CN1195894C - 高温合金的抗腐蚀强度 - Google Patents
高温合金的抗腐蚀强度 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1195894C CN1195894C CNB981206158A CN98120615A CN1195894C CN 1195894 C CN1195894 C CN 1195894C CN B981206158 A CNB981206158 A CN B981206158A CN 98120615 A CN98120615 A CN 98120615A CN 1195894 C CN1195894 C CN 1195894C
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- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000004224 protection Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
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- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006101 laboratory sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000034189 Sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004056 waste incineration Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
- C23C14/16—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
一种增强含有铁、镍和铬的高温合金抵抗由渗碳或金属粉尘引起的高温腐蚀的保护方法，包括：(a)在需保护表面上沉积厚度在0.01至10μm范围内的选自一种或几种贵金属、元素周期表中第IV主族和第V主族的元素和它们的混合物的金属薄层。(b)在惰性气氛中在预定温度下和足够时间内退火处理的表面。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种保护含铁、镍和铬的高温合金不受由渗碳或金属粉尘引起的高温腐蚀的方法。
背景技术
在许多工业方法中一个主要的问题是一般用作结构材料的高温合金当暴露在高温下易受氧化或渗碳或金属粉尘的腐蚀变成具有高碳的气体。在石油化学工业可观察到渗碳现象，其中在热解熔炉内在温度高达1100℃下在烃蒸汽混合物内通过烃热裂解产生乙烯。在此裂解过程中，在裂解管的内壁上发生焦沉积。在蒸汽重整炉内，使天然气或其它烃类气体通过在镍催化剂上的催化反应转化为CO和H2。在过热或过量碳活化之后可观察到管壁的渗碳现象。在用于钢的热处理或渗碳作用的工业熔炉内，炉栅和熔炉壁上也出现渗碳。用CO2冷却的核反应器的组分可由CO2引起渗碳，和用氦冷却的反应器的热交换器可由氦中所含的杂质如CO和CH4引起渗碳。在煤气化反应中和在废物焚烧厂内，可能引起渗碳反应，但是由氯引起的硫化反应和腐蚀更为严峻。蒸汽重整炉的下游，回收热的装置易受称之为‘金属粉尘’的腐蚀。这使含铁、镍和钴的合金遭受摧毁性的渗碳过程，导致合金分解成由碳、碳化物、金属和氧化物的颗粒组成的‘粉尘’。结果导致合金表面的磨损。与上述渗碳作用相反，在温度低至约450℃时出现金属粉尘。大量研究的结果证明所有高温合金都易于出现金属粉尘。已显示出气体中添加H2S可防止渗碳作用和金属粉尘。然而，由于人们不期望的效果，例如催化剂中毒，在许多情况下不能使用。通常合适的用于保护这种合金不受高温腐蚀的有效装置现在仍未加以改进。
通常保护高温合金不受腐蚀是依靠外层形成的氧化铬。然而，在大多数实际情况下，这种氧化物层不具有长期保护的能力，这是因为氧化物层易于形成裂缝和由于与下层合金粘合的缺乏可发生剥落。当采用可保护的混合氧化物层来涂覆合金表面以进行相似的保护时，风险同样存在。
发明内容
本发明的方法不存在这种风险，这是因为它不需要生成与合金的热性能和机械性能大不相同的表面氧化物层。
按照本发明，提供一种保护由含铁、镍和铬的高温合金制成的工厂部件和组件，例如容器、管、套筒等不受渗碳或金属粉尘腐蚀的方法。该方法包括：(a)清洗合金表面，(b)在表面上沉积贵金属或第IV主族元素(例如Sn和Pb)或第V主族元素(Sb和Bi)的薄层，和(c)在惰性气氛下加热表面到预定温度范围的时间以在需保护的表面内外均匀分布贵金属。
可通过包括物理或化学蒸汽沉积或浸渍、喷雾或电镀的常规方法沉积上述金属。
实施例
如下实施例旨在详细描述制备和使用上述发明的方式。
使用直径约为18mm和厚度为6mm，由具有如下成份(重量％)的合金800H制成的作为实验样品的圆盘进行大量的金属粉尘腐蚀实验：
0.05-0.1C，至多1.0Si，至多1.5Mn，至多0.015S，30.0-35.0Ni，20.0Cr，45Fe，0.15-0.6Ti，0.15-0.6Al，至多0.75Cu。
实施例1
在如下条件下测试用于金属粉尘腐蚀的实验样品：
气体压力：34巴
气体组分：49.3％ H2，15.6％ CO，5.6％ CO2，29.5％ H2O
气体的速度：最大10m/s
样品的温度：650℃
持续时间：200h
在不经表面处理之后和在许多不同的包括抛光和清洁表面的常规预处理、机械处理和表面的氧化之后进行实验。所使用的机械处理方法是喷沙法和喷射硬化。在所有这些情况下，实验之后可观察到严重的金属粉尘侵害，即形成碳、锈斑和材料的损失。然而，当按照本发明预先处理实验样品时，在上述金属粉尘腐蚀实验之后在预处理的表面上没有看见腐蚀的迹象。
使用如下预处理方式：抛光和清洁表面。采用物理蒸汽喷镀法使大约1μm厚的金层沉积在需保护的表面上。最终，使样品在氦气流中在900℃下保持30分钟。
实施例2
在如下条件下测试具有上述成分的800H合金实验样品：
气体压力：34巴
气体组分：39.4％ H2，37.2％ CO，1.7％ CO2，21.7％ H2O
气体的速度：最大10m/s
样品的温度：653℃
持续时间：100h
在实验之前采用如下预处理方式：
抛光和清洁表面。采用电化学法在表面上沉积大约3μm厚的锡层。使样品在氦气流中在800℃下保持30分钟。
在金属粉尘腐蚀实验之后没有在预处理的表面上看到腐蚀的迹象。
Claims (3)
1.一种增强含有铁、镍和铬的高温合金抵抗由渗碳或金属粉尘引起的高温腐蚀的保护方法，包括：
(a)在需保护表面上沉积厚度在0.01至10μm范围内的选自一种或几种贵金属、元素周期表中第IV主族和第V主族的元素和它们的混合物的金属薄层；
(b)在惰性气氛中、在至少800℃的温度下使处理过的表面退火，以使在高温合金表面的沉积金属均匀分布。
2.按照权利要求1的方法，其中第IV主族的金属是Sn和/或Pb。
3.按照权利要求1的方法，其中第V主族的金属是Sb和/或Bi。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US5953897P | 1997-09-19 | 1997-09-19 | |
| US059,538 | 1997-09-19 | ||
| US059538 | 1997-09-19 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1219607A CN1219607A (zh) | 1999-06-16 |
| CN1195894C true CN1195894C (zh) | 2005-04-06 |
Family
ID=22023614
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB981206158A Expired - Fee Related CN1195894C (zh) | 1997-09-19 | 1998-09-18 | 高温合金的抗腐蚀强度 |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0903424B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP4372243B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100316222B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1195894C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE215623T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU744761B2 (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69804559T2 (zh) |
| DK (1) | DK0903424T3 (zh) |
| EA (1) | EA001169B1 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2173535T3 (zh) |
| NO (1) | NO320781B1 (zh) |
| NZ (1) | NZ331958A (zh) |
| TW (1) | TW434326B (zh) |
| UA (1) | UA58503C2 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6602355B2 (en) * | 1997-09-19 | 2003-08-05 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Corrosion resistance of high temperature alloys |
| EP1111697A1 (en) * | 1999-05-27 | 2001-06-27 | Toyo Kohan Co., Ltd | Surface-treated steel sheet for battery case, battery case comprising the same, methods for producing them, and battery |
| JP3952861B2 (ja) | 2001-06-19 | 2007-08-01 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 耐メタルダスティング性を有する金属材料 |
| EP1606050A1 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2005-12-21 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Method of protecting equipment against corrosion at high temperature |
| FR2852610B1 (fr) * | 2003-03-17 | 2005-05-13 | Procede de protection contre la corrosion a haute temperature | |
| SE526673C2 (sv) | 2003-08-28 | 2005-10-25 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | Användning av en metallförstoftningsresistent kopparlegering |
| FR2870859A1 (fr) * | 2004-05-27 | 2005-12-02 | Air Liquide | Pieces pour equipement destine a fonctionner sous pression et a haute temperature |
| WO2007080856A1 (ja) | 2006-01-11 | 2007-07-19 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | 耐メタルダスティング性に優れた金属材料 |
| KR100887823B1 (ko) | 2007-06-13 | 2009-03-09 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량용 배터리 단자 제조 방법 |
| WO2009107585A1 (ja) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-03 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 耐浸炭性金属材料 |
| US8163809B2 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2012-04-24 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for decreasing or eliminating unwanted hydrocarbon and oxygenate products caused by Fisher Tropsch Synthesis reactions in a syngas treatment unit |
| US8168687B2 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2012-05-01 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for decreasing or eliminating unwanted hydrocarbon and oxygenate products caused by Fisher Tropsch synthesis reactions in a syngas treatment unit |
| US8202914B2 (en) * | 2010-02-22 | 2012-06-19 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for decreasing or eliminating unwanted hydrocarbon and oxygenate products caused by Fisher Tropsch Synthesis reactions in a syngas treatment unit |
| JP5177330B1 (ja) | 2011-06-24 | 2013-04-03 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 耐浸炭性金属材料 |
| ES2708984A1 (es) | 2017-09-22 | 2019-04-12 | Haldor Topsoe As | Quemador para un reactor catalítico con revestimiento de slurry con alta resistencia a la desintegración en polvo métalico |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5618876B2 (zh) * | 1973-06-23 | 1981-05-01 | ||
| DE2439739A1 (de) * | 1974-08-19 | 1976-03-04 | Czepek & Co | Verfahren zur verbesserung der korrosionsbestaendigkeit elektrischer rohrheizkoerper |
| JPS61119678A (ja) * | 1984-11-16 | 1986-06-06 | Nippon Steel Corp | 高耐食性鉛−錫系合金メツキ鋼板 |
| JPS61166987A (ja) * | 1985-01-17 | 1986-07-28 | Hitachi Cable Ltd | ラジエ−タ用フイン材 |
| JPH0525635A (ja) * | 1991-04-23 | 1993-02-02 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 乾式Ｔｉ系めつきステンレス鋼材の製造方法 |
| US5397652A (en) * | 1992-03-27 | 1995-03-14 | The Louis Berkman Company | Corrosion resistant, colored stainless steel and method of making same |
| JP3472577B2 (ja) * | 1993-01-04 | 2003-12-02 | シェブロン ケミカル カンパニー | 水添脱アルキル方法 |
-
1998
- 1998-09-11 TW TW087115203A patent/TW434326B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-11 ES ES98117232T patent/ES2173535T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-11 DE DE69804559T patent/DE69804559T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-11 DK DK98117232T patent/DK0903424T3/da active
- 1998-09-11 AT AT98117232T patent/ATE215623T1/de active
- 1998-09-11 EP EP98117232A patent/EP0903424B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-14 NO NO19984240A patent/NO320781B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-17 UA UA98094899A patent/UA58503C2/uk unknown
- 1998-09-17 NZ NZ331958A patent/NZ331958A/en unknown
- 1998-09-18 JP JP26528898A patent/JP4372243B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-09-18 EA EA199800742A patent/EA001169B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-18 AU AU86076/98A patent/AU744761B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-09-18 CN CNB981206158A patent/CN1195894C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-09-19 KR KR1019980038823A patent/KR100316222B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11172473A (ja) | 1999-06-29 |
| EP0903424A1 (en) | 1999-03-24 |
| UA58503C2 (uk) | 2003-08-15 |
| NZ331958A (en) | 1999-09-29 |
| AU744761B2 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
| EA199800742A1 (ru) | 1999-04-29 |
| EA001169B1 (ru) | 2000-10-30 |
| CN1219607A (zh) | 1999-06-16 |
| KR100316222B1 (ko) | 2002-01-12 |
| NO984240D0 (no) | 1998-09-14 |
| JP4372243B2 (ja) | 2009-11-25 |
| EP0903424B1 (en) | 2002-04-03 |
| DE69804559D1 (de) | 2002-05-08 |
| KR19990029962A (ko) | 1999-04-26 |
| NO320781B1 (no) | 2006-01-30 |
| ATE215623T1 (de) | 2002-04-15 |
| DK0903424T3 (da) | 2002-07-22 |
| ES2173535T3 (es) | 2002-10-16 |
| DE69804559T2 (de) | 2002-10-17 |
| TW434326B (en) | 2001-05-16 |
| NO984240L (no) | 1999-03-22 |
| AU8607698A (en) | 1999-04-01 |
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