CN1191469A - 用于家禽和其它动物的高水分营养配方 - Google Patents
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- CN1191469A CN1191469A CN96195727A CN96195727A CN1191469A CN 1191469 A CN1191469 A CN 1191469A CN 96195727 A CN96195727 A CN 96195727A CN 96195727 A CN96195727 A CN 96195727A CN 1191469 A CN1191469 A CN 1191469A
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Abstract
分开了一种含水分的营养配方,该配方旨在用于家禽和其它动物;并公开了该配方的喂料方法,该方法可提高成活率、累积饲料效率和增重。
Description
本申请是1996.2.7提出申请的美国申请系列号08/597,815的部分接续申请,后者又是1995.6.7提出申请的美国申请系列号08/483,297的部分接续申请,它们的全部内容均并入本文作参考。
本发明涉及用于家禽和其它动物的高水分食料,可提供营养物、药物、维生素、矿物质、胆汁盐、表面活性剂、原生物素(probiotics)、酶、肽类、激素、前列腺素、抗氧剂、活细胞、和免疫活性剂。更具体地说,本发明涉及用于家禽和其它动物的高水分食料和加工方法,以增进健康并提高成活率、累积增重和饲料转化效率。
出于经济原因,商业化场所中孵化鸡雏的管理很重视鸡蛋的雏鸡孵化百分率。为达到90%的孵化率,通常将先孵化的禽留在孵化器中达一段时间使晚孵化的雏鸡出壳和干燥。因此,将雏鸡从孵化盘移出时,它们的大小在孵出数小时至约2天内不等(由孵化每只禽测得)。该时期被称为孵化后保持期(post-hatch holding period)。
在商业化孵化场里,将雏鸡从孵化盘移出后就进行处理(接种和区分性别),再放入通常称为“雏鸡盒”的盒内供运送至饲养场。处理时间一般需要数小时,而雏鸡在正式开始运往饲养场之前可在雏鸡盒内再居留数小时。
商业化家禽孵卵养鸡场通常为宽地域范围内的一些饲养场提供雏鸡。在将禽送达饲养场之前一般不提供饲料和水,结果禽在得到饲料和水之前得经历数天。富含脂质的卵黄囊和肝脏内脂质储备物能满足所孵出禽的最低营养需要(Freeman等,Development of theAvian Embryo,London,Chapman and Hall,1974)。所以,禽孵出后有一段时间营养不足是正常的,未必危及它们的生命(Entenman等,The Lipid Content of Blood,Liver,and Yolk Sac of the Newlv HatchedChick and the Changes That Occur in These Tissues During the FirstMonth of Life,J.Biol Chem.,Vol.133,pp.231-241(1940);Vanheel等,Resorption of Yolk Lipids by the Pigeon Embryo,Comp,Biochem.Physiol.,Vol.68A pp.641-646(1981);Phelps等,ThePosthatch Physiology of the Turkey Poult-III.Yolk Depletion andSerum Metabolites,Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,Vol.87A,No.2pp.409-415(1987);Noble等,Lipid Changes in the Residual Yolk and Livetof the Chick Immediately after Harching,Biol Neonate,Vol.56,pp.228-236(1989);Chamblee等,Yolk Sac Absorption and Initiation ofGrowth in Broilers,Poultry Science,Vol.72,pp.1811-1816(1992))。但是,这并不意味着利用蛋黄残余物为出壳后雏禽唯一的营养源就能提供最适的成活率、抗疾病性、或增重和饲料效率。业已证实延时放置会减小随后的成活率(Kingston,Some Hatchery Factors In-volved in Early Chick Mortality,Australian Veterinayy Jour.,Vol.55,pp.418-421(1979);Fanguy等,Effect of Delayed Placement on Mor-tality and Growth Performance of Commercial Broilers,Poultry Sci-ence,Vol.59,pp.1215-1220(1980)),抗疾病能力(Wyatt等,Influ-ence of Hatcher Holding Times on Several Physiological ParametersAssociated with the Immune System of Chickens,Poultry Science,Vol.65,pp.2156-2164(1986);Casteel等,The Influence of Extend-ed Posthatch Holding Time and Placement Density on Broiler Perfor-mance,Poultry Science.Vol.73,pp.1679-1684(1994))和生长状况(Hager等,Education and Production Posthatch Incubation Time andEarly Growth of Broiler Chickens,Poultry Science,Vol.62,PP.247-254(1983);Wyatt等,Influence of Egg Size,Eggshell Quality,andPosthatch Holding Time on Broiler Performance,Poultrv Science,Vol.64,pp.2049-2055(1985);Pinchasov等,Comparison of Post-HarchHolding Time and Subsequent Early Performance of Broiler Chicks andTurkey Poults,British Poultry Science,Vol.34,pp.111-120(1993))。已发现,如果没有其它营养物只提供单独的营养成分如葡萄糖作为单一溶液喂食,不能持续或持久改善生长状况或成活率(Azahan等,Growth,Food Intake and Energy Balance of Layer andBroiler Chickens Offered Glucose in the Drinking Water and the Effectof Dietary Protein Content,British Poultry Science,Vol.30,pp.907-917(1989);Moran,Effects of Posthatch Glucose on Poults Fed andFasted During Yolk Sac Depletion,Poultry Science,Vol.68,pp.1141-1147(1989);Moran Effects of Egg Weight,Glucose Administrationat Hatch,and Delayed Access to Feed and Water on the Poult at 2Weeks of Age,Poultry Science,Vol.69,pp.1718-1723(1990))。
虽然供应水和饲料可使雏鸡生长状态况比不供给饲料和水的鸡雏更好,但在孵化器或运输盒内提供水的尝试一直未获成功。这是由于湿度控制和较高温度对于保障高孵化率很重要,而且由于只有水或单一薄糊中的水会逸出,致使一些雏鸡变湿。雏鸡不能很好地调节自身体温以耐蒸发而引起的变冷作用。因为营养不足不会危及生命,所以商业上在将动物送达饲养场之前不提供饲料或水。
因此,本发明的主要目的是提供给家禽和其它动物高水分食料以增进健康并提高成活率、累积增重和饲料转化效率。该调和物例如可在动物孵出或出世后立即喂食,并且此应用的调和物优选不含小生命刚出世几天中不好利用的营养物但提供易于利用和赋予生长特性优势的营养物。本发明的目的还在于这种调和物:它被稳定化以抗微生物生长,能耐脱水收缩作用,它还可以散装,可以运输,可被挤压(是否先再次混合散装食料均可)并可在该调和物的应用场所被分成配料单位形式。
因此,简单地说,本发明涉及用于增进家禽健康,提高成活率、累积增重或饲料转化效率的方法。本方法包括在孵出的动物开始进食规定食物(包括干食物)之前对其喂料高水分食料。对刚孵出动物开始喂送高水分食料的时间点优选是在孵出的最初5天内,更优选是在孵出的最初3天内。
本发明还涉及用活细胞如酵母或细菌接种家禽和其它动物的组合物和方法。喂给动物的高水分食料含有一些细胞集落形成单位,它们足以对动物接种而产生预期效果。
本发明还涉及用于增进家禽健康,提高成活率、累积增重或饲料转化效率的高水分食料。这类高水分食料含至少约50wt%水,至少约10wt%易消化的碳水化合物和任选地含一种或多种选自下列物质的其它配料:胆汁盐、表面活性剂、酶、酶辅因子、激素、前列腺素、肽类、免疫球蛋白、细胞因子、疫苗和其它免疫调制剂、抗氧剂、氨基酸、氨基酸和氨基酸类似物来源、抗生素、维生素和矿物质。该高水分食料优选制成散装的,挤压成形的形式,并在喂给动物高水分食料的场所被分成配料单位形式。
本发明的其它目的和特征一些是明显的,一些在下文中指出。
对图的简要描述
图1是描绘实施例12的结果的图形。
图2是描绘实施例13的结果的条形图。
业已惊奇地发现,对家禽饲喂本发明调和物(本文中称作高水分食料),能刺激家禽生长,提高家禽的成活率、累积增重和饲料转化效率。用于文中的术语“高水分食料”表示一种胶态物质,其中分散相(淀粉、胶或蛋白质)与连续相(水)结合而生成一种粘稠的、生面团状凝胶,大颗粒(例如大于5μm的粒子)如大豆、玉米或稻米可悬浮于其中。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,首先将高水分食料喂给孵出后5、4、3、2或甚至1天内(对每只禽测定值)的雏禽。优选是在供给干食物或让其随意饮水之前将高水分食料喂给雏禽,更优选就是在对其供给干食物之前。该高水分食料例如可放入孵化器中与待孵化的禽蛋放在一起,这样,雏禽刚出壳就能获得高水分食料。在供给雏鸡固体食物之前先提供高水分食料可减少雏鸡遭受采食干食物同时未饮水之苦的可能性。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,在转运雏鸡之前或期间将高水分食料与雏鸡一起放入雏鸡盒,可使雏禽获得高水分食料。依本发明,优选在转运开始前将高水分食料放入雏鸡盒使得雏鸡在开始旅行(即经由水路或空运从孵化场至遥远的场所如家禽饲养场,它可能离孵化场有一英里或很多英里)之前有机会采食高水分食料。放入雏鸡盒内高水分食料的量不必足以使雏鸡在整个转运期间食用它。
在本发明又一个实施方案中,将家禽从孵化场运送至遥远的场所如家禽饲养场或其它中间设施之后,对家禽喂送高水分食料。在装运之后,一些雏鸡不易于开始采食为之提供的干食物和饮用水。在这种场合下,对被运输后的家禽喂送高水分食料直至家禽开始随意采食干食物和饮水,这样较为理想。此外,对家禽喂送高水分食料也可在此时或甚至更晚的服用药物或本文所述其它物质的时候。
通常在雏鸡盒内装满刚孵出的雏鸡,只为本发明的高水分食料留下很少的余留空间。所以,实际上在雏鸡盒内与高水分食料在一起的刚孵出雏鸡与高水分食料的接触方式是踩在它上面、探着它、啄起它和其它接触方式。由于刚孵出的雏鸡不能很好地调节自身体温以耐因蒸发引起的变冷作用,所以重要的是雏鸡在这些条件下不能被高水分食料弄湿(或因为它变潮湿)。因此,高水分食料当然应该对这些条件下的脱水收缩作用有抗性;也就是说,高水分食料释放的水应不足以弄湿放置雏鸡的盒子底面,或者不能因雏鸡踩在它上面、擦着它、啄起它或其它接触它的方式而弄湿雏鸡。
当最初对家禽或其它动物提供高水分食料时,基于高水分食料重量,其中应含至少约40wt%水(该量多于“干”家禽饲料中所含的水量),优选至少约50wt%的水,更优选约50wt%~约85wt%的水,最优选约60wt%~80wt%的水。有时在本文将非水部分称为“干物质”或“固体物质”部分,这两个术语可交换应用。
碳水化合物为动物提供营养来源,此外还有助于形成固体。通常,易消化的碳水化合物至少应占高水分食料的约8wt%,优选至少占高水分食料的约10wt%,和在某些场合下,至少应占高水分食料的约20wt%。本文希望易消化的碳水化合物包括分离的碳水化合物如玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、小麦淀粉、稻米淀粉、纤维素、果胶、琼脂糖、和胶;生物可获得的糖例如葡萄糖、果糖、和蔗糖;化学改性的淀粉例如改性的玉米淀粉、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、和糊精;保湿剂例如甘油或丙二醇,转化糖;和磨碎的复杂碳水化合物例如玉米、稻米、燕麦、大麦、小麦、高梁、黑麦、粟、木薯、黑小麦和珍珠粉,以整颗的、碾碎的、砸碎的、磨碎的、轧碎的、挤压的、造粒的、脱脂的、脱水的、溶剂抽提的或其它加工方式。用到时,改性淀粉优选至少约占高水分食料的0.01wt%
高水分食料由水和配料的组合形成的混合物形成,其中配料的组合使得从该混合物形成高水分食料,且若有的话,它能满足营养要求。视所选配料而定,制备高水分食料另外可能需要加热该混合物。在一个实施方案中,加热含淀粉的混合物直至淀粉粒子分裂且混合物变成粘稠状。例如参见:Lewis,美国专利No.2,593,577。在另一个实施方案中,高水分食料由含溶于水的胶的胶体溶液形成;某些胶使得无需加热就能从胶体溶液形成高水分食料,而其它的则要求将溶液加热至高于约180°F的温度。胶通常占高水分食料的约0.001wt%~约5wt%。用于这方面的胶通常是植物源或动物源的高分子量分子,一般具有胶体性质,它在合适的溶剂中能产生凝胶,例如得自海草的琼胶、藻胶和卡拉胶,植物渗出物例如阿拉伯树胶、加贴胶和黄耆胶,植物提取物例如果胶,植物籽例如胍尔豆、角豆荚,和动物渗出物例如血浆、血清白蛋白、卵白蛋白、几丁质和明胶。其它胶包括直链淀粉和支链淀粉和细菌源的胶。例如参见美国专利No.5,217,740。然而在另一个实施方案中,将胶凝助剂如羧甲基纤维素、木质素或木质素衍生物溶于水而形成胶态溶液,它在冷却时形成凝胶。
当高水分食料被混合和加热(如果需要的话)时,就可使该食料现场形成凝胶,该物质转入另一个容器或贮器以散装形成贮存,或者造形成为能方便喂送给动物的形状和大小。在一个优选的实施方案中,可将混合物转入例如桶或可变形塑料的容器,例如容纳约25~约1,000公斤该高水分食料的容器。
为了对雏禽喂送,该凝胶化高水分食料的结构优选使雏禽能啄开高水分食料;也就是说,高水分食料足够柔软使得雏禽啄食时能引起高水分食料分裂或碎裂成可食用的碎片。然而,一旦裂成碎片,高水分食料优选不粘附在雏禽羽毛上或下部。此外,高水分食料优选包括肉眼能见到的粒子。这种粒子例如包括磨碎的配料如磨碎的谷物和籽如玉米和大豆,以及大小一般不超过精米谷物(即约为1mm)的其它粒子。
除非立即对动物喂送高水分食料,否则优选对该食料稳定化以抗微生物生长。也就是说,被密封和在室温下贮存至少约8周时,该稳定化高水分食料中应没有微生物生长迹象。高水分食料例如可通过如下方法被稳定化:消毒,在其中加入微生物生长抑制剂如羟苯甲酸甲酯或山梨酸酯,或调节形成高水分食料用的混合物pH。高水分食料的稳定化优选是通过用酸调节混合物的pH至约3~约4的pH范围内,更优选至约3~3.5的pH范围内。这种酸可以是低分子量羧酸,优选链长为C2~C10,更优选C2~C7,最优选链长为C2~C5。适用的羧酸实例包括柠檬酸、丙酸和富马酸。也可以用磷酸。丙酸的用量占本高水分食料的约0.5wt%~约1wt%;柠檬酸和富马酸的用量可占高水分食料的约0.7wt%~约2wt%。
可以多种方式向动物喂送高水分食料。例如,喂送所需量可从盛料的容器或贮器中挖取、切成小片或其它移取的方法,然后以单位形式转喂给动物。不过为节省劳力,固体物的单位用量可通过泵送或压挤法将散装高水分食料从开口驱出。所得食料在本文被称为挤出物,是以高水分食料的形式,其中含与散装食料大体相同量的水。在一个实施方案中,可将高水分食料装在能压缩的容器内,挤压容器使高水分食料流过型模至动物可采食的场所。在一些实例中,优选是在高水分食料被喂送给动物之前将它与热易变性或其它配料结合;在这些实例中,在室温下或室温附近将热易变性配料加入高水分食料,然后在分成单位用量前再混合。也可将热易变性配料喷到单位用量的高水分食料表面。但在任何情况下,挤出步骤不能引起高水分食料损失有效量的水或破坏所需的结构。也就是说,挤出物优选应至少含40wt%的水,优选至少约50wt%的水,更优选约50wt%~约85wt%的水,且最优选约60wt%~约80wt%的水,均基于挤出物重量;此外,挤出物应足够柔软使得雏禽啄食时能使高水分食料裂开或碎裂成可采食的碎片。
本发明的高水分食料至少含约5%的蛋白质时能抗收缩脱水。为了提高其营养值以适合某些应用如长期喂食,高水分食料优选包括至少约7wt%、更优选至少约10wt%的氨基酸来源例如蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体或类似物、及其混合物。此外,高水分食料中所有易消化碳水化合物对所有氨基酸来源的重量比优选为约0.6∶1~3∶1。氨基酸的实例有必需氨基酸如蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸和赖氨酸。氨基酸前体的实例有2-羟基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸,例如商标为Alimet由Novus International(St.Louis,MO)出售;和2-羟基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸盐如钙盐和钠盐。蛋白质实例包括单细胞蛋白质或蛋白质水解产物如得自酵母、藻类或细菌的那些;分离的动物蛋白质、肽或蛋白质水解产物如血红蛋白,肌球蛋白,血浆,或其它血清蛋白,胶原,酪蛋白,白蛋白或角蛋白;复合蛋白源或蛋白质水解物如乳,血液,乳清,血粉,肉粉,羽毛粉,鱼粉,肉和骨粉,家禽内脏,家禽副产品粉,孵化场副产物,蛋壳,蛋白,蛋黄,和无壳蛋;植物性蛋白质或蛋白质水解物如大豆粉,分离的大豆蛋白,小麦蛋白,小麦胚芽,酒糟和面筋。
尽管在一些应用中并不优选,但高水分食料中也可包括较少量的脂肪。因此,合适的高水分食料可包括至少约50wt%的水和不多于约5wt%的脂肪,优选不多于约4wt%的脂肪。合适的脂肪包括:脂肪酸如亚油酸;分离的植物油如葵花、红花、大豆、花生、canola、玉米、菜籽、油橄榄、亚麻子和棕榈仁;脂肪粉如棉籽、花生、菜籽、棕榈粗粉和坚果粗粉;和动物来源的脂肪如蛋黄、熟猪油、黄油、家禽脂肪、油脂和鱼油。
根据具体应用场合,本文公开的不同方法可采用不同种的高水分食料。这些高水分食料可含有:
约50wt%~约80wt%的水;
至少约10wt%的碳水化合物;和
选自下列组的物质:
至少约5wt%的蛋白质,
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
下列物质的组合:至少约5wt%的蛋白质和至少约5wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
至少约10wt%的蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,和
至少约10wt%的蛋白质。
高水分食料中碳水化合物与各种含氮成分的比可以在约1∶1~约3∶1的范围内。
如果高水分食料至少含约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物或其组合,或者下列物质的组合:至少约10wt%的蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物,则高水分食料还可含有淀粉、胶、或其组合。该淀粉可以是未改性淀粉或未改性淀粉与改性淀粉的组合。如果该淀粉是未改性淀粉,则其用量至少约10wt%。如果该淀粉是未改性淀粉和改性淀粉的组合,则改性淀粉的用量至少约0.01wt%。如果用到胶则其用量可以是约0.001wt%~约5wt%。
为了使雏禽更有效地利用高水分食料中可能存在的脂肪或者为了使雏禽更有效地利用基于卵黄的脂质和蛋白质,高水分食料可含有胆汁盐,胆固醇,表面活性剂,乳化剂,胶粒,或酶如脂肪酶、淀粉酶、麦芽糖酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、或胃肠道系统中常见的其它酶,或胃肠道系统中不常见但具有合适的活性的酶如角蛋白酶。这类消化助剂的浓度依应用场合而定,但通常是干物质的约0.01wt%~约5wt%。
高水分食料另外还可含有维生素和矿物质。维生素添加剂例如可选自维生素A、B12、生物素、胆碱、叶酸、烟酸、泛酸、吡哆素、核黄素、硫胺素、C、D、25-羟基D、E和K。矿物质添加剂例如可选自:钙、磷、硒、氯、镁、钾、钠、铜、碘、铁、锰和铬pincolinate。维生素和矿物质的浓度视应用场合而定,但一般为干物质的约0.01wt%~约5wt%。
通常称作“原生物(probiotics)”或“直接喂食微生物”的细菌、酵母或霉菌制品,被口服或加入动物饲料以对家禽和其它动物提供各种益处例如改变胃肠道的微生物区系/微生物群。被批准应用的那些微生物添加剂参照由The Miller Publishing Company(Minneton-ka,MN)协同The Animal Health Institute发行的“the annual FeedAdditive Compendium和由The Miller Publishing Company发行的the Direct-fed Microbial,Enzyme and Forage Additive Compendium。业已被批准的“直接喂食微生物”有乳酸菌菌株,尤其是归入下列属的那些:乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、和肠球菌属(Enterococcus)。包括下列种:路氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)、德氏乳杆菌乳亚种(Lactobacillus Lac-tis)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus Lactis)、嗜热乳球菌(Lactococcus ther-mophilus)、Lactococcus diacetylactis、和屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faeci-um)。除了这些乳酸菌之外,一些芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的种(例如枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和Bacillus toyoi),一些链珠菌属(Streptococcus)的种(例如屎链球菌(Streptococcus faecium),和酵母与霉菌(例如酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),米曲霉(As-pergillus oryzae)、和球拟酵母菌(Torulopsis sp.)也已被用作“直接喂食微生物”。
所以,本发明的高水分食料可用作载体给家禽和其它动物服用“直接喂食微生物”。当用于这方面时,高水分食料应含对动物有益的足够的酵母或细菌菌落形成单位。通常,用作“直接喂食微生物”的高水分食料每克组合物应含至少约102、优选约104、更优选约106个细菌菌落形成单位或者至少约10、优选约102、更优选约104个酵母菌落形成单位。可以在固化前将酵母或细菌掺入高水分食料,或者当高水分食料固化后将其沉积于食料上或食料内。虽然高水分食料可在任何时候被喂送以改变动物的胃肠道微生物区系/微生物群或提供给动物其它益处,但优选是当家禽孵化后尽可能快地喂给它以至在胃肠道内确立作为优势区系或培养物的直接喂食微生物,于是驱除潜在的病原体。
该高水分食料还可用作载体向家禽和其它动物递送多种其它物质。高水分食料例如可含有肽如麦皮生长因子、转化生长因子、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、促红细胞生成素、铃蟾肽、成纤维细胞生长因子、角质形成细胞生长因子、神经生长因子、血管内皮细胞生长因子、牛促生长素或其它促生长素、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I或IGF-II)。高水分食料也可含有类固醇或多肽激素例如雌激素、糖皮质激素、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、胃泌素、降钙素或促生长素。高水分食料可进一步含有允许用于动物饲料的抗生素如杆菌肽、BMD(杆菌肽亚甲基二水杨酸)、林可霉素、或维及尼霉素或其它治疗药物。高水分食料另外还可含有天然的或合成的抗氧剂如促长啉、生育酚、BHT(丁基化羟基甲苯)、BHA(丁基化羟基茴香醚)、维生素C或谷胱甘肽;受体、转移因子,调节营养物或其它生物活性化合物释放速率的螯合剂或络合剂;免疫活性剂如细胞因子、疫苗和其它免疫调制剂,免疫球蛋白,抗原,杀伤细胞,减毒株,毒素,佐剂或疫苗;或调味剂如食用色素、粗砂糖、牡蛎壳、整颗的籽或谷物。这些添加剂的浓度可以视应用场合而定,但通常基于干物质重量计约0.1wt%~约10wt%。
符合本发明高水分食料营养要求的调和物例如可由下列配料混合物配制(基于高水分食料的非水部分重量):
大豆粉 58%
干蛋白 8%
玉米淀粉 4%
玉米粉 30
Alimet 0.5%
丙酸 0.5
柠檬酸调节pH至 3.5~4含这些配料(和任意地一种或多种文中所述的其它添加剂)的高水分食料可这样制备:将这些配料干混,加入热水(80℃)并迅速混合变湿的配料,其间维持温度在淀粉糊化温度以上至少达1分钟。然后搅拌该混合物,再压入盘、桶、模具或其它贮器或容器。
虽然高水分食料可从家禽起子规定食物配方(starter diet for-mulation)制备,但这种简单混合物易于使游离水分逸出而造成潜在的危害。雏鸡不但遭受由于被逸出水分弄湿而引起的蒸发致冷之苦,还会受采食含不足水分的高水分食料之苦。此外,失去水分会引起高水分食料的结构发生很大变化,使之从雏禽能啄开并采食的食料变成硬的或“坚韧的”和不能被禽接受的食料。所以,高水分食料优选最初至少含40wt%的水,且在供雏鸡食用的条件下,高水分食料应基本上保留它的全部水。高水分食料露置于80℃的温度和70%的相对湿度下达24小时后,它更优选应至少保留其水分的约80%且最优选至少约90%。为提高高水分食料的保水能力,配方中可包括保湿剂、胶、蛋白质或其它配料。
同样,在配方中加入添加剂可改善配料的消化性,这种添加剂例如但不局限于:酶、胆汁盐或表面活性剂。类似地,加入下列物质可改善总体性能:选择的微量配料、矿物质、微生物、生长促进剂、激素、前列腺素如E2或其它能促使提高消化酶活性、营养吸收或总体胃肠道系统成熟的因子。
高度有效蛋白质来源一般可包括水解禽类蛋白、水解酪蛋白、或蛋白胨。反之,低效蛋白质来源例如副产物粉或植物蛋白质可与有活性的营养物质例如蛋白酶或分泌蛋白酶的微生物结合喂送以提高消化性。类似地,碳水化合物如葡萄糖可被选作高效配料,或者更复杂的来源如磨碎的玉米或马铃薯淀粉可用酶辅佐或经历糊化作用以提高其效果。加入脂肪酶、胆汁盐或表面活性剂可改善饱和脂肪的消化性。所以,配方包括高效配料或添加剂或能提高雏禽消化低效配料的操作方法。喂食的配料呈半固态或固态形式。
此外,业已实证雏禽的胃肠道系统不能象成熟的禽那样有效地消化如油脂的某些配料(Fredde等,Factors Affecting the Absorbabil-ity of Certain Dietary Fats in the Chick,J.Nutrition,Vol.70,pp.447-452(1960);Gomez等,The Use of Bile Salts to Improve Absorptionof Tallow in Chicks,One to Three Weeks of Age,Poultry ScienceVol.55,pp.2189-2195(1976);Polin等,The Effect of Bile Acids andLipase on Absorption of Tallow in Young Chicks,Poultry Science,Vol.59,pp.2738-2743(1980);Sell等,Influence of Age on Utiliza-tion of Supplemental Fats by Young Turkeys,Poultry Science,Vol.65,pp.546-554(1986))。个体发育的变化伴随消化能力的提高包括胰酶和肠道酶含量的增大(Krogdahl等,Influence of Age on Li-pase,Amylase,and Protease Activities in Pancreatic Tissue and Intesti-nal Contents of Young Turkeys,Poultry Science,Vol.68,pp.1561-1568(1989);Sell等,Intestinal Disaccharidases of Young Turkeys:Temporal Development and Influence of Diet Composition,PoultryScience,Vol.68,pp.265-277(1989);Noy等,Digestion and Absorp-tion in the Young Chick,Poultry Science,Vol.74,pp.366-373(1995)),起吸收作用的整体肠表面积的增大(Nitsan等,Growth andDevelopment of the Digestive Organs and Some Enzymes in BroilerChicks After Hatching,British Ponltry Science,Vol.32,pp.515-523(1991);Nitsan等,Organ Growth and Digestive Enzyme Levels toFifteen Days of Age in Lines of Chickens Differing in Body Weight,Poultry Science,Vol.70,pp.2040-2048(1991);Sell等,Developmen-tal Patterns of Seleeted Characteristics of the Gastrointestinal Tract ofYoung Turkeys,Poultry Science,Vol.70,pp.1200-1205(1991)),和营养运输因子的变化(Shehara等,Development of Brush-BorderMembrane Hexose Transport System in Chick Jejunum,Am.J.Physi-ol,Vol.240,pp.G102-G108(1981);Buddington等,Ontogenetic De-velopment of Intestinal Nutrient Transporters;Annu.Rev.Physiol.,Vol.51,pp.601-619(1989);Moreto等,Transport of L-Proline andα-Methyl-D-Glucoside by Chicken Proximal Cecum During Devel-opment,Am.J.Physionl,Vol.260,pp.G457-G463(1991))。本发明的高水分食料应尽量少用或不用低效配料并代之以更高效的配料,配料的效果可由随后禽的表现来估测。
高水分食料的喂送量与动物类别、大小、环境条件如温度和湿度有关,而且对于家禽来说还与预放置期长短有关,即在孵化后保持期、处理期和转运至家禽饲养场消耗的总时间。不过大体说来,对于0~2天大小的雏鸡,每只每天至少应提供约5克高水分食料,对于2~3天大小的雏鸡,每只每天至少应提供约10克高水分食料;对于4~7天大小的雏鸡,每只每天应提供多达约20克高水分食料。
如前所述,雏鸡通常在孵化后约2天内投放到家禽饲养场。这样做部分是由于孵化器通常不对孵化的雏禽提供食物和水,且由于雏禽孵出约3天后必须接受水和营养源,否则就会受饥渴。由于本发明的高水分食料组合物可以调节以满足雏禽长大期间不断变化的营养需求,所以它可把将雏鸡送往家禽饲养场的时间延迟更长一段时间或更远地运送雏鸡而不会遭遇与提供水和营养物给雏鸡相关的很多麻烦。于是,例如,对于孵化后约3~约7天的雏鸡,在装运至家禽饲养场之前通常可在孵化器中对其喂食本发明的高水分食料。也可在雏鸡从孵化器装运至中间设施期间对其喂食高水分食料达约7天,然后再装运至普通家禽饲养场。两种方法都使家禽饲养场更有效地利用他们的房子而不会麻烦孵化场给雏禽喂食水和干食物。
下述实施例将举例阐述本发明。
实施例1
1~4天大小的雏禽即孵出后不少于一天且不超过4天的雏禽,被喂食由琼脂(1.5wt%的琼脂和98.5wt%的水)构成或由琼脂和蛋黄(1.5wt%的琼脂、10wt%的蛋黄和88.5wt%的水)构成的高水分固体,逐只测定试验开始后的行为表现,与禁食和未饮水的雏禽比较。结果列于表1。所有喂食法中,雏禽最初重量均减小了,只喂食琼脂对于累积增重或累积饲料与增重比(“FTG”)都没有好处。琼脂加蛋黄对6天和13天大小的累积增重有效果,但累积饲料与增重比(在本文有时称为累积饲料效率)比禁食的雏禽更差。这些数据还表明:有或无蛋黄的单独水合作用(琼脂处理)在本研究中未有益于累积饲料效率。喂食两种含水调和物都提高了累积成活率。
表1
未喂食或喂送含有和未含蛋黄(10%),的琼脂(1.5%)构成的调和物的禽的生长情况
实施例2
处理方法 | 累积增重第3天 | 累积增重第6天 | 累积FTG第6天 | 累积增重第13天 | 累积FTG第13天 | 累积饲料摄入量第13天 | 累积成活率第13天 |
禁食24小时 | -8.0 | 35.8g | 1.66 | 1.95.5g | 1.40 | 274g | 94% |
琼脂 | -7.2 | 32.8g | 1.95 | 193.7g | 1.41 | 273g | 100% |
琼脂&蛋黄 | -7.8 | 37.5g | 1.70 | 197.4g | 1.43 | 282g | 100% |
该实施例中,对于1~4天大小的雏禽组喂送包括起子饲料和水的高水分固体物达24小时或48小时。所有的组都供给足量的高水分固体,让每只雏禽可采食10g。给予的饲料分别占高水分固体25%、50%或100%。从表2可看出,喂食24或48小时含25%干物质的高水分固体后给出最佳累积增重。不过应注意,所有高水分固体示出的累积增重都优于禁食的对照组。当累积饲料效率对体重差异作修正(BW FTG)后,含25%干物质的高水分固体喂送24或48小时情况下又优于其它配方。若对雏禽提供高水分固体,则48小时处理期之后雏禽的累积饲料摄入量大于禁食的雏禽。对于含25%、50%或100%干物质的调和物结果都这样。累积成活率数据表明,干物质百分数更大的高水分食料对应的成活率低于禁食的对照组或25%干物质调和物。
表2
喂食起子饲料和水分组合物的雏禽生长情况
实施例3
处理方法 | 累积增重第13天 | 累积FTG第13天 | BW累积FTG第13天 | 累积摄入量第13天 | 累积成活率第13天 |
禁食24小时 | 280.9g | 1.316 | 1.292 | 369.8g | 100% |
调和物24小时干物质25% | 303.5g | 1.319 | 1.285 | 400.3g | 100% |
调和物24小时干物质50% | 269.0g | 1.342 | 1.323 | 360.8g | 100% |
调和物24小时干物质100% | 286.7g | 1.312 | 1.285 | 375.8g | 94% |
禁食48小时 | 222.8g | 1.371 | 1.372 | 304.6g | 96% |
调和物48小时干物质25% | 284.6g | 1.274 | 1.248 | 362.5g | 100% |
调和物48小时干物质50% | 267.0g | 1.353 | 1.335 | 360.4g | 83% |
调和物48小时干物质100% | 237.9g | 1.394 | 1.389 | 328.4g | 83% |
本实施例中,对于1~4天大小的雏禽组,给每只喂送20g高水分固体,它包括明胶和Alimet(2-羟基-4-(甲硫基)丁酸)基料,加有玉米淀粉或玉米淀粉和赖氨酸。高水分固体中干物质含量约为5%,而每种调和物中各种干物质配料的量基于高水分固体的重量如表3中所示。含有玉米淀粉、明胶和Alimet的调和物示出的累积增重和成活率优于禁食的对照组和其它两种调和物。处理方法2和3与禁食的对照组相比显示更高的累积饲料摄入量,但这些调和物倾向于在孵卵温度下液化,这就会在孵卵时和转运盒中引起麻烦。
表3
喂食含淀粉、明胶、Alimet和赖氨酸的组合物的雏禽生长情况
实施例4
处理方法 | 玉米淀粉 | 明胶 | Alimet | 赖氨酸 | 累积增重第14天 | 累积FTG第14天 | 累积摄入量第14天 | 累积成活率第14天 |
禁食24小时 | 297.8g | 1.22 | 358g | 95% | ||||
1 | 0g | 2.5% | .13% | 0 | 290.8g | 1.32 | 340g | 80% |
2 | 2.5% | 2.5% | .13% | 0 | 317.7g | 1.23 | 392g | 100% |
3 | 2.5% | 2.5% | .13% | .13% | 289.1g | 1.34 | 360g | 80% |
对1~4天大小的雏禽组喂送含有脂肪和蛋白质来源的调和物,喂食时加入脂肪酶以帮助消化脂肪或不加。所有调和物都含有玉米淀粉、Alimet、赖氨酸和胆汁盐、鹅脱氧胆酸。在一种情况下,以卵黄固体的形式一起提供蛋白质和脂肪。在第二种情况下,应用家禽蛋白质和豆油来提供蛋白质和脂肪。高水分固体的干物料含量约为25%,而每种调合物各种干物质配料的量基于高水分固体的重量如表4中所示。表4示出,所有调和物处理方法中均观测到累积增重和累积饲料效率的改善。脂肪酶似乎未提高这些复合脂肪来源的效果。对于未加脂肪酶的卵黄固体,初期累积饲料摄入量更高。应注意,实施例1中也用到卵黄,但不存在碳水化合物来源、胆汁盐、蛋氨酸来源和添加的赖氨酸时,雏禽的表现并不明显。
表4
喂送含蛋白质和脂肪来源、加和未加脂肪酶的调和物(玉米淀粉:2.5%,Alimet:0.05%,赖氨酸0.05%,鹅脱氧胆酸:0.02%)的雏禽的生长情况
实施例5
处理方法 | 添加物 | 脂肪 | 蛋白质 | 累积增重第12天 | FTG第12天 | 累积摄入量第12天 | 累积成活率第12天 |
禁食的 | 253.6g | 1.30 | 329.2g | 100% | |||
1 | 蛋黄(11%) | 7.7% | 3.3% | 284.4g | 1.22 | 345.6g | 100% |
2 | 脂肪酶(2%)蛋黄(11%) | 7.7% | 3.3% | 254.0g | 1.24 | 312.2g | 100% |
3 | 豆油(10%)家禽蛋白质(10%) | 10% | 7.5% | 264.3g | 1.25 | 331.2g | 95% |
4 | 脂肪酶(2%)豆油(10%)家禽蛋白质(10%) | 10% | 7.5% | 257.9g | 1.26 | 312.4g | 100% |
对于1~4天大小的雏禽组喂送琼脂(1.5%琼脂和98.5%水)和琼脂加上直接喂送微生物(1.5%琼脂,88.5%水,10%含微生物载体的Biomate直接喂送微生物),与禁食的对照组比较。直接喂送微生物(“DFM”)包括两种乳杆菌和两种芽孢杆菌。对于每种乳杆菌,直接喂送微生物每克食料含2.2×108个菌落形成单位;对于每种芽胞杆菌,每克食料含5.2×108个菌落形成单位;每组8只雏禽接受1克产物。虽然这种处理的累积饲料效率比单独的琼脂差,但有水和DFM存在下的累积增重似乎提高了。因此,DFM本身可提供一定的益处,且应加入更多营养物于高水分固体中以优化该效果。
表5
喂送琼脂(1.5%)和含直接喂送微生物的琼脂后雏禽的生长情况,其中的直接喂送微生物包括嗜酸乳杆菌与德氏乳杆菌乳亚种,和枯草芽孢杆菌与地衣芽孢杆菌(10%)
实施例6
处理方法 | 累积增重第21天 | 累积饲料对增重比第21天 | 累积饲料摄入量第21天 | 累积成活率第21天 |
禁食24小时 | 710.3g | 1.388 | 985.8g | 98% |
琼脂(1.5%) | 720.5g | 1.386 | 998.0g | 98% |
琼脂(1.5%)DFM(10%) | 724.2g | 1.387 | 1004.4g | 98% |
本实施例示出1~4天大小的雏禽对下列物质的响应:酪蛋白、酶水解酪蛋白以及与蛋白酶解活性来源一起服用的酪蛋白。高水分固体含85%的水和表6中所示的其余配料。处理方法3的调和物中加入0.6%的胃蛋白酶(基于高水分固体的重量);而在处理方法4的调和物中加入能分泌蛋白酶的微生物。所有调和物的处理方法均比禁食的对照组显示更好的累积增重、累积饲料效率和成活率。
表6
喂送含酪蛋白、水解酪蛋白、加有胃蛋白酶的酪蛋白或加有地衣芽胞杆菌(2×166/只)的酪蛋白的调和物后,雏禽的生长情况。
(磨碎的玉米:10%,琼脂:0.25%,Alimet:0.125%,赖氨酸:0.04)
实施例7
处理方法 | 酪蛋白 | 累积增重第12天 | 累积饲料与增重比第12天 | 累积饲料摄入量第12天 | 累积成活率第12天 |
禁食24小时 | 207.2g | 1.34 | 303.4g | 79% | |
1 | 酪蛋白(10%) | 249.3g | 1.21 | 301.7g | 92% |
2 | 水解酪蛋白(10%) | 234.8g | 1.19 | 280.1g | 96% |
3 | 酪蛋白(10)胃蛋白酶(0.6%) | 234.8g | 1.26 | 293.7g | 91% |
4 | 酪蛋白(10%)地衣芽孢杆菌 | 248.8g | 1.19 | 296.0g | 91% |
在本实施例中,对于0~2天大小的雏禽喂送下列调和物:含基于高水分固体重量10wt%的干物质,该干物质包括玉米淀粉(2.5wt%)、蛋白质(5wt%)和葡萄糖(2.5wt%)。对雏禽处理24、48或72小时,测试在孵化器中约2天和转运1天的整个预放置期间处理雏禽的可能性。所有调和物处理的雏禽都比禁食相同时间的雏禽表现出更大的累积增重。此外,用调和物处理24和48小时的雏禽还显示出更好的累积饲料效率。在72小时的时间点上,响应趋于下降。这些数据表明,在2天期间,10%干物质足以改善雏禽的生长状况,但第3天可能需要更高浓度的营养物。应注意,在每个时间段,调和物喂送的雏禽成活率都高于禁食的对照组。
表7
喂送孵化调和物的雏禽生长情况,其中的调和物包括玉米淀粉(2.5%)、猪血浆(5%)、琼脂(0.5%)、Alimet(0.125%)、赖氨酸(0.125%)、葡萄糖2.5%;总计10%干物质)
实施例8
处理方法 | 累积增重第16天 | 累积饲料与增重比第16天 | 累积饲料摄入量第16天 | 累积成活率第16天 |
禁食24小时 | 405.4g | 1.431 | 580.1g | 93% |
调和物24小时 | 435.6g | 1.422 | 619.4g | 96% |
禁食48小时 | 369.3g | 1.425 | 526.3g | 95% |
调和物48小时 | 391.7g | 1.413 | 553.5g | 100% |
禁食72小时 | 331.1g | 1.430 | 473.5g | 91% |
调和物72小时 | 348.6g | 1.456 | 507.6g | 93% |
本实施例中,比较了不喂食的雏鸡与用下列物质固化的调和物喂送雏鸡的生长情况:脱水蛋白、全蛋或胍尔豆胶/呫吨胶,或单纯的米和玉米糊。表8示出用不同方法固化的调和物喂送后雏鸡的初期表现。
处理方法1表示禁食的对照组。处理方法2和3的调和物包括:玉米粉(15%)、玉米淀粉(2%)、大豆粉(12%)和脱水蛋白(3.6%)或全蛋(20%)。处理方法4具有稍多些的大豆粉(16%)以补偿蛋蛋白质损耗,并用胍尔豆胶(0.35%)和呫吨胶(0.05%)的组合物固化。处理方法5是用单纯的稻米(22.5%)和玉米(22.5%)糊。所有调和物都含预混合的富马酸(1%)和丙酸(0.5%)和维生素(0.1%)和矿物质(0.05%)。
称量1~4天大小的雏禽(表8,0天体重)并用10gm/只高水分固体处理或禁食达24小时。接受高水分固体的雏禽接受表8中设计的4种高水分固体之一。然后再称量雏禽(第1天体重),并对所有雏禽提供水和起子饲料供其随意采食。从表8中可见,禁食的雏禽开始时体重下降,而调和物处理过的雏禽则维持体重或甚至增大。然而,第6天的状况表明,更高蛋白质含量的调和物(2-4)比单纯的稻米和玉米混合物更有效。处理方法2-4中雏禽的体重和饲料效率均优于处理方法5中的情况。所有雏禽均比禁食的对照组显示更高的初期成活率。
表8
禁食或用脱水蛋白、全蛋或胍尔豆胶/呫吨胶固化的调和物喂送后雏禽的生长情况,比较单纯的稻米和玉米喂食情况。
实施例9
处理方法 | 处理说明 | 体重第0天 | 体重第1天 | 体重第6天 | 饲料与增重比第6天 | 成活率第6天 |
1 | 禁食的对照组 | 43.5 | 41.8 | 140.9 | 1.305 | 69% |
2 | 脱水蛋白 | 43.4 | 44.8 | 154.9 | 1.121 | 98% |
3 | 全蛋 | 43.6 | 45.8 | 156.1 | 1.175 | 98% |
4 | 胍尔豆胶和呫吨胶 | 43.1 | 43.4 | 155.6 | 1.167 | 98% |
5 | 米和磨碎的玉米 | 43.9 | 45.1 | 147.6 | 1.200 | 100% |
本实施中,将实施例8中所述各种调和物的保水特性与单纯磨碎的玉米和稻米糊的保水特性作了比较。24小时后,加有用于结合水的蛋或胶的调和物比单纯稻米和磨碎的玉米热水浆保留更多的水分。当将它们喂送给1~4天大小的雏鸡后,虽然任何混合物均未能测出逸出的水量,但注意到进食稻米和磨碎的玉米糊的雏禽被弄湿了。这些结果列于表9。
表9
在80、90或100C和40%的湿度下24小时后,调和物中保水率(%)
实施例9a
调和物 | 24小时后调和物中保水率 | |||||
80C | 90C | 100C | ||||
% | g/kg | % | g/kg | % | g/kg | |
脱水蛋白 | 26.5 | 175 | 15.5 | 102 | 16.5 | 109 |
全蛋 | 26.0 | 172 | 22.5 | 149 | 15.5 | 102 |
胍尔豆胶呫吨胶 | 24.0 | 166 | 22.5 | 156 | 17.0 | 118 |
稻米和磨碎的玉米 | 14.5 | 80 | 2.8 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
表9a示出处于80℃和70%的湿度下高水分固体失水量。调和物1-4含有胍尔豆胶和呫吨胶(0.6-1%),20-22%大豆粉和约16%玉米粉,其余为水。保湿剂含量范围是1g(改性玉米淀粉)-50g(丙二醇和甘油)。调和物5和6作为不含保湿剂的单纯调和物实例。调和物5含有21%的大豆粉,11%的燕麦和8.5%的稻米,其余为水。在表9a所示的实验之前,先将所有调和物于室温下放置过夜使混合物吸收水。不存在保湿剂时,胶基凝胶在24小时内失去其19%的水,在48小时后失去34%的水。含保湿剂丙二醇和甘油的高水分固体在24小时内失去其0~10%的水,48小时后失去4-17%的水。改性玉米淀粉在这些条件下表现得不如其它保湿剂那样好。单纯谷物和稻米的混合物在这些条件下保水量最少,头24小时失去24%的水,48小时后失去其47-53%的水。
表9a
含有胶或保湿剂的高水分固体与谷物、大豆粉和稻米的单纯混合物相比,在24和48小时的保水性(80℃,70%的湿度)。
实施例10
处理方法 | 调和物成分 | 其它 | 24小时失水量(%) | 48小时失水量(%) |
1 | 大豆粉,玉米粉&胶 | 19% | 33% | |
2 | 大豆粉,玉米粉&胶 | 改性玉米淀粉 | 20% | 42% |
3 | 大豆粉,玉米粉&胶 | 丙二醇 | 0% | 4% |
4 | 大豆粉,玉米粉&胶 | 甘油 | 10% | 17% |
5 | 大豆粉,稻米&燕麦 | 无 | 24% | 47% |
6 | 磨碎的玉米&稻米 | 无 | 24% | 53% |
本实施例中,将含有大豆粉(12%)、玉米粉(17%)和用富马酸(1%)和丙酸(0.5%)稳定化的全蛋(20%)或胍尔豆胶/呫吨胶(4%)的调和物样品与单纯的玉米(23%)和稻米(23%)混合物比较微生物的生长。所有混合物均在室温下密封贮存(采样例外)。将平板在37℃下的饱和气氛中培养3天。引入MacConkey琼脂以评价革兰氏阴性菌如大肠杆菌(E.Coli)的生长情况。从表10可见,在室温下密封的袋内贮存时,稻米和玉米混合物并不稳定,支持高含量的微生物生长。加热处理不能破坏芽孢杆菌孢子,于是它们成为见于含胍尔豆胶和呫吨胶的调和物中在第1和第2天血液琼脂的菌落来源。但是,芽孢杆菌在调和物中自身显然没有繁殖,因为数量未随时间而增加。稻米和玉米糊中存在的有机体包括革兰氏阴性杆菌、革兰氏阳性球菌和酵母。
还测试了用大豆粉(11%)、玉米粉(15%)、玉米淀粉(2%)、脱水蛋白(6%)制成并用柠檬酸(1%)与丙酸(0.5%)稳定化的调和物抗微生物生长的稳定性。在血液琼脂和MacConkey琼脂上测试时,贮存9周的样品未显示微生物生长的任何迹象。这段时间内样品中未长霉菌,也没有水与高水分固体分离的迹象。
表101∶1000稀释的调和物的微生物生长情况
实施例11
天 | 0.1ml1∶1000稀释物中菌落数量 | |||||
全蛋 | 胍尔豆胶&呫吨胶 | 稻米&玉米糊 | ||||
血液琼脂 | MacConkey | 血液琼脂 | MacConkey | 血液琼脂 | MacConkey | |
第1天 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
第3天 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1067 | 53 |
第5天 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1000 | 0 |
第9天 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1100 | 90 |
本实施例表示数种高水分固体与稻米和各种谷物的混合物相比保留尽可能多地结合的水(倾去多余的水)的近似分析结果。用差分法得到碳水化合物的值。采用活禽进行的特性研究指出,喂送给天大小的雏禽的高水分固体中最适蛋白质含量为10~11%。应用33%的干物质含量时,喂送含10%蛋白质和20%碳水化合物的高水分固体比含4%蛋白质和35%碳水化合物的稻米和玉米混合物在第6天产生更好的增重和饲料转化结果(实施例8)。甚至是100%干物质时,应用基于整谷粒和稻米的混合物或只有整谷粒,蛋白质含量不可能达10%。即使谷物含较多蛋白质如小麦(最大为15%),含50%水的混合物中蛋白质含量不可能高于7-8%。对于小麦和水的混合物来说,10.5%的蛋白质含量将要求70%的干物质。结果列于表11。
表11
玉米和大豆粉和含脱水蛋白的调和物与各种稻米、玉米和水混合物相比结合水的近似分析
实施例12
调和物 | 近似分析 | ||||
碳水化合物 | 蛋白质 | 脂肪 | 灰分 | 水 | |
% | % | % | % | % | |
大豆粉、玉米粉&脱水蛋白 | 19.1 | 10.3 | .7 | 1.0 | 68.4 |
大豆粉、玉米粉&全蛋 | 20.0 | 9.4 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 66.8 |
大豆粉、玉米粉&胍尔豆胶/呫吨胶 | 23.7 | 10.7 | .2 | 1.2 | 63.4 |
稻米 | 33.8 | 3.1 | .8 | .2 | 62.1 |
玉米 | 41.9 | 4.5 | 2.1 | .6 | 50.2 |
稻米和玉米 | 34.6 | 3.9 | 1.3 | .4 | 41.0 |
稻米和燕麦 | 25.5 | 4.3 | 1.2 | .5 | 68.5 |
燕麦、稻米、黑麦、小麦、黑小麦和荞麦 | 15.4 | 3.7 | 1.1 | .5 | 74.8 |
本实验目的在于测定含25%固体组合物的调和物中,脂肪、蛋白质和碳水化合物的最佳比率。进行了实验设计以满足所述目的,用96组雏禽进行了41天研究。本研究中,对1-4天大小的雏鸡喂送调和物或禁食48小时。结果如图1所示。示于图1中的特性参数表示对于第41天2kg适于煎烤的雏鸡估测的饲料转化效率。建立了关于修正至恒定活禽重量的饲料转化效率的响应表面模型。发现脂肪对特性产生很大的负效应。用大于5%的脂肪处理过的雏禽表现出活禽重量减小和饲料转化增大。对于该25%干物质的调和物,用蛋白质和碳水化合物处理产生最佳特性时雏禽的体重修正饲料转化效率为1.72~1.73。用更高含量的蛋白质处理在21天时死亡率最低,而用有效量的脂肪处理则死亡率最高。本实验数据指出,最适易消化的碳水化合物含量为8%以上。
实施例13
本产业中,小火鸡的早期死亡率是个严重问题。它可归于多种因素,包括由于从孵化至放置之间的时间过长而使雏禽不能随意采食饲料和水。本实验中,对于数组1~4天大小的小火鸡喂送含如下物质的33%干物质调和物即:少于1%的脂肪、9~10%的蛋白质和22~23%的碳水化合物,或者禁食食物和水达24或48小时。基于干物质百分数,该调和物含44%的玉米粉、6%玉米淀粉、36%大豆粉、11%脱水蛋白、2%富马酸和1.5%丙酸。按总调和物百分数计,它等于15%玉米粉、2%玉米淀粉、12%大豆粉、3.6%脱水蛋白、0.7%富马酸和0.5%的丙酸。随后,喂给雏禽惯常的饲料调和物。如图2所示,对雏禽的这种喂食法使之在7、14和21天的累积死亡率显出差异:禁食24小时的雏禽死亡率大于喂送调和物达24小时的雏禽死亡率。禁食或喂送调和物达48小时后雏禽的差异更大。在48小时禁食组中,第21天的早期死亡率几乎达20%;而同期喂送调和物的雏禽在本研究中的第21天累积死亡率最低,即小于10%。
鉴于上述,可见本发明的几个目的均已达到。
由于可对上述组合物和方法作更改而不会偏离本发明的范围,所以上述说明中所有内容均应视为阐述性的而不是限制性的。
Claims (51)
1、用于增进家禽健康,提高成活率、累积增重或饲料转化效率的方法,该方法包括在随意提供给家禽干食物之前对家禽喂送至少约含20wt%水的高水分食料。
2、权利要求1的方法,其中将家禽放入盒内用来运往家禽饲养场并且在将家禽放入盒内之前对其喂送高水分食料。
3、权利要求1的方法,其中是这样对家禽喂送高水分食料的:将高水分食料放入孵化器与待孵化的蛋在一起,于是家禽刚孵出就能获得高水分食料。
4、权利要求1的方法,其中高水分食料包括:
约50wt%~约80wt%的水;
至少约10wt%的碳水化合物;和
选自下列组的物质:
至少约5wt%的蛋白质,
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
如下物质的组合:至少约5wt%蛋白质和至少约5wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体,和氨基酸类似物的组合,和
至少约10wt%的蛋白质。
5、权利要求4的方法,其中高水分食料进一步含作为防腐剂、链长为C2-C10的羧酸。
6、权利要求4的方法,其中如果高水分食料含有
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合物,或者
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,
则所述高水分食料还含有选自下组的物质:淀粉、植物胶、和其组合。
7、权利要求6的方法,其中的淀粉选自:未改性淀粉,和未改性淀粉与改性淀粉的组合。
8、权利要求1的方法,其中高水分食料还含有酶、酶辅因子、肽、激素、前列腺素、抗生素、天然的或合成的抗氧剂、免疫球蛋白、免疫调制剂、酵母、细菌、或生长促进剂。
9、权利要求1的方法,其中高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料至少含约102个细菌菌落形成单位或至少约10个酵母菌落形成单位。
10、用于增进雏禽健康,提高成活率、累积增重或饲料转化效率的方法,该方法包括在一定的环境中让雏禽接近高水分食料,在该环境中雏禽能接触并采食高水分食料,此高水分食料包括:
至少约50wt%水;
至少约10wt%的碳水化合物;
和选自下列的物质:
至少约5wt%的蛋白质,
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
下述物质的组合:至少约5wt%蛋白质和至少约5wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体,和氨基酸类似物的组合,和
至少约10wt%的蛋白质;
该高水分食料有保留水分的能力,其特征在于:从高水分食料中释出的游离水量不足以因雏禽接触和采食食料而弄湿雏禽。
11、权利要求10的方法,其中高水分食料进一步包括作为防腐剂、链长为C2-C10的羧酸。
12、权利要求10的方法,其中如果高水分食料含有
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,或者
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,
则所述高水分食料还含有选自下组的物质:淀粉、胶、和其组合。
13、权利要求12的方法,其中的淀粉选自:未改性淀粉,和未改性淀粉与改性淀粉的组合。
14、权利要求10的方法,其中在对雏禽随意提供干食物之前供给它们高水分食料。
15、权利要求10的方法,其中高水分食料含有约50wt%~约80wt%水和约10wt%~约30wt%碳水化合物,且其中碳水化合物对蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物或其组合的重量比为约1∶1~约3∶1。
16、权利要求10的方法,其中高水分食料另外含有:胆汁盐、表面活性剂、维生素、氨基酸、矿物质、酶、酶辅固子、肽、激素、前列腺素、抗生素、抗氧剂、免疫球蛋白、免疫调制剂、酵母、细菌、或生长促进剂。
17、权利要求10的方法,其中高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料至少含约102个细菌菌落形成单位或至少约10个酵母菌落形成单位。
18、权利要求10的方法,其中雏禽是指孵出5天内的雏禽,而高水分食料缺乏孵出后5~10的新近孵化家禽所需的完全营养物。
19、刺激新近孵化的家禽生长的高水分食料,它包括:
约50wt%~约80wt%的水;
至少约10wt%的碳水化合物;和选自下列组的物质:
至少约5wt%的蛋白质,
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
下述物质的组合:至少约5wt%蛋白质和至少约5wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体,和氨基酸类似物的组合,和
至少约10wt%的蛋白质;
其中,如果该高水分食料含有:
下述物质的组合:至少约5wt%蛋白质和至少约5wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,或
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体,和氨基酸类似物的组合,或
至少约10wt%的蛋白质,
则碳水化合物与它的比为约1∶1~约3∶1。
20、权利要求19的高水分食料,它进一步包括作为防腐剂、链长为C2~C10的羧酸。
21、权利要求19的高水分食料,其中如果所述高水分食料含有
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,或者
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,
则所述高水分食料还含有选自下组的物质:淀粉、胶、和其组合。
22、权利要求21的高水分食料,其中的淀粉选自:未改性淀粉,和未改性淀粉与改性淀粉的组合。
23、权利要求21的高水分食料,其中高水分食料含有约60wt%~约70wt%的水和约20wt%~约30wt%的碳水化合物。
24、刺激新近孵化的家禽生长的高水分食料,它包括:约50wt%~约80wt%的水,至少约10wt%的碳水化合物,和选自下列物质的添加剂:胆汁盐、表面活性剂、酶、酶辅因子、激素、前列腺素、肽、免疫球蛋白、免疫调制剂、抗氧剂、和抗生素。
25、权利要求24的高水分食料,该高水分食料含有约60wt%~约70wt%的水和约20wt%~约30wt%的碳水化合物。
26、用酵母或细菌接种家禽的方法,该方法包括对家禽喂送高水分食料,该高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料至少约50wt%的水和至少10个酵母菌落形成单位或102个细菌菌落形成单位。
27、权利要求26的方法,其中的高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料至少约104个乳酸菌菌落形成单位。
28、权利要求26的方法,其中的高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料至少约104个乳杆菌属微生物的菌落形成单位。
29、权利要求26的方法,其中的高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料至少约104个芽胞杆菌属微生物的菌落形成单位。
30、用微生物接种家禽或其它动物的高水分食料,该高水分食料包括:每克高水分食料约50wt%~约80wt%的水和至少约102个细菌菌落形成单位。
31、权利要求30的高水分食料,其中的细菌是乳酸菌。
32、权利要求30的高水分食料,其中的细菌是乳杆菌属的一种。
33、权利要求30的高水分食料,其中的细菌是芽胞杆菌属的一种。
34、权利要求30的高水分食料,其中该高水分食料每克至少含约106个乳杆菌菌落形成单位。
35、刺激家禽或其它动物生长的挤出物,它包括含至少约50wt%的水和至少约10wt%的碳水化合物的高水分食料。
36、权利要求35的挤出物,该挤出物另外包括选自下列的物质:
至少约5wt%的蛋白质,
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
下列物质的组合:至少约5wt%蛋白质和至少约5wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,和
至少约10wt%的蛋白质。
37、权利要求35的挤出物,其中的高水分食料进一步包含作为防腐剂、链长为C2~C10的羧酸。
38、权利要求36的挤出物,其中如果高水分食料含有
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,或者
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,
则所述高水分食料还含有选自下列的物质:淀粉、胶、和其组合。
39、权利要求38的剂出物,其中的淀粉选自:未改性淀粉、和未改性淀粉与改性淀粉的组合。
40、权利要求36的剂出物,其中如果该挤出物另外包括
下列物质的组合:至少约5wt%的蛋白质和至少约5wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,或者
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,或者
至少约10wt%的蛋白质,
则碳水化合物与它的重量比为约1∶1~约3∶1。
41、权利要求36的剂出物,其中该挤出物的特征在于:游离的水量不足以因雏禽接触和采食而弄湿雏禽。
42、用于增进动物健康、提高成活率、累积增重或饲料转化效率的方法,该方法包括:
挤出高水分食料而形成挤出物,该挤出物包括至少含约50wt%的水和至少约10wt%碳水化合物的高水分固体;和
对动物喂送该挤出物。
43、权利要求42的方法,其中的高水分固体至少约含60wt%的水。
44、权利要求42的方法,其中的动物是指雏禽,而对于雏禽喂送高水分固体是在随意提供给雏禽干食物之前。
45、权利要求42的方法,其中的高水分固体含有:
约50wt%~约80wt的水;
至少约10wt%的碳水化合物;和选自下列的物质:
至少约5wt%的蛋白质,
至少约7wt%的氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
下列物质的组合:至少约5wt%蛋白质和至少约5wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体,和氨基酸类似物的组合,和
至少约10wt%的蛋白质。
46、权利要求45的方法,其中的高水分食料进一步含有作为防腐剂、链长为C2~C10的羧酸。
47、权利要求45的方法,其中如果高水分食料含有
至少约7wt%氨基酸、氨基酸前体、氨基酸类似物、或其组合,或者
至少约10wt%蛋白质、氨基酸、氨基酸前体、和氨基酸类似物的组合,
则所述高水分食料还含有选自下组的物质:淀粉、胶、和其组合。
48、权利要求47的方法,其中的淀粉选自:未改性淀粉,和未改性淀粉与改性淀粉的组合。
49、权利要求42的方法,其中的高水分固体另外含有:酶、酶辅因子、肽、激素、前列腺素、抗生素、天然的或合成的抗氧剂、免疫球蛋白、免疫调制剂、酵母、细菌、或生长促进剂。
50、权利要求42的方法,其中的高水分固体包括:每克高水分固体至少102个细菌菌落形成单位或至少10个酵母菌落形成单位。
51、权利要求42的方法,其中的高水分固体包括:每克高水分固体至少约102个乳酸菌菌落形成单位。
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US08/483,297 US5928686A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1995-06-07 | Nutrient formulation and process for feeding young poultry and other animals |
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US59781596A | 1996-02-07 | 1996-02-07 | |
US08/597,815 | 1996-02-07 | ||
US08/647,719 US5985336A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-05-24 | Nutrient formulation and process for feeding young poultry and other animals |
US08/647,719 | 1996-05-24 |
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- 1996-06-04 WO PCT/US1996/009075 patent/WO1996039862A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-04 SI SI9620072A patent/SI9620072A/sl unknown
- 1996-06-04 EA EA199800036A patent/EA001648B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-04 KR KR1019970709046A patent/KR19990022565A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-04 PL PL96323720A patent/PL323720A1/xx unknown
- 1996-06-04 CN CN96195727A patent/CN1191469A/zh active Pending
- 1996-06-04 AU AU61539/96A patent/AU723485B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-04 SK SK1650-97A patent/SK165097A3/sk unknown
- 1996-06-04 EP EP96919116A patent/EP0831718A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-06-04 NZ NZ310705A patent/NZ310705A/xx unknown
- 1996-06-04 CZ CZ973821A patent/CZ382197A3/cs unknown
- 1996-06-04 JP JP9501482A patent/JPH11506617A/ja active Pending
- 1996-06-04 CA CA002222515A patent/CA2222515C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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-
1997
- 1997-12-05 MX MX9709786A patent/MX9709786A/es unknown
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- 1997-12-05 AR ARP970105757A patent/AR011287A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (5)
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CN102481371A (zh) * | 2009-07-28 | 2012-05-30 | 卫泰克实验室公司 | 用于治疗家禽的粘性软质凝胶 |
CN102481371B (zh) * | 2009-07-28 | 2014-04-16 | 卫泰克实验室公司 | 用于治疗家禽的粘性软质凝胶 |
CN109843078A (zh) * | 2016-06-24 | 2019-06-04 | 百士立丰有限公司 | 用于提供在加热下不会变干的可消耗和可消化的水源的方法 |
CN110167341A (zh) * | 2016-11-07 | 2019-08-23 | 百士立丰有限公司 | 用于向新孵化的鸟或爬行动物提供营养和水的方法 |
CN112919943A (zh) * | 2021-03-26 | 2021-06-08 | 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所 | 一种高效去除畜禽粪便中类固醇类雌激素的堆肥调剂及好氧堆肥方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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NO975691L (no) | 1997-12-05 |
AR011287A1 (es) | 2000-08-16 |
PL323720A1 (en) | 1998-04-14 |
SI9620072A (sl) | 1998-10-31 |
US6329001B1 (en) | 2001-12-11 |
EP0831718A1 (en) | 1998-04-01 |
MX9709786A (es) | 1998-10-31 |
JPH11506617A (ja) | 1999-06-15 |
NO975691D0 (no) | 1997-12-05 |
EA199800036A1 (ru) | 1998-08-27 |
US5985336A (en) | 1999-11-16 |
NZ310705A (en) | 1999-08-30 |
EA001648B1 (ru) | 2001-06-25 |
AU6153996A (en) | 1996-12-30 |
CA2222515A1 (en) | 1996-12-19 |
AR002420A1 (es) | 1998-03-11 |
CZ382197A3 (cs) | 1998-07-15 |
KR19990022565A (ko) | 1999-03-25 |
SK165097A3 (en) | 1998-09-09 |
WO1996039862A1 (en) | 1996-12-19 |
CA2222515C (en) | 2007-09-25 |
AU723485B2 (en) | 2000-08-31 |
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