-125℃。当加热后的吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂向下流动时,穿过汽提塔12中的传质元件时,吸收剂中的二氧化碳将会从吸收剂中汽提到向上流动的通常为水蒸汽的蒸气中,该传质元件可以是塔板或者无规则填料或结构填料,由此生成富含二氧化碳的顶部蒸气和剩余吸收剂。从汽提塔12的上部以顶部蒸汽物流13排出富含二氧化碳的流体,使其流入回流冷凝器47,在此对其进行部分冷凝。使由此产生的两相流14流入回流液储器或相分离器15,在此将其分离成富含二氧化碳气体和冷凝液。从相分离器15以物流16排出富含二氧化碳的气流,将其作为二氧化碳产品回收,通常其中二氧化碳的干基浓度为95-99.9%(摩尔)。本文中,术语“回收”指的是作为最终产品回收,或者由于任何原因,如处置、进一步使用、进一步加工或螯合进行的分离。从相分离器15以物流17排出主要含有水和链烷醇胺的冷凝液,使其穿过液泵18,并以物流19流入汽提塔12的上部。
从汽提塔12的下部以物流20排出含有链烷醇胺同时还含有水的吸收剂,使其流入再沸器21,在此通过间接热交换,通常将其加热到119-125℃。在本发明图示的实施方案中,用绝对压力大于或等于28磅/英寸2(psig)的饱和蒸汽48驱动再沸器21,并以物流49从再沸器21中排出。在再沸器21中,含链烷醇胺吸收剂的加热馏出了某些水,它以蒸汽物流22的形式,从再沸器21流入汽提塔12的下部,在此用作上述向上流动的蒸气。从再沸器21中以液流23排出的由此得到的含有链烷醇胺的吸收剂。将物流23中的一股物流24输送到回收设备25,并对其进行汽化。在回收设备中加入苏打灰或苛性苏打,使所有降解产物和热稳定胺盐沉淀。如图所示,将汽化后的胺溶液26再次引入汽提塔12。还可将其冷却,并直接与进入吸收塔4顶部的物流6相混合。此外,为替代图示的回收设备25,还可以采用其它净化手段,如离子交换或者电渗析。
使加热后的含有链烷醇胺的吸收剂23的其余液流148流经溶剂泵35,由此以物流29进入热交换器10,在此用以加热上述吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂,从该热交换器流出冷却后的含有链烷醇胺的吸收剂34。
使物流34流经冷却器37,并冷却到大约40℃,形成冷却后的吸收剂38。使物流38的一股物流40穿过机械过滤器41,并以物流42进入碳过滤床43,由此以物流44再进入机械过滤器45,除去杂质、固体、降解副产物和热稳定胺盐。再使得到的净化后物流46与物流38的其余部分即物流39相汇合,形成物流55。储罐30装有用于补充的链烷醇胺。从储罐30中以物流31引出链烷醇胺吸收剂,并用液泵32将其作为物流33泵送入物流55中。储罐50含有补充水。从储罐50中以物流51引出水,并用液泵52,将其作为物流53泵送入物流55中。液流33和53与液流55一起,构成如上述进入吸收塔4上部的混合吸收剂液6。
尽管参照某一特定的优选实施方案详细描述了本发明的内容,但是本专业普通技术人员应当知道,在权利要求书的构思和范围内,本发明还有许多其它实施方案。例如,还可以利用本发明分离除二氧化碳以外的其它化合物,例如硫化氢。这种通用回收过程的严格定义为:
一种回收被吸收物质的方法,包括:
(A)使含有氧和被吸收物质的混合原料与至少含有一种链烷醇胺的吸收剂以逆流传质相接触,将混合原料中的氧和被吸收物质吸收到吸收剂中,得到吸收有被吸收物质并含有溶解氧的吸收剂;
(B)从吸收有被吸收物质的吸收剂中分离氧,得到贫含氧且吸收有被吸收物质的吸收剂;
(C)加热该贫含氧且吸收有被吸收物质的吸收剂,得到加热的吸收有被吸收物质的吸收剂液流;并且
(D)从吸收剂流体中分离被吸收物质,得到富含被吸收物质的流体。
Claims (4)
1、一种从含二氧化碳的气体中回收二氧化碳的方法,包括:
(A)使含有氧和二氧化碳的气体与至少含有一种链烷醇胺的吸收剂以逆流传质相接触,将所述气体中的氧和二氧化碳吸收到吸收剂中;
(B)通过使含二氧化碳和氧的吸收剂与除氧气体逆流接触,从含有二氧化碳和氧的吸收剂中分离氧,得到贫含氧的含有二氧化碳的吸收剂;
(C)加热该贫含氧的含有二氧化碳的吸收剂,得到被加热的贫含氧的含有二氧化碳的吸收剂;
(D)从被加热的贫含氧的含有二氧化碳的吸收剂中分离二氧化碳;以及
(E)从吸收剂中回收二氧化碳,以获得再生的吸收剂和富含二氧化碳的流体。
2、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过使被加热的贫含氧的含有二氧化碳的吸收剂与蒸汽逆流接触,从被加热的贫含氧的含有二氧化碳的吸收剂中分离二氧化碳。
3、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中从吸收剂中分离二氧化碳之后的剩余吸收剂通过间接换热用于对贫含氧且吸收有二氧化碳的吸收剂进行加热。
4、如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述除氧气体是氮气。
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US09/329,279 US6174506B1 (en) | 1999-06-10 | 1999-06-10 | Carbon dioxide recovery from an oxygen containing mixture |
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US6174506B1 (en) | 2001-01-16 |
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JP2001019416A (ja) | 2001-01-23 |
EP1061045B1 (en) | 2008-03-26 |
KR100464840B1 (ko) | 2005-01-05 |
MXPA00005731A (es) | 2002-04-01 |
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ES2301460T3 (es) | 2008-07-01 |
MX225510B (es) | 2005-01-10 |
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