CN1174513C - 阳极被清洁的低流出物燃料电池 - Google Patents

阳极被清洁的低流出物燃料电池 Download PDF

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CN1174513C
CN1174513C CNB99814892XA CN99814892A CN1174513C CN 1174513 C CN1174513 C CN 1174513C CN B99814892X A CNB99814892X A CN B99814892XA CN 99814892 A CN99814892 A CN 99814892A CN 1174513 C CN1174513 C CN 1174513C
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M·E·戈曼
B·L·穆拉奇
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Abstract

以氢为燃料的燃料电池使阳极流场(16′)排气中的残余燃料在催化转化器(69)中反应或者通过将阳极排气(50)供给到阴极氧化剂流(74)中而反应。对进入阴极氧化剂流(74)中的阳极排气(50)的流量控制可以响应可燃性传感器(54)、气体成分分析仪(57)、输出电流，或者可定期响应计时器(66)；该阳极排气(50)既可以供给到阴极空气进口鼓风机(30)的上游，也可以在该鼓风机(30)的下游。

Description

阳极被清洁的低流出物燃料电池
技术领域
本发明涉及对从燃料电池的阳极流场流出的残余燃料的清除，从而使得该流动足够清除在该电池的阳极侧积累的惰性残余物。
背景技术
在所有燃料电池中，尤其是氧化剂由空气供给的燃料电池中，惰性气体分子，尤其是氮分子通过电解质扩散并在电池的燃料侧(阳极)积累。惰性残余物的积累最终将阻碍氢燃料到达阳极催化剂和电解质，这最终将导致电池性能的明显损失。阳极流出物总是包含残余的燃料，该阳极流出物的排出在多数情况下是不希望的，因为未反应的燃料将引起安全隐患，同时还认为将污染空气。通常，燃料电池动力厂设计成以烃燃料(天然气、甲醇或汽油)工作，并通常利用阳极排气作为燃烧器的燃料源，该燃烧器是处理燃料以便将燃料制成富氢气流的装置所必须的；阳极排气中的全部燃料都已燃烧，因此将没有未燃烧的燃料排出该动力厂。
尽管在某些空间和军事应用中采用这样的以氢为燃料的燃料电池动力厂，即该燃料电池动力厂没有燃料处理器，且或者堵住阳极(不允许任何流出物从阳极流出)，或者简单地将阳极排气泵送到外界环境中，但是以氢为燃料的动力厂也有其它用途，尤其是在车辆中，例如汽车，在这些用途中，既不能容忍由于惰性残余物在阳极侧堆积而可能导致的性能退化，也不能容忍含燃料的排气。堵塞的燃料流将导致微量级的杂质的积累，这需要有排出到外界环境中的燃料出口。
发明内容
本发明的目的包括提供一种以氢为燃料的燃料电池，该燃料电池在阳极流场中的流动足够将阳极的惰性残余物清除，而无燃料废气排出到外界环境中。
根据本发明，燃料电池的阳极排气在排出到外界大气中之前，通过与氧化剂的催化反应而燃烧，该氧化剂通常为空气。根据本发明的第一形式，该阳极排气供给阴极进口总管，这样，未反应的氢能够与进口空气混合，并在燃料电池的阴极侧通过铂催化剂安全反应，以便从电池的阴极侧排出物中清除几乎全部的氢。氢在阴极侧反应形成水，在某些燃料电池如质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池中，该水有提高该燃料电池的水平衡的附加优点，因为它增加了在电池的正常电化学反应中产生的生产用水(process water)。在本发明的该形式中，阳极排气可以在鼓风机之前或之后加入，与进口空气混合的阳极排气的流速能够根据进口空气中的氢含量、阳极流出物的气体分析、由该燃料电池向负载供给的电流或者其它参数而控制。从阳极出来的排气流可以以稳定的速度或变化的速度持续进行，或者打开和关闭，以便根据预定的计划定期进行清除。根据本发明的另一形式，该阳极流出物可以经过催化转化器(机械类似于在摩托车中所用的普通转化器，用于转化氮氧化物、一氧化碳和未结合的碳氢化合物(unbonded hydrocarbon))，从而在排出到大气中之前消耗氢，例如用在燃料电池电动汽车的排气中。
附图说明
图1-5是燃料电池系统的一部分的程式化的示意图，其中，通过使阳极排气经过阴极流场而实现本发明。
图6是燃料电池系统的一部分的程式化的示意图，其中，通过使阳极排气经过催化转化器而实现本发明。
图7是各燃料电池参数作为时间的函数的曲线图，有和没有燃料回流到阴极流中。
具体实施方式
一种可采用本发明的PEM燃料电池实例如美国专利5503944所述。众所周知，燃料电池系统或动力厂包括许多彼此相邻设置的燃料电池，以便形成电池块(stack)组件。参考图1，各电池包括；一隔膜8；一阳极基片10和一阳极催化剂层12；一阴极基片18和一阴极催化剂层20；一阳极流场板2′；以及一阴极流场板2。该流场板2和2′与以面对面设置的凸起4和4′背对背定位。槽6和6′组合形成在该电解质隔膜8的阳极侧和阴极侧的冷却水流场。凸起14′抵住阳极基片10；凸起14抵住阴极基片18。因此，槽16′形成阳极反应物流场，槽16形成阴极反应物流场。
图1还示意表示了该电池块组件的系统部件。动力厂的所有阳极反应物流场16′由其供给源罐22供给富氢的燃料气体反应物。该氢反应物从供给源通过供给管道24流向阳极流场16′。流过该供给管道24的富氢燃料的量和压力通过供给阀26和供给调节器28控制，该供给阀26和供给调节器28可以是手动或自动操作。所有的阴极流场16都通过鼓风机30和空气管道32供给氧化剂，例如空气。这样，在本实施例中，用于电化学反应的氧来自外界空气。
冷却水通过管道34而在该动力厂电池单元中循环。该冷却水流过板2和2′之间的冷却剂通道36。冷却水通过泵38循环，该泵可以是恒速泵或变速泵。该冷却水循环回路包括一换热器40，该换热器40降低从冷却剂通道36流出的水的温度。分支管道42从管道34通向蓄水池44，该蓄水池可以向外界环境敞开。由电化学反应形成的过量的水，即生成的水通过管道42流入蓄水池44。因此，该蓄水池44提供了所生成的水的接收系统。排水口46可以将多余的水排放到外界环境中。优选是，该换热器由检测从该换热器40排出的水流的温度的恒温器48控制。
根据本发明，阳极流场16′通过管道50和阀52与空气进口管道32相连，该阀52可以根据可燃性传感器54而操作，该可燃性传感器54将保证引入空气进口管道32内的氢的量保持低于4％，从而防止危险情况。与水蒸气一起通过阀52提供给空气进口32的氢进入阴极流场16中，在该阴极流场中，氢在阴极催化剂层20上(与空气中的氧)反应，从而产生热和水。由箭头55表示的阴极流场16的排气将基本不含氢，因此是完全安全的和无污染的。在典型的PEM燃料电池中，阳极排气的氢含量可以是50％-90％。该燃料清洗流设置成这样，即在管道32内氢的最大容积浓度总是小于4％，并通常小于1％，因此，该燃料清洗流能非常安全地引入阴极流场，没有任何危险。如图7所示，燃料电池的工作和温度根本不受将阳极排气引入阴极气流的影响。
除了由气体成分分析器57监测管道50中的阳极排气的成分并由此控制阀52外，图2所示的本发明实施例的其余部分都与图1所示实施例相同。除了阀52通过由普通的电流检测器62显示的燃料电池负载电流控制外，图3所示的本发明实施例的其余部分都与图1所示实施例相同。除了由电磁铁65响应时钟而控制阀52，以便定期打开和清除阳极流场外，图4所示的本发明实施例的其余部分都与图1所示实施例相同。也可以用其它方法控制阀52。除了阀52与鼓风机30的进口相连，而不是与其出口相连外，图5所示的本发明实施例的其余部分都与图1所示实施例相同。阀52的控制方式可以根据前述任意一种方法，或者采用其它方法。将阳极排气加入阴极进口气流中的位置以及是否或怎样对阳极排气流进行控制都与本发明无关，本发明的形式是这样，即简单地将阳极流出物至少在某些时间内提供给阴极流场，以便燃烧剩余的燃料，从而将惰性组分从电池的阳极侧清除，且不会污染大气或不会由于排气中的燃料而产生安全隐患。
在有或没有阳极燃料排气回流到阴极处理空气进口气流中的情况下，对燃料电池的各种操作参数进行测量。图7表示在测试过程中这些参数的趋势。在图7中，测试开始时没有燃料加入阴极；大约38分钟后，阳极燃料排气以2500ccm(即立方厘米每分钟)的速度回流到阴极处理空气进口气流中；在大约48分钟时，进入处理空气进口气流中的附加燃料的速度减小到大约650ccm；在大约57分钟时，进入处理空气的燃料流终止。数据的趋势显示，由于将燃料注入处理空气中而使电池电压和电池温度的参数的变化很小。
本发明的另一种形式如图6所示，并没有将阳极流出物施加到阴极流场中，而是通过管道70将阳极流出物施加到催化转化器69中，该转化器的排气释放到外界环境中。通过管道74从燃料电池排出的阴极排气的一部分通过管道75引向催化转化器，以便提供用于燃料催化燃烧的氧化剂。该必须消耗的燃料的量非常小，以至于该催化转化器69不需要提供任何专门的冷却。本发明的该形式可以是由设置于车辆内远离燃料电池处的单独催化转化器提供，或者是由安装在阳极排气总管内的催化剂提供，该方式类似于在本发明人的另一共同待审的美国专利申请文献中所述的总管，该专利申请的序列号为No.169405，申请日为1998年10月9日。在任何情况下，催化转化器都可以有另外的气源，以便与必须燃烧的燃料反应。
前述专利和专利申请被本文参引。
因此，尽管本发明是就其实施例进行介绍和说明的，但是，本领域技术人员应当知道，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以进行前述的和其它的变化，也可以进行省略和添加。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于供电的燃料电池系统，包括：
一电解质；
一阴极催化剂，该催化剂在所述电解质的一侧，设置于阴极基片和所述电解质之间；
一阳极催化剂，该催化剂在所述电解质的相对侧，设置于阳极基片和所述电解质之间；
一阴极流场，该阴极流场有进口，以便氧化剂流入并与所述阴极接触，所述阴极流场有排出口，以便允许排气从该排出口释放；
一氧化剂泵，该氧化剂泵将氧化剂提供给所述阴极流场的进口；
一阳极流场，用于使氢气流与所述阳极接触，所述阳极流场有排气装置；
一个向所述阳极流场提供氢的源；以及
一阳极流场排气管道，该阳极流场排气管道使所述阳极流场的排气装置与氢/氧催化表面相连，从而将所述阳极流场的排气中的氢消耗掉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中：
所述阳极流场排气管道使所述阳极流场的排气装置与所述阴极流场的进口相连，而所述氢/氧催化表面包括所述燃料电池的所述阴极基片的表面。
3.根据权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述阴极流场的排气排出到外界环境中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述氢/氧催化表面包括一个有氧化剂进口的催化转化器，所述催化转化器与所述燃料电池分开，所述阳极流场排气管道使所述阳极流场的排气装置与所述催化转化器相连，所述催化转化器的排气排放到外界环境中。
5.根据权利要求4所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述阴极流场的排气被引向所述催化转化器的所述氧化剂进口。
6.根据权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述氢/氧催化表面包括一个有氧化剂进口的催化转化器，所述氧化剂进口形成于所述燃料电池的阳极流场出口总管内，所述阳极流场排气管道包括所述总管，所述催化转化器的排气排放到外界环境中。
7.根据权利要求6所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述阴极流场的排气被引向所述催化转化器的所述氧化剂进口。
8.根据权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述氧化剂是空气。
9.根据权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统，还包括：
在所述阳极流场排气管道中的流量控制阀。
10.根据权利要求9所述的燃料电池系统，其中：控制所述流量控制阀，以便提供间断流。
11.根据权利要求10所述的燃料电池系统，其中：根据预定的时间表控制所述流量控制阀，以便提供间断流。
12.根据权利要求9所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述流量控制阀根据在所述阴极流场的进口处的阳极排气和氧化剂的混合物中氢的量来测量流量。
13.根据权利要求9所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述流量控制阀根据所述阳极流场的排气中的气体成分来测量流量。
14.根据权利要求9所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述流量控制阀根据所述燃料电池的电流输出来测量流量。
15.根据权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述阳极流场通过所述排气管道连接在所述氧化剂泵的下游。
16.根据权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统，其中：所述阳极流场通过所述排气管道连接在所述氧化剂泵的上游。
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ID30053A (id) 2001-11-01
CN1331846A (zh) 2002-01-16
WO2000039877A1 (en) 2000-07-06
KR20010089695A (ko) 2001-10-08
DE69920279T2 (de) 2005-11-10
AU2711000A (en) 2000-07-31
JP2002534761A (ja) 2002-10-15
DE69938203D1 (de) 2008-04-03
EP1473792B1 (en) 2008-02-20
EP1153454B1 (en) 2004-09-15
KR100711152B1 (ko) 2007-05-02
DE69920279D1 (de) 2004-10-21
EP1153454A1 (en) 2001-11-14
EP1473792A1 (en) 2004-11-03
BR9916509A (pt) 2001-09-04
DE69938203T2 (de) 2009-03-05
EP1153454A4 (en) 2003-03-12

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