CN1191652C - 适于与移动车辆电源系统一起使用的车外站和电交换系统 - Google Patents

适于与移动车辆电源系统一起使用的车外站和电交换系统 Download PDF

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CN1191652C
CN1191652C CNB008124523A CN00812452A CN1191652C CN 1191652 C CN1191652 C CN 1191652C CN B008124523 A CNB008124523 A CN B008124523A CN 00812452 A CN00812452 A CN 00812452A CN 1191652 C CN1191652 C CN 1191652C
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vehicle
motor vehicle
fuel
electro
money
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CN1372701A (zh
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M·S·苏
R·Y·P·安
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ZTEK Corp
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ZTEK Corp
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/14Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01M8/04694Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04858Electric variables
    • H01M8/04865Voltage
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    • B60L58/34Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for controlling the temperature of fuel cells, e.g. by controlling the electric load by heating
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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Abstract

移动车辆电源系统和电交换系统提高不同运输模式的经济生存能力,这些不同运输模式结合有诸如电动机和燃料电池以生成电的发电机。电源系统提供诸如电车的移动车辆的发电机生成的电能的车外使用。电能的车外使用或远离车辆的使用包括将能量输送到远处。车外站被提供,用于将燃料输送到车辆,和/或用于接收燃料电池生成的电能。车外站和车辆被适当地装备,用于快速简单的互连,以便在车辆和车外站及电交换系统之间交换电能。电交换系统被配置用于安装在多个位置,以允许移动车辆操作员购买或销售电。操作员采用用户授权元件来帮助记录移动车辆与电交换系统之间交换的电。

Description

适于与移动车辆电源系统一起使用的车外站和电交换系统
发明背景
本发明一般涉及推进系统领域。具体地说,本发明涉及用于诸如火车、船舶、汽车、摩托车、机动自行车和其它移动运输工具的移动车辆的车上燃料电池系统。
考虑到周围传统电源继续存在,对发电替代装置的研究变得越来越重要。特别是无法忽略与基于燃烧的能量(energy)系统相关的环境和政治因素。为减少对这些类型的能源和方法的依赖,能够通过消耗燃料而不必燃烧来产生电的设备日益受到人们的关注。
然而,除用于生成电外,燃烧过程通常大多用于对诸如汽车、火车或船舶的运输工具提供动力。机动车辆本身是与燃料燃烧相关的污染问题的主要产生者之一。因此,虽然诸如核能和水电系统的替代电源适合大规模的电气设施,但在与驱动诸如机动车辆的运输工具相关的问题上,它们不是理想的解决方案。
对内燃机驱动机动车辆的替代包括不同类型的电动车辆。电动车辆在本领域是众所周知的。一般的电动车辆由镍镉电池驱动,镍镉电池以20到100马力驱动电动机。电池一般可由稳定的直流电源再充电。然而,已知系统的问题是它们需要不断再充电,因而所需再充电站之间的距离受到限制。
已知系统也昂贵。如可从Solectria(Arlington,Massachusetts)获得的太阳能再充电系统尝试增加行驶范围并控制电动车辆的成本。然而,与太阳能生成电相关的缺陷包括其使用限于晴朗的天气和日照时间以及车辆的费用。
因此,燃料电池已用作这样一种装置:为电动车辆供电,并减少不断从车外为车辆再充电的需要。燃料电池以电化学方式将诸如碳氢燃料的燃料转换成电。一般情况下,不涉及到燃料反应。
然而,与先有技术的燃料电池系统相关的缺陷是,在燃料电池的额定功率必须满足推进需求的应用中,从经济角度上来看它们并不可行。例如,在机动车辆应用中,设计成提供经济行驶所需的足够能量的燃料电池系统将是贵得惊人,更不用说最高电涌了。虽然各种已知系统尝试了采用指定电涌电池以满足机动车辆应用中最高要求的优点,但没有一个满意地克服经济问题。
使电动车辆难以广泛应用的另一个普通问题是在车辆电池有限充电可达的行驶范围上的限制。目前,允许电动车辆操作员在需要时停车并交换能量的选定专用充电站不存在。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种系统,它具有与传统内燃机的作用范围可比的作用范围,不必频繁停车,也不必频繁停车以从车外再充电。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种经济可行的系统,用于为机动车辆提供动力,该系统可适应一般机动车辆电涌和范围需求。
本发明另外一个目的是提供一种燃料电池动力车辆,它能够产生车外消耗用的能量。
本发明的再一个目的是提供电交换系统,用于允许从所述车辆到所述系统的车外供电,或允许车上加载能量或从系统接收能量。
本发明其它的一般和更具体的目的有些部分是显而易见的,而有些部分通过下面的附图和说明将显露出来。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种电源系统,它增强了结合燃料电池产生电的某些运输模式的经济生存能力。此类运输模式在此称为移动车辆燃料电池电源系统,此处使用的车辆指所有运输装置,例如汽车、电动车辆、货车、火车、船舶、飞机和航天器以及其它采用电源来运输一个或多个人的车辆。例如,本发明的电源系统提供对诸如电车上安装的燃料电池的移动车辆燃料电池电源系统所生成的电能(electrical power)的车外使用。所述电能的车外使用或远离车辆的使用可包括将能量(power)输送到远程位置,诸如本地住宅,例如车辆拥有者的住宅,或将能量输送到本地公用电网或其它移动车辆。
本发明还考虑使用移动车辆电源系统,它包括所有已知和兼容类型的移动车辆或运输工具,诸如汽车、电动车辆、货车、火车、船舶、飞机、航天器等。移动车辆电源系统采用用于将燃料转换为电的电源或发电机。此处使用的术语发电机包括用于向移动车辆提供能量的通用型电源,诸如柴油机、燃料电池、内燃机和外燃机、电动机或发电机、电池和太阳能电池,以及微型和大型燃气和蒸汽轮机。授予受让人的美国专利No.5693201中清楚地阐明了燃料电池和燃气轮机的集成,所述燃气轮机包括微型和大型燃气轮机,通过引用将该专利的内容结合在此。
提供车外站,用于向车辆输送燃料以及用于接收燃料电池生成的电能,并用于供应车外电或将电载入或接收到电动车辆上。车外站和车辆被适当装备用于快速简单互连,以便从燃料电池获取电能供车外使用。另外,车外站可被装备成将燃料输送到车辆,类似提供有对车辆与车外站的快速互连。车辆可被认为是移动燃料电池系统,该系统在燃料电池的能量不需要供诸如推进车辆的车上使用时输送能量供车外使用。燃料电池可以多种方式结合到移动车辆。例如,燃料电池可与燃气轮机串联使用,以推进诸如船舶或火车的车辆。
燃料电池的车上使用不必限于或甚至涉及推进车辆或船舶。燃料电池可用来独立于移动车辆电源系统或与移动车辆电源系统一起使用,以提供加热、通风和空调(HVAC)系统。例如,船舶可使用车上燃料电池用于车上HVAC并用于提供车上电能;车外使用可包括在船舶停泊时将电能输送到车外站。
按照另一方面,本发明可在一个到多个车外站采用。例如,电动车辆的拥有者或主要用户可在主要住所附近设置车外站。另一方面,可在电动车辆一般停车较长时间的位置提供车外站,诸如在住宅、购买中心、停车场和工作点。车外站可通过电缆电气连接到公用电网,以便将车上燃料电池产生的部分电能传送到远处供使用。然而,导电电缆不是用于电能高效传输的仅有载体;利用微波通过自由空间进行此类传输得到证明。无论通过何种方式进行能量传输,车辆燃料电池发电装置的双重使用,即燃料电池为车上和车外用途供电的使用,是要增强移动车辆燃料电池电源系统的经济生存能力,促进使用其它电源,并实现伴随的环境效益。
在另一方面,本发明包括将燃料转换成电的电源系统,其中电源系统包括移动车辆燃料电池电源系统和车外站。移动车辆燃料电池电源系统任选地包括:可再充电电池;燃料电池,用于将燃料转换成电并对电池再充电;任选地,燃料供应,用于存储燃料并向燃料电池提供燃料;以及电气连接到车外站的装置,用于向车外站输送燃料电池生成的电。移动车辆燃料电池电源系统还可包括从车外站接收燃料的装置。
车外站一般包括用于从移动车辆燃料电池电源系统接收电能的接收装置和用于将所述电能的至少一部分提供用于移动车辆燃料电池电源系统的车外使用的输出装置。接收装置可任选地包括电缆和/或与电缆相配的插座。输出装置可任选地包括用于电气连接到车外位置的继电器和/或开关。例如,简单的车外站可包括用于与连接到移动车辆的电缆电气连接的插座,和接到插座以传送电能供车外使用的一些接线。车外站还可包括用于将燃料输送到移动车辆燃料电池电源系统的装置。
在一个实例中,由车外站提供且由移动车辆燃料电池接收的燃料是含氢燃料。然而,燃料可以是碳氢化合物燃料,这种情况下,燃料重整器以及或许燃料变换装置会包含于车辆上,用于产生含氢燃料。另一方面,燃料重整器以及或许燃料变换装置是车外站的一部分。在后一种情况下,车外站可包括用于对重整燃料进行存储的燃料存储箱。此外,碳氢化合物燃料经常含硫。大量的硫造成燃料电池的腐蚀,并破坏重整器的某些催化剂和燃料电池电极,以及在释放到空气中时会导致空气污染和酸雨。因此,在本发明中任选地结合脱硫装置,以便在燃料输送到重整器前将硫去除。按照一个方面,脱硫装置可以构成车外站或移动车辆燃料电池电源系统的一部分。
用于帮助燃料重整处理的典型反应物在本领域是众所周知的。因此,在本发明的另一特性中,诸如水的反应物被供应到重整器以帮助重整处理,而无论重整器是在车辆上还是在车外站。如果重整器安装在移动车辆上,则采用适当的装置用于向移动车辆供水。例如,水被供应到车外站,并且在车外站和移动车辆上提供适当的端口,以适应快速连接软管在其间的连接。本发明的电源系统可包括对水进行过滤和/或对水进行消电离的装置,如果这样的处理必要的话。然而要指出的是,重整器可被设计成只利用氧化剂(如空气)而不是利用诸如水的反应物。在移动车辆上或在车外使用重整器不必结合把诸如水的反应物输送到重整器的装置。
按照本发明的另一方面,表被结合到电源系统中,用于例如测量电动车辆从车外站收到的燃料。同样,也可以使用电表来测量从移动车辆输送到车外站的电能,或者测量从车外站输送到例如电网或当地住宅的另一位置供远离移动车辆使用的电能。
一般的燃料电池产生直流电能;一般的住宅或公用电网采用交流电能。因此,在本发明的一个方面,车外站包括逆变器,用于将车辆燃料电池产生的直流电能转换成单相或多相电能。一般的公用电网传送三相电能,因此,车外站如果将能量供应到电网,则要将燃料电池电能转换成三相交流电。另一方面,逆变器可位于移动车辆燃料电池电源系统上,以便提供交流电供车外和/或车外使用。例如,如果移动车辆燃料电池电源系统是火车或超大型油轮,则逆变器可位于其上。当然,如果在远离车辆处要使用直流电,则车外站不必采用逆变器将直流电转换成交流电。电源系统中采用的电功率表的类型取决于是要测量直流电或还是要测量交流电。
在另一方面,车外站包括双向或单向通信链接,以便向另一位置报告车外站的条件参数以及或许报告电动车辆的条件参数。条件参数可包括但不限于输送到车辆的燃料量、由车辆的燃料电池供应的供远离车辆处使用的电量、车辆或车辆拥有者的身份及其它可用的参数。通信链接还可以向车外站和/或车辆发送执行指令。
本领域的普通技术人员知道许多类型的燃料电池可用于电动车辆。相应地,使用几种类型的燃料电池被认为是在本发明的范围内,所述燃料电池包括但不限于使用固体氧化物燃料电池、熔融碳燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、碱燃料电池及质子交换薄膜燃料电池。
本发明的电源系统展望了通过移动车辆电源系统与车外站的相互连接而在车外使用移动车辆上生成的电能。然而,本发明的实践不必涉及完全按上述方式的车外站使用。例如,移动车辆燃料电池电源系统可以电气连接到诸如另一电动车辆的第二移动车辆电源系统,以便对另一车辆的电池再充电。在此实例中,其电池被再充电的车辆充当某种类型的车外站。所述车辆被适当地装备用于快速方便的互连。两个车辆均可包括诸如插入式电插座的装置,用于与接于燃料电池移动车辆电源系统和第二移动电源系统之间的电缆内孔连接器相连接,用于在两个车辆之间传送电能。由于两个车辆均使用直流电操作,因此逆变器并不总是必需的。要指出的是第二移动电源系统可以是燃料电池车辆或传统(例如非燃料电池)电动车辆。
按照另一方面,本发明的电源系统还被认为包括不采用燃料电池的车辆。例如,按照本发明示教的移动车辆电源系统可使用传统发电装置,诸如燃烧机(combustion engine)、发电机、电池、蒸汽或燃气轮机或发电机或诸如太阳能的其它能量形式。发电机将燃烧机的机械能量转换成电能供车上使用、车外使用和/或由电池存储。当车辆连接到车外站时,发电装置将电输送到车外站供车外使用,并可任选地从车外站接收燃料。燃烧机可以是例如柴油机或汽油机的内燃机,或是诸如蒸汽机或纯引擎(sterling engine)的外燃机。移动车辆电源系统可包括用于推进车辆的电动机,这主要是在柴油发电机发电的列车引擎中,或者燃烧机可直接推进车辆,这主要是在传统汽车中。
本发明还提供适合用于与电动车辆交换电的接口电交换系统。该系统包括:接口箱,它具有电气连接装置,用于连接到电动车辆的电气连接件;记录级,用于记录电动车辆与接口箱之间交换的电量;以及转换器,用于按照预定变换因子将记录的电量转换成币值。所述系统也可任选地包括:形成在接口箱中的构件,用于接受存储有选定可更改币值的便携式存储元件;变更级,用于根据装置与车辆之间交换的电量相关的金额来更改便携式存储元件上存储的币值。
按照一个方面,电交换系统包括连接元件,用于将接口箱连接到电动车辆。按照一个实践,车辆安装燃料电池、电池或燃烧机。
按照另一方面,电交换系统包括接收元件装置,用于从电动车辆接收电,或者包括用于向电动车辆供电的构件。
按照其它方面,电交换系统采用这样的构件:用于根据与供应到电动车辆的电量相关的金额来减少便携式存储元件上存储的币值。电交换系统还可以采用这样构件:用于根据电动车辆供给系统的电量相关的金额来增加便携式存储元件上存储的币值。
本发明其它的一般和更具体的目的有些部分是显而易见的,有些部分通过下面附图和说明而明显。
附图简述
通过下面的说明和附图将明白本发明的上述和其它目的、特性及优点,附图中,相同的参考字符在所有不同视图中指的是相同的部件。附图说明了本发明的原理,并且虽然不按比例,但示出相对尺寸。
图1是按照本发明的电源系统的方框图,说明了包括车上燃料电池动力装置的车辆,并且还包括用于连接到车辆的车外站;
图2是按照本发明示教的电源系统另外的实施例的方框图,该系统包括电动车辆上的燃料重整器;
图3是电源系统的另一个实施例的方框图,其中车外站包括燃料重整器和燃料存储箱;
图4说明用于快速将燃料和输电线接到移动车辆燃料电池电源系统的车外站的观察板;
图5是按照本发明示教的电交换系统的示意图,该系统用于将电供应到移动车辆电源系统或从移动车辆电源系统接收电;
图6是按照本发明示教的混合电源系统的示意方框图,该系统适用于为采用与燃气轮机串于一条直线上的电化学转换器的移动车辆提供动力;
图7是按照本发明示教的混合电源系统另外的实施例的示意方框图,该系统适用于为采用不与燃气轮机成直线的电化学转换器的移动车辆提供动力;
图8是按照本发明示教的混合电源系统的另一实施例的示意方框图,该系统适用于为采用电化学转换器和蒸汽轮机的移动车辆提供动力;
图9是按照本发明示教的混合电源系统的又一实施例的示意方框图,该系统适用于为采用燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机及转换器排气加热部件的移动车辆提供动力;
图10是按照本发明示教的部分已切开的压力容器的平面图,该压力容器装有多个电化学转换器。
实施例描述
图1是按照本发明的电源系统的方框图,说明诸如电动车辆2和车外能量站4的移动车辆电源系统。按照一个实施例,移动车辆电源系统2包括与可再充电电池8电气连接的燃料电池部件10。电池8连接到驱动机动车辆动力传动系统的电动机或驱动电动机6。燃料电池部件10从燃料供给箱14接收诸如天然气的燃料,并且通过电化学方式将它转化为电以对电池12再充电,如在本领域中所知的一样。稳压器12安排在燃料电池部件10和电池8之间。通常,机动车辆领域的技术人员,特别是电动机动车辆领域的技术人员已知道上述电路。
所述燃料电池部件10不必直接向电动机6提供能量。相反,燃料电池部件10、电池8和电动机6一起运作,为车辆提供动力。在稳定操作下,可利用燃料电池部件10对电池8进行车上再充电。视地形、车辆速度、驱动要求和环境等而定,电池8一般处于变动负荷需求下。燃料电池部件10电气连接到稳压器12,而稳压器又电气连接到电池8,以便从燃料电池部件10向电池8传送再充电电能。
例如,燃料电池部件10可包括固氧燃料电池。固氧燃料电池是使用固氧电解质的电化学转换器。此类转换器仅取决于自由能与电化学反应的热含量之间的关系,能够具有高效率。1986年9月30日授予Hsu等人的美国专利No.4614628中描述了固氧燃料电池的示例,通过引用将其示教结合在此。
另一方面,使用氢作为燃料的车上燃料电池部件10,或能够进行内部重整并消耗碳氢化合物燃料的车上燃料电池可安装在车辆2上。本领域普通技术人员所知且适用于在移动车辆电源系统使用的其它类型的燃料电池包括熔融碳酸盐燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、碱性燃料电池和质子交换薄膜燃料电池。在1994年7月26日授予Hsu的美国专利5332630中可找到有关电动车辆及结合于其中的燃料电池的其它细节,通过引用将其结合在此。
参照图1,车外站4包括:燃料补给管或补给线16,用于从燃料源(未示出)将燃料供给车辆2;输电线18,用于接收并传送燃料电池10生成的电能,以直接在住宅或其它设施中使用,或提供给电网。燃料表20计量、测量或记录车外站4输送到车辆2燃料供给箱14的燃料量。电功率表22测量车辆为车外使用而输送的电量。
车外站4还可包括逆变器,用于将主要是由燃料电池10生成的直流电转换成一般与电网兼容的单相交流电,或在必要时转换成多相交流电。
能量和燃料分别通过输电线28和燃料管或燃料线30在车辆2和车外站4之间传送。输电线28和燃料线30通过车辆观察板32和车外站观察板26使车辆2和车外站4互相连接。车外站的观察板26和车辆2的观察板每个均包括两个两个子观察板,一个是用于燃料线30的燃料子板,一个是用于输电线28的电气子板,这在涉及图4时有更详细的描述。图4的车外观察板26的燃料子板27与图4的电气子板分开,以避免由于意外的火花点燃燃料而引发爆炸。车辆观察板26类似于图4所示的车外站观察板26。
输电线34将车辆观察板32的电气观察板电气连接到燃料电池10;观察板32的燃料子板通过燃料线36连接到燃料供给箱14。车外站观察板26以类似的方式连接到输电线18和燃料线16。
线路30和28最好是快速互连型,这样,电动车辆的驾驶员在将车辆停好后,可容易快速地将车辆观察板32与车外观察板26互连。本领域的普通技术人员知道许多类型的线路28和30及其变化。例如,线路28和30可在每端备有插入连接器,而观察板26和32可装有相配的插座。另一方面,线路28和30可永久性接在观察板26或32的一端,并通过连接器连接到其它观察板。许多变化均有可能,这是本领域的普通技术人员容易理解的。然而,一般情况下,用于电能传输的电缆一端不会备有插入连接器,因为这可能使电缆用户接触到危险电压和/或电流。
图2是一种电源系统的方框图,它包括连接在燃料箱14与燃料电池10之间的车上燃料重整器40。重整器从碳氢化合物燃料中为燃料电池产生含氢或富含氢的重整燃料。燃料变换装置(shifter)(未示出)也可包括在与燃料重整器40的串连中,以帮助形成富含氢的燃料。燃料变换装置一般充有变换催化剂,将存在于燃料流中的一氧化碳转换成二氧化碳,使燃料贮料中具有丰富的氢。从燃料流中去除一氧化碳对防止一些燃料电池的一氧化碳中毒是必要的。这样,从变换转换器(shift converter)出来的燃料混合物便具有丰富的二氧化碳和氢。
在车辆观察板32与车外站观察板26之间可以使用其它互连线42,为重整器提供相应的反应物(例如,水),以便于重整处理。按照一个实践,供水线44向车外站观察板26提供水,线路46将水从车辆观察板32传送到燃料重整器40。燃料线16和30为重整器40的重整提供碳氢化合物。
图3是电源系统其它实施例的方框图,在该系统中,不是车辆2,而是车外站4包括燃料重整器50,并且车外站4任选地包括燃料存储箱52。车外站4从燃料线16接收碳氢化合物燃料。燃料重整器50把从燃料线16提供的碳氢化合物燃料转换成含氢燃料,含氢燃料存储在燃料存储箱52中和/或提供给移动车辆燃料电池电源系统以供燃料电池10使用。车外站4可任选地包括燃料转换装置(未示出),用于增加燃料重整器50产生的重整燃料中的氢含量。随后,燃料转换装置产生的富含氢的燃料可存储在燃料存储箱52中,或提供给移动车辆燃料电池电源系统2。车外站4也可以包括供水线48,用于把从水源(未示出)收到的水输送到燃料重整器以供燃料重整处理中使用。在图2和图3所示的系统中,可采用热电或其它方式防止用于重整的水冻结。
如上所述,本发明的电源系统可包括用于水反应物的消电离与过滤设备和用于碳氢燃料的脱硫装置。
图4说明按照本发明的移动动力装置32或车外站观察板26的一个示例。普通技术人员将意识到存在实现从车辆2到车外站4连接的观察板26、32的其它实施例。因此,图4所示实施例是说明性的而不是限制性的。
例如,图4说明的观察板26、32可包括两个单独的子板,气与水子板27和电气子板29。连到气与水子板27的是燃料气供给软管30,软管30每端具有可快速拆开的1英寸管内孔连接器,如连接器54。图4中带有内孔连接器54a、以剖视图方式所示的软管30的末端与壳箱61内部观察板27上安装的自紧式插入连接器(未示出)相配。还提供燃料截止阀56。同样地,供水软管42采用可快速拆开的1/4英寸管自紧式内孔连接器58和58a及截止阀60。电开关62安装在电气子板29上,并且可以是单座安全手动杆3相开关,用于例如把车外站电气连接到当地公用电网。电力电缆28在电缆28每端具有两个内孔连接器,诸如连接器53。电器连接器53与车辆2观察板32的插入连接器(未示出)相配。带有连接器53a、以剖视图方式示出的电缆28的另一端连接到置于箱63中的电气观察板29的插入连接器(未示出),这将在下面说明。
诸如软管和电缆28、30与42的用于使观察板26和32互连的柔性互连软管和电缆可捆扎在一起。一般情况下,软管28、30和42的长度在5英尺到50英尺之间。另一方面,在软管和电缆两端可以使用可快速拆开的插入连接器,并且适当的自紧式内孔连接器位于车辆观察板32和车外站观察板26上。
一般情况下,子板27和29均已标准化。本发明的子板27和29可包括壳箱,诸如用于装入气与水子板的箱61和用于装入电气观察板29的壳箱63。除开关62外,电气壳箱63可放置其它电气设备,如断路继电器(未示出)。气与电气连接件放置在不同的箱中,以避免由于电气接触的意外火花而引起气的燃烧。一般情况下,观察板箱61和63包括用于壁上安装的孔。这些箱最好被锁上。壳箱61和63包括玻璃嵌板57,紧急情况下可用诸如锤子59的打击工具将玻璃嵌板打破,以紧急使用气阀56、水阀60和开关62。观察板26、32也可以包括电信链接,诸如用于与另一位置进行信息通信的电话插孔(未示出),这在下面有更详细地说明。
图1到图4所示的车外站4可另外包括至少一个诸如电话链接的通信链接和适当的通信硬件与软件,诸如用于监视车外站4状态的、包括调制解调器的程控计算机。通过通信线路传输到中心或其它位置的信息可包括车外站4的安全状态(例如,站是否已被破坏或不然由于不起作用而放弃)。其它信息可包括燃料表测量的输送到各个车辆的燃料量,和功率表测量的由车辆输送给车外使用的电能。可与连到车外站4的车辆建立通信链接,由此可识别车辆以进行结算帐目。这样,车外站4的操作可得到监视,以便对由特定车辆消耗的燃料和产生的电进行结算帐目。可自动对车辆拥有者或用户的信用卡进行借贷处理。
在此被示教的本领域的普通技术人员可容易用其它类型的通信链接替代电话插孔。其它可行的通信链接形式包括导线、光纤、同轴电缆和通过诸如无线电波、微波或红外光束等电磁能自由空间的传输。例如,电信链接可涉及到卫星或地面固定和/或移动接收机的传输。这些技术是众所周知的,且常由电信领域的技术人员为传送信号而采用,并被认为是在本发明的范围内。
作为可用于本发明的电信链接的更具体的示例,防天气护罩连在装有观察板26的箱61和63之一的一侧。防天气护罩包含收发信机通信电路,并将电路天线置于选定的方向,用于与远程发射机或接收机进行可靠通信。防天气护罩可由两个相配的部分形成,一个是底部,一个是盖部。具有通信电路和装有天线的印刷电路板可安装到其中一个部分。系统可以包括支撑装置,用于对电路板和天线定向,以使广播和/或接收范围最大。盖部分是天线罩,也就是说,它实际上不妨碍以收发信机使用频率进行的无线电波传输。
另外,每个车外站4可作为燃料补给站,用于多燃料电池电动车辆。
适于在本发明中使用的许多燃料电池将其内部温度保持在足够高,以有效地生成电。操作中,燃料电池一般生成大量热能,因此,如1994年7月26日授予Hsu的美国专利5332630中所述的那样,循环流体,或许与可移式热反射器罩组合,可集成到设计中,通过引用将该专利结合在此。然而,在电源电池系统初始起动期间,燃料电池可能需要加热。相应地,车外站4可包括用于预加热车上燃料电池10的结构。例如,逆变器24可转变成对从公用电网收到的交流电进行整流。整流后的能量可供应到燃料电池10以加热或“起动”燃料电池。车外站4也可包括断电继电器,以便一旦电池10处于或接近其操作温度并能够提供电能便关闭从电网到燃料电池10的能流。断电继电器还将线路32连接到逆变器24,以便燃料电池10向电网输送能量。如果车外站4向独立的用户而不是向公用电网提供能量,则车外站4可包括诸如柴油或气油发电机的辅助电源装置,以便为预加热燃料电池10提供能量。
另一方面,燃料电池10可通过循环在燃料电池10冷却系统中的加热流体进行预加热。可在车外站4对加热流体和将该流体输送到燃料电池冷却系统做适当的准备。可在观察板26和32提供适当的软管和连接器。
如果适当地设计,燃料电池也可以由内部燃烧的燃料产生的热进行预加热。
除上述的实施例外,本发明还考虑了适用于结合移动车辆和诸如车外站4的车外系统之间传送电使用的设施或系统的其它实施例。与此处的示教相符合且普通技术人员容易明白的其它改编和设计也在本发明的范围内。例如,图5描述了电交换系统100,用于支持在系统100和诸如电动车辆2的移动车辆之间的电交换。为简明起见,下面结合与电动车辆2的使用来描述系统100,但普通技术人员容易认识到系统100可与任一移动车辆或移动车辆电源系统一起使用。
所述电交换系统100可安装于任一商业或居住设备中,并且最好适合于与电动车辆2的相配电线的相对容易的电气连接。特别是,电交换系统100可安装在固定场所,诸如沿公用电网的一个或多个位置,在独立的发电机或其它固定设施上,或者可以形成诸如电池或燃料电池驱动车辆的移动发电机的一部分或安装在移动式发电机上。
所述电交换系统100被配置用于直接电气连接到车辆的某个部分,诸如图1所示车辆观察板32。图1所示的电气线路28为快速互连型,并且能适用于简单且相对快地连接到电交换系统100的电线108。因此,系统适应并支持对用于存储电动车辆产生的电的能量存储或供应设施的相对容易的接入方式,或对用于向电动车辆供电的电源的相对容易的接入方式。
电交换系统100还包括具有接口箱104的接口交换装置102。接口箱104选择性地适合于安装合适的电气连接件,诸如所述的输入电线或插座108,用于连接到相配的电线,诸如电动车辆2的电线28。接口箱104还可包括与导线108、110电气连接的接触开关106,用于选择性地使输入电线108与输出电线110电气相通。特别是,接触开关106可由诸如系统用户或控制子系统启动,以便启动机械开关112。开关112可置于闭合位置,用于使电线108与输出导线110电气相通。该开关也可置于打开位置,用于将输出电线110与输入电线108断开。启动后,接触开关106和相关开关112允许电动车辆向车外站传送电动车辆上生成的电,或者相反,允许系统100向车辆2供电。视使用情况而定,转换器124可供用来在交流电和直流电之间的进行转换。例如,转换器124可将燃料电池10生成的直流电转换成交流电,用于供应给公用电网。转换器可连接到输入电线108,用于通过开关112把电传送到输出电线110。
一个或多个接触开关106和开关112可以是机械开关、固态开关或者是用于启动多个系统部件或将多个系统部件连在一起的任何其它适当的开关。
电交换系统100可以在交换系统处或与输出导线110电气连接的远程设施处存储或接收电能供使用。普通技术人员将容易明白,供给电动车辆的电能可以被生成、存储或接收供现场使用,或者电能可以通过电交换系统100从远处供给电动车辆。
再参照图5,所述交换装置102包括接收插座130,其大小和尺寸可用于接受用户授权部件。用户授权部件包括容许或允许用户接入诸如本发明的电交换系统100的选定装置或系统的任一部件。用户授权部件可以是便携式授权部件,诸如适合系统用户携带的某种类型的便携式记录或存储元件140。存储元件140可以是标准信用卡大小的便携式存储元件,其上已记录了(或其上能够存储或记录)与车辆2和电交换系统100之间的电传送相关联的选定信息。用户授权部件也指包括信用卡、智能卡和其它采用存储元件存储选定信息的类似卡。此类型的记录元件在本领域是众所周知的且被详细描述,在此不必做进一步描述。本发明还考虑了其它授权部件,并且这些其它授权部件可包括无存储器的卡。按照一个实践,用户授权部件是诸如智能卡或信用卡的便携式存储元件140。
接收插座130可采用允许从存储元件140读取记录信息或者将信息写入记录元件140或更新记录元件140上的存储信息的任何机械或电气部件。例如,记录元件140包括诸如磁条的存储元件,适合于存储诸如币值的选定信息,以使系统用户可通过电交换系统100购买供给电动车辆的电,或将车辆上生成的电售给电交换系统100。
作为电交换系统100执行的电操作类型的一种功能,所述装置102还采用变更级或装置122,它在存储元件140位于接收插座130中时改变存储在存储元件140上的信息。变更级122还连接到监视和计算级118,监视和计算级又用于从导线108或110接收电信息。计算级118存储一个或多个变换因子,用于将第一组信息变换成第二组不同的信息。例如,计算级118可变换信息,诸如使系统100与车辆2之间的传送电量相关联的值或数量变换成币值。币值能以选定方式由变更级122记录在存储元件140上。例如,所述计算级118置于电线108、110与变更级122之间,以便把与供应到电交换系统100或从电交换系统100接收的电量相关联的值转换成币值。计算级118采用任何相关联的处理器和存储器,用于存储一个或多个变换因子或变换率,以便将电量准确实时地转换成币值。由于变更和转换器级在本领域是众所周知的且被详细描述,因此普通技术人员可容易明白包括变更和转换器级的组件。普通技术人员也将认识到监视和计算级118或变更级122可置于远离箱114的位置,并通过任何适当的通信链接与其相连。监视和计算级可以是被配置用于计算信息,将信息转换或变换成币值的任何基于处理器的系统。电交换系统100也可以被构建成将诸如币值的选定信息存储在存储器(例如,RAM、ROM、EPROM、EEPROM、磁带、硬盘、软盘等)中,而不是存储在用户授权部件上提供的存储器中,存储选定信息的存储器可安置在装置102或远离它的位置。
按照另一实施例,转换器124可采用或被构建成功率表或电表,以便监视到电交换系统100或来自电交换系统100的电流。所述表因此可以适合于监视通过其中的双向电流。在电流供给车辆或从车辆接收电流时,通过检测交流电压和直接电流的相位关系,所述表能够检测电流的方向,这是众所周知的。所述表可以是商业上可获得的功率表,诸如美国Schlumberger生产的表,并可以采用一对电流互感器,以便监视每个方向的电流。同样,图1中的仪表22可监视通过其中的双向电流。
系统100也可以包括通信链接111,用于传送或接收关于系统或系统100操作的选定信息。例如,通信链接111可以是电话链接,并且诸如包括调制解调器的程控计算机的合适通信硬件和软件可安装在所述系统位置,用于监视系统状态。与系统使用相关联的信息可通过通信线路传送到中心或其它位置。此类型的信息可包括安全状态、使用频率、相关功率表测量的由系统供应或接收的电量、由站处理的金额及选定操作组件的状态,以及其它信息。可以与连接到系统100的移动车辆建立起通信链接,通过该链接来识别车辆,用于解帐目结算/状态/安全目的。这样,系统100的操作可得到监视,以便通过系统供应或接收的能量来进行结算帐目。
按照此处的示教,本领域的普通技术人员可容易用其它类型的通信链接替代电话链接。其它可行的通信链接形式包括导线、光纤、同轴电缆和通过诸如无线电波、微波或红外光束的电磁能自由空间的传输。例如,电信链接可涉及到卫星或地面固定和/或移动接收机的传输。此类技术是众所周知的,且常由电信领域的技术人员为传送信号而采用,并被认为是在本发明的范围内。。
操作中,想向电交换系统100出售电的车辆操作员将电动车辆2停在距电交换装置102足够近的地方,以便在它们之间进行电交换。操作员随后将便携式存储元件140放入箱104的接收插座130。随后,操作员将诸如车辆2的电线28的电线连接到输入电线108,然后启动接触开关106。所述开关随后使正常打开的机械开关112移动到闭合位置,以使输入导线108和输出导线110电气连接。电动车辆2随后将选定数量的车辆生成电供应或下载到车外的电交换系统100。供应到电交换系统100的电量由监视和计算级118或其它合适的电子装置监视。计算级118可根据预定的变换因子把与从车辆供应到系统100的电量相关的值变换或转换成对应或相关的币值。计算级118又启动变更装置122,以便改变记录元件140上存储的币值,该币值表示或反应售给交换装置102的电量。这是通过添加、增值、贷记或改变便携式存储元件的存储部分中预存的币值来执行的,以反应电的销售。
相反,如果操作员要从电交换系统100购买电以供应电动车辆2,则执行类似的处理。例如,操作员将存储元件140放入交换装置102的接收插座130中,将电线28连接到输入电线108,随后启动接触开关106。接触开关106使开关112进入闭合位置,因而使输出电线与输入导线108电气相通。电交换系统100随后把电从合适的本地或远程电源供应到输出电线110。该输出导线将电传送到输入电线108,以便随后传送给电动车辆2。计算级118监视通过电交换系统100传送到电动车辆2的电量,并将供应到车辆的电量转换成对应的币值。该值随后被传送到变更装置122,变更装置122更改或更新记录元件140上记录的信息,以反应对电的所述加载或购买。这是通过减少、减值、借记或更改便携式存储元件的存储部分中预存的币值来执行的,以反应对电的购买。
因此,便携式存储元件作为便携式贷记和借记记录元件,它允许车辆操作员向电交换系统100销售电,或从电交换系统100为电动车辆2购买电。例如,根据已知的变换率,通过更改存储元件140上存储的币值,以表示向系统100销售的选定数量的电,变更装置122可更改存储元件140上记录的信息,以表示销售到系统100的电。另一方面,通过从记录元件对作为供电动车辆2使用而从电交换系统100购买的电量的函数的诸如币值的选定值进行递减、减值或借记,变更装置122可以更改记录元件140上存储的值。
采用按照本发明特性的电交换系统100的重要优点是:它相对容易安置和安装,用于允许电动车辆操作员在选定位置(例如,站点)下载电。在多个易于抵达的位置,电交换系统100为电动车辆操作员提供了紧凑且相对易于使用的装置,用于与车辆双向交换电。此类型的装置易于在多个位置安装,以形成基本连续或系统错列的能量支持基础设施,为电动车辆提供可靠且易于获得的电源,从而允许车辆在整个选定区域自由行驶。
本发明的另一重要优点是:它允许车辆操作员利用诸如存储元件140的易于携带的记录装置来销售或购买电。存储元件可用于对在电交换系统100的位置购买或销售电进行记录、监视或存储。
并且,所述电交换系统100还提供用于向电动车辆供应能量的方便装置。普通技术人员容易认识到不规则充电要求出现在使用电动车辆期间,且通常随机出现在不可预测的位置。因此,所述电交换系统100的安装和使用提供了选定地点的交换装置的方便网络,它允许电动车辆操作员购买电而不必考虑电或能量的偶然耗尽。并且,相同的装置为操作员提供了从车辆下载电的机会。从车辆2下载的能量可售给连接到交换系统100的分销系统。
普通技术人员也将认识到:可以采用其它类型的交易媒体来表示在电交换系统100处对电的购买或销售。例如,装置102可以是投币式装置,并因而可以被配置成接受任何通用货币,以便允许从电交换系统100购买电。相反,车辆操作员或用户可供应用于销售的电。系统100可以提供向电的销售者提供赠券、代价券或现金,以表示在电交换系统100处销售电。
本发明的移动车辆可采用包括传统电源系统及混合电源或发电机的移动车辆电源系统。图6示出混合电源或发电机设计的一个示例,该设计将燃料电池172与燃气轮机部件171连接。按照本发明的一个方面,所述混合燃气轮机电源系统170是直列式燃气轮机电源系统170,它可安装在移动车辆中作为主电源,例如安装在类似于图1所示车辆的车辆中。所示燃气轮机电源系统170包括电化学转换器172和燃气轮机部件171。燃气轮机部件171包括压缩机176、涡轮180和发电机184。来自空气源173的空气通过任何适当的导管引入压缩机176,空气在压缩机176中被压缩、加热、然后释放,随后被引入到电化学转换器172。普通技术人员将容易认识到压缩空气可直接引入到所述转换器,或者可经过诸如预热器168等中间结构,压缩空气在中间结构中被预热到低于转换器操作温度的选定高温。加热的空气和燃料作为输入反应物并给电化学转换器172提供动力。
转换器172将压缩机176引入的压缩空气和燃料174加热,以产生高温排气。排气被引入到燃气轮机180,由燃气轮机180将此热能转化成旋转能量供随后传送到发电机184。发电机184产生可用于商业和居住两者用途的电。利用电化学转换器作为燃气轮机燃烧室的一个好处是转换器作为附加发电机。所示电气连接件188A和188B表明可从发电机184和转换器172两者中提取电。燃气轮机组件和发电机在技术上是众所周知的且可通过商业途径获得。普通技术人员将容易理解电化学转换器和燃气轮机的集成,特别是在参阅本说明书和附图之后。
图7示出电源系统190,其中电化学转换器172′与燃气轮机非直列式连接。来自空气源173′的空气经压缩机176′压缩、排出,然后被引入到非直列转换器172′。来自燃料源174′的燃料被引入转换器,并由此消耗所述空气和燃料。转换器用热方式将燃料分离成非复合反应物(non-complex reaction species),一般是H2和CO,并形成高温排气。排气被引入到与发电机184′连接的燃气轮机180′。所示发电机184′和转换器172′可用于为所示推进电动机186提供动力。系统190还可采用类似于图1中预热器的预热器,以便在将反应物引入转换器172′前对反应物进行预热。
图8示出电源系统95,它采用所示连接的电化学转换器172″、热回收蒸汽发生器208(HRSG)和蒸汽轮机212。蒸汽发生器208作为预热器,将例如空气和燃料的输入反应物预热到低于转换器172″操作温度的所需高温。转换器利用输入反应物,并形成废热和加热排气191。排气191可通过诸如导管的任何适当装置传输到蒸汽发生器208。通过交流换热处理,加热的排气有助于预热反应物173″和174″,同时伴随对与蒸汽轮机相关的诸如水的工作媒体进行加热,以产生用于蒸汽轮机212的蒸汽。在另一实施例中,蒸汽发生器208内部包括用于通过热分离对燃料进行重整的重整器,这一般牵涉碳氢化合物的重整以及将介质(agents)重整成非复合反应物。
图9示出另一电源系统200,它利用电化学转换器72、燃气轮机80和蒸汽轮机212′。带选定撇号、诸如带单个或三个撇号的相同参考数字描述相同的部件。除以上所列系统组件外,所示电源系统200包括第二燃烧室204、蒸汽发生器208′和蒸汽轮机212′。来自燃料源174的燃料和通常由流体容器(未示出)提供的用于重整的水202被引入电化学转换器172。水202和转换器172产生的废热有助于将例如矿物燃料的输入燃料重整成可用的非复合反应物,如氢分子和一氧化碳。来自空气源173的空气最好通过压缩机或吹风机176″引入到转换器172,并与输入燃料组合,以便为转换器172提供动力。转换器172产生一般1000℃左右的高温排气,排气还被第二燃烧室204加热到选定的高温,例如1300℃,以相配燃气轮机180的预定进气温度需要。燃气轮机产生排气输出181,排气输出通过热回收蒸汽发生器208′,随后用于底部蒸汽轮机(bottoming steam turbine)212′。蒸汽轮机输出连接到产生电的发电机184。电气连接件188A和188B表示可以直接从电化学转换器172和发电机184两者中提取电。
图6到图9所示的电源系统提供的优点在于:它们允许通过高效紧凑的电化学转换器与底部装置构成组件的集成,在高效的系统中产生电。以图6到图9所示的方式将电化学转换器与燃气轮机的集成可产生整体功率效率约70%的燃气轮机电源系统。此系统效率表示比先有技术燃气轮机系统和先有技术电化学系统达到的效率有显著的提高。所示燃气轮机电源系统结合电化学转换器提供高级热能和电,同时利用电化学转换器的优点。例如,转换器作为低NOx热源操作,由此相对于传统燃气轮机发电装置,它改善了环境性能。
按照本发明,将电化学转换器172置于压力容器中而帮助电化学转换器与诸如图6和图7所示燃气轮机的底部装置(bottomingdevice)的集成。优选类型的转换器压力容器如图10所示,其中也用作交流换热箱的压力容器220装入了燃料电池组或部件222系列或阵列。燃料电池组222可包括一个或多个电化学转换器172和任何相关硬件,诸如冷却部件、诸如交流换热器的热交换部件等。压力容器220包括排气口岐管224,且包括但不限于燃气轮机、蒸汽轮机、电动机、另一燃料电池、电池等,排气口岐管224用于将压力容器220收集的气体送到底部装置,底部装置可以包括任何其它电源或发电机。压力容器220还包括电气连接器226和输入反应物岐管228和230。在优选实施例中,燃料反应物通过位于中心的岐管230被引入到燃料电池组222,并且氧化剂反应物通过岐管228被引入到位于容器220外围附近的岐管228。
燃料电池组222可排出废气到压力容器220中。通过使用诸如图6中的压缩机76或吹风机的泵,选择性地将输入反应物抽入燃料电池组222,并因此将废气从中抽出,可以控制废气压力,以便适合于与压力容器一道使用的底部装置。
如上所述,在能源系统采用HVAC系统作为底部装置时,电化学转换器172可在高温和环境压力或稍高的压力下操作,或者在能源系统采用燃气轮机时可在高压下操作,并且压力容器和电化学转换器在其中是充当燃气轮机系统的燃烧室。电化学转换器最好是燃料电池系统,它也可以包括类似于美国专利No.4853100中所示和所述类型的交叉梳状热交换器,通过引用将该专利结合在此。
压力容器220可包括与内壁234隔开的外壁238,由此在它们之间形成环隙236。环隙236可填有绝缘材料,用于维持压力容器220的外表面239处在适当的温度。另一方面,环隙可装入或形成热交换元件,用于与压力容器220交换热量。在热交换器的一个实施例中,环隙236及壁234与238可形成用于循环热交换流体的热交换夹套。由壁234与238及环隙236形成的热交换器与压力容器交换热量,并有助于维持压力容器的外表面239处在适当的温度。当然,使用环隙236作为冷却夹套不排除另外在环隙236外的其它地方使用绝缘材料,用于减少压力容器220中的热损耗,或还用于帮助维持压力容器的外表面239处在适当的温度。
在本发明的一个实施例中,诸如壁234与238及环隙236形成的冷却夹套的压力容器热交换器中循环的热交换流体是输入反应物,诸如流入岐管238的空气输入反应物。在此实施例中,岐管228基本上是入口,它们与压力容器220顶部240相邻的环隙236部分流体性相通。另外的岐管(未示出)将环隙236流体性地连接到燃料电池组222,以便空气输入反应物适当地被引入到其中。由壁234与238及环隙236形成的冷却夹套进行的空气输入反应物预热有几个作用,包括预热空气输入反应物以通过再生式捕获废热来提高效率,并包括对压力容器220的外表面239进行冷却。
燃料电池一般利用诸如氢或一氧化碳分子的选定燃料物质的化学势能来分离燃料,以便除了电能外还产生氧化分子。由于供应氢或一氧化碳分子的成本相对高于提供传统矿物燃料的成本,因此可利用燃料处理或重整步骤来把诸如煤和天然气的矿物燃料转换成氢与一氧化碳含量高的反应物气体混合物。因此,专用或位于燃料电池中的燃料处理器被用来通过使用蒸汽、氧气或二氧化碳(在吸热反应中)把矿物燃料转化成非复合反应物气体。
因而将明白,本发明有效地达到上面阐明的目的,这些通过前面的描述而变得明显。由于在不脱离本发明范围的情况下可对上述设计进行某些改变,因此上述说明所含或附图所示的所有内容应理解为是说明性的而不是限制性的。
同样,也可以理解后附权利要求书包括了在此处描述的本发明所有一般和特定的特性以及本发明范围的所有陈述,在语言上,它们可以被说成是在权利要求书范围内。
描述本发明后,作为新发明所要求并要求由专利证书保护的内容是:

Claims (19)

1.一种适合与电动车辆交换电的接口电交换系统,所述系统包括:
接口箱,它具有电气连接装置,用于连接到所述电动车辆的电气连接件;
监视级,用于监视所述车辆与所述接口箱之间交换的电量;
计算级,用于按照预定的变换因子把记录的电量转换成币值;
形成在所述接口箱中的接收装置,用于接收用户授权部件;以及
存储器,用于对所述车辆与所述接口箱之间的电或燃料交换进行记录。
2.如权利要求1所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述用户授权部件包括用于对所述车辆与所述接口箱之间交换的电量进行记录的存储器,并且所述系统还包括变更级,用于根据所述接口箱与所述车辆之间交换的电量相关的值来更改所述用户授权部件的存储器中存储的所述币值。
3.如权利要求1所述电交换系统,其特征在于所述电气连接装置还包括用于将所述接口箱连接到安装燃料电池的电动车辆的装置。
4.如权利要求1所述电交换系统,其特征在于所述电气连接装置还包括用于将所述接口箱连接到具有发电机的电动车辆的装置,而该电动车辆安装了燃料电池、电池、燃烧机和燃气轮机中的至少一个。
5.如权利要求1所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述系统还包括用于从所述电动车辆接收电的装置。
6.如权利要求1所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述系统还包括用于向所述电动车辆供电的装置。
7.如权利要求1所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述系统还包括用于确定电流方向的装置。
8.如权利要求2所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述变更级包括用于在连接到所述电气连接装置时根据向所述电动车辆供应的电量相关的金额来减少所述存储器中存储的币值的装置。
9.如权利要求2所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述变更级包括用于在被所述电气连接装置连接在一起时根据所述电动车辆向所述系统供应的电量相关的金额来增加所述存储器中存储的币值的装置。
10.如权利要求1所述的电交换系统,其特征在于所述电气连接装置包括输入电线,并且所述系统还包括输出电线和连接到所述接口箱的开关,所述接口箱用于选择性地使所述输入电线与所述输出电线电气相通。
11.一种用于在接口电交换系统与电动车辆之间交换电的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
记录所述电动车辆与所述电交换系统之间交换的电量;
按照预定的变换因子把所记录的电量转换成币值;
提供适合接受便携式存储元件的箱,所述便携式存储元件能够记录选定的可变更币值;以及
根据所述电交换系统与所述车辆之间交换的电量相关的金额来更改所述便携式存储元件上记录的币值。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:把所述电动车辆的电气连接件连接到所述箱。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:把所述箱连接到安装有燃料电池的电动车辆。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:把所述箱连接到电动车辆,该电动车辆安装有燃料电池、电池和燃烧机中的至少一个。
15.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:从所述电动车辆接收电,或向所述电动车辆供电。
16.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:根据向所述电动车辆供应的电量相关的金额来减少所述便携式存储元件上存储的币值。
17.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:根据所述电动车辆向所述系统供应的电量相关的金额来增加所述便携式存储元件上存储的币值。
18.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:选择性地使输入电线与输出电线电气相通,以允许通过它们来传送电。
19.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于还包括以下步骤:
提供输入电线和输出电线;以及
提供连接到所述箱的开关,用于选择性地使所述输入电线与所述输出电线电气相通,以允许通过它们来传送电。
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