CN117441557A - Method for improving growth performance and soil improvement of facility tomatoes - Google Patents
Method for improving growth performance and soil improvement of facility tomatoes Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the growth and soil improvement of a facility tomato, which is characterized in that soil is ploughed 20 days in advance before the tomato is planted, and simultaneously the soil is buried under the depth of 20cm according to the standard of 2.25t/ha of biochar and 3.94t/ha of straw particles. The biogas slurry is applied along with the arrangement of biochar and straw particles as a base fertilizer 20 days in advance, and the total nitrogen is taken as a principle, and the application amount is 2.53 multiplied by 10 4 L/ha; and planting the tomato seedlings which are well cultivated and have good growth conditions and consistent growth vigor in a greenhouse, applying fertilizer and irrigating regularly, and finally counting indexes such as yield and quality of tomatoes, physicochemical properties of soil and the like. The invention adopts a mode of combining straw particles and biochar for application, saves planting cost, improves soil fertility, increases organic carbon content, promotes photosynthesis of crops on one hand, and can also improve the atmospheric temperature of a greenhouse, maintain and improve soil temperature on the other hand, thereby promoting crop growth and development and improving yield. Can effectively improve the yield and quality of tomato fruits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, and discloses a method for improving the growth and soil improvement of a facility tomato, in particular to a method for improving the growth and soil improvement of the facility tomato by reducing the use amount of biochar and chemical fertilizer through straw returning and biogas slurry application.
Background
Biochar is a carbonaceous material made from organic materials by high temperature heating. The biochar is applied into the soil, and due to the high porosity and the surface area of the biochar, the water retention capacity of the soil can be increased, the organic matter content of the soil can be increased, the structure of soil aggregate can be improved, the soil fertility, the soil air permeability and the water permeability can be improved, the nutrients can be adsorbed and maintained, and the risks of nutrient diversion and leaching are reduced. However, the production cost is high, a certain amount of carbon dioxide can be generated in the production process, and the biochar can absorb nutrients and has the capability of slow release. In some cases, however, the application of biochar may result in the limitation of certain nutrients (e.g., nitrogen), thereby affecting plant growth and yield.
Straw returning is a common recycling mode and is one of the most environment-friendly treatment methods at present. Straw returning is applied to a greenhouse to play a role in maintaining and improving the soil temperature; meanwhile, during the growth period of tomatoes, the straws are used for explaining and amplifying a large amount of carbon dioxide, so that the soil fertility is improved, the organic carbon content is increased, on one hand, the photosynthesis of crops is promoted, the growth and development of the crops are promoted, the yield is improved, and on the other hand, the atmospheric temperature of a greenhouse can be also improved. However, when the straw is directly returned to the field without treatment, the decomposition period is possibly too long, the crop diseases and insect pests are aggravated, the grain yield is reduced, and the growth of the next crop is affected; or the straw returning operation is incorrect, the soil ventilation is poor due to the overlarge straw returning density, and the improvement of the soil fertility is influenced due to the small straw returning density, and the growth of tomatoes is finally influenced.
A large amount of nutrient substances are required to be provided in the growth process of crops in the greenhouse, so that the application of chemical fertilizers is avoided, but the blind application of the chemical fertilizers can lead to the loss of soil nutrients in the greenhouse, organic carbon is leached and migrated along with water, the waste of resources is caused, and the soil environment is polluted. The biogas slurry after biogas engineering treatment fermentation is a high-quality organic fertilizer, is rich in trace elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required by crop growth and bioactive substances such as auxin, vitamin and amino acid, not only can utilize the feces generated by livestock as a resource to avoid environmental pollution, but also can greatly promote soil fertility, promote crop growth and improve disease resistance of crops, and can efficiently and environmentally replace chemical fertilizers. However, the large amount of biogas slurry is difficult to be used in time and needs to be stored for a long time, the cost of preservation and transportation is high, and a large amount of greenhouse gases can be generated in the process of storing the biogas slurry, so that the process of warming the atmosphere is accelerated.
In summary, in order to optimize the defects existing when the biochar, the straw and the biogas slurry are used independently, the biochar, the straw and the biogas slurry are used cooperatively and treated, straw particles are used for replacing the biochar, so that the production cost is saved, and the uncertainty caused by the straw particles is prevented; degrading the straw by utilizing microorganisms in the biogas slurry, accelerating the decomposition of the straw, avoiding affecting the growth of the next crop and improving the soil fertility; the biogas slurry is subjected to decrement treatment by utilizing the pore structure of the straw, so that the storage cost is reduced, the biogas slurry resource is timely utilized, and the growth of weeds can be inhibited. Meanwhile, a large amount of water exists in the biogas slurry, the water quantity is regulated and controlled, the water resource utilization efficiency is improved, and the water resource utilization efficiency, the water resource utilization efficiency and the water resource utilization efficiency are optimized, so that the optimal planting collocation method for obtaining the maximum yield and the optimal quality of tomatoes and improving the soil property is obtained.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of excessively high cost of applying biochar, overlong straw returning decomposition period, aggravated crop diseases and insect pests, high biogas slurry storage cost, reduction of greenhouse gas emission, improvement of water resource utilization efficiency and the like, the invention provides a method for improving the growth and soil improvement of a facility tomato, which reduces the using amount of biochar and chemical fertilizer by straw returning and biogas slurry application.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides a technical solution as follows:
the invention adopts four-factor three-level orthogonal arrangement treatment, adds a conventional control treatment group, and has total 10 experimental groups, wherein each group of experiments is repeated 3 times, and the total is 30 experimental plots.
Except three variables of arrangement quantity of biochar and straw, fertilization type and irrigation quantity, the invention has consistent growth conditions (such as illumination intensity, initial soil fertility and the like) and management modes (irrigation and fertilization time, weed treatment and the like), and is scientifically arranged according to the requirement of proper growth of tomatoes.
According to the invention, before tomato field planting, a rotary cultivator is adopted to carry out soil ploughing with different depths in advance for 20 days, and simultaneously biochar and straw particles are arranged and buried into the soil with the depth of 20cm.
Further, the selected straw is corn straw, and the carbon content is 40%; the selected biochar is wooden biochar, the carbon content is 70%, and the biochar is arranged on the principle of equal carbon content.
Furthermore, the straws used in the invention are treated in advance by using a granulator, and the granules meeting the requirements are selected. The biogas slurry water ratio in the invention is formulated according to the soil condition and the growth requirement of crops, and the same is true for the fertilization level in the control group.
Furthermore, the biogas slurry used in the invention is the biogas slurry containing mineral nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements and the like and bioactive substances, and is fully decomposed, and the experimental group is used as a base fertilizer in tomato cultivation and an additional fertilizer in the growth process. Completely replace the fertilizer to be used singly.
The total nitrogen content of the biogas slurry obtained through treatment in the invention is 800-1600mg/L, 1200mg/L is taken, and the total nitrogen content required by each tomato plant is 12 g/plant.
The fertilizer used in the control group is urea, the nitrogen content is 46%, the fertilizer application amount is formulated according to the fertilizer application amount required by the local tomato planting, the fertilizer application amount is 220kg/ha, the total amount of biogas slurry and the total amount of urea are kept consistent, and the total nitrogen is used as a balance index.
In the invention, 30% of urea applied by a control group is used as a base fertilizer, the base fertilizer is applied during soil plowing, the rest urea is used as additional fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is applied along with water drops for 10 times in the growing period of tomatoes.
The full water filling quantity (W) of the invention is the soil field water holding quantity (theta) f ) Is reasonably irrigated according to the water demand period of the tomato in each growth period, and the watering time is arranged in the morning.
The irrigation components in the invention are formed by mixing water and biogas slurry, the water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation of the drip irrigation tape is adopted, the drip irrigation is carried out once every other week, the water is used as additional fertilizer and irrigation, and the water is supplemented according to the water condition of plants at other times.
Further, the tomato variety is 'golden brick' tomato, and the tomato variety has beautiful appearance, uniform size, good taste, good flavor and rich nutrition value. The field planted tomato seedlings are self-bred, the seedling stage is 40-50 days, and five leaves are one heart.
Further, the growth condition of the selected tomato plants is close to that of the consistent tomatoes.
The growing period of the tomatoes is divided into a flowering and fruit setting period, a fruiting period and a full-fruit ripening period after field planting, wherein the flowering and fruit setting period is 25 days after field planting, the fruiting period is 50 days after field planting, and the full-fruit ripening period is 70 days after field planting.
The invention finally takes the yield and quality of tomatoes, the physicochemical property of soil, the water utilization efficiency and the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity as comparison indexes.
Further, the tomato yield index measuring method comprises the following steps: each treatment randomly selects 5 tomato plant markers, counts and weighs tomato plants marked in each cell, and obtains the average weight and the average number, thereby calculating the cell yield, and then obtains the average single fruit weight and the average yield in the same treated cell.
Further, the tomato yield index measuring method comprises the following steps: measuring the marked tomato samples of 5 plants, taking the final average value as the final quality, and measuring the Vc content of the tomatoes by adopting a 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol method; determining the content of soluble sugar by using an allidone colorimetric method; the content of the soluble protein is determined by adopting a Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 method; carrying out lycopene determination on tomato sample treatment and lycopene extraction by using a spectrophotometry method; the soluble solids were measured using near infrared spectroscopy.
Further, the soil physical and chemical index measuring method comprises the following steps: measuring soil total nitrogen by a Kjeldahl method; the available phosphorus is measured by adopting a sodium bicarbonate leaching-molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method; measuring quick-acting potassium by NH4Oac leaching-flame photometry; the soil organic matter is measured by adopting a potassium dichromate-external heating method; the pH value of the soil is measured by adopting a conductivity method; the calculation formula of the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity is as follows:
PFP is the productivity of nitrogenous fertilizer bias, kg/kg; y is crop yield, kg; f is the input amount of nitrogen fertilizer, kg.
Further, the method for measuring the water use efficiency comprises the steps of: drying and weighing the marked fresh weight plants, and obtaining a final average value. The calculation formula of the water utilization efficiency is as follows:
ET＝I-ΔW
wherein WUE is the water utilization efficiency kg/m 3 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Y is the dry matter yield kg/ha; ET is water consumption; i is irrigation water quantity; Δw is the initial and final soil moisture change in the test.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention adopts a mode of combining straw particles and biochar for application, saves planting cost, improves soil fertility, increases organic carbon content, promotes crop photosynthesis on one hand, and can also improve greenhouse atmospheric temperature, maintain and improve soil temperature on the other hand, thereby promoting crop growth and development and improving yield.
2. The straw returning fully utilizes the straw as a resource, avoids in-situ burning, and plays a role in protecting the environment. Meanwhile, the covering cost is saved, the material can be obtained locally and utilized efficiently, the economic benefit of crop planting is improved, and the method has very important significance for agricultural production.
3. The biogas slurry is a high-quality organic fertilizer, not only utilizes the feces generated by livestock as a resource and avoids environmental pollution, but also greatly improves the soil fertility, is more suitable for the nutrient requirements of tomato plants, promotes the crop growth, improves the crop quality, is favorable for preventing insect pests and improving the disease resistance of crops, and can efficiently and environmentally replace chemical fertilizers.
4. The invention adopts the synergistic use and treatment of the straw biogas slurry, utilizes the microorganisms in the biogas slurry to degrade the straw, accelerates the decomposition of the straw, avoids affecting the growth of the next crop, and improves the soil fertility; the biogas slurry is subjected to decrement treatment by utilizing the pore structure of the straw, so that the storage cost is reduced, the biogas slurry resource is timely utilized, and the growth of weeds can be inhibited.
5. Meanwhile, a large amount of water exists in the biogas slurry, the water quantity is regulated and controlled, the water resource utilization efficiency is improved, and the optimal planting collocation method for obtaining the maximum yield and the optimal quality of tomatoes is obtained by optimally blending the water resource utilization efficiency, the water resource utilization efficiency and the water resource utilization efficiency.
6. The method for improving the yield and quality of tomatoes by applying the biochar, the straw and the biogas slurry in the greenhouse and regulating and controlling the moisture can effectively improve the yield and quality of the tomatoes, the physical and chemical properties of soil, the water utilization efficiency and the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the advantages, capabilities and features of the present invention by those skilled in the art. It will be apparent that the described embodiments are only some, but not all, embodiments of the invention.
The experiment adopts a completely random design, sets four factors of biochar application amount, straw application amount, fertilizer type and irrigation amount quota, sets three levels for each factor, and takes the water and fertilizer amount of the local conventional tomato planting as a comparison. Four-factor three-horizontal orthogonal arrangement treatment, total 10 groups of experiments, each treatment set 3 replicates, 30 cells. The area of the experimental plot is 5 m×5 m, the row spacing of tomato planting is 70 cm, the spacing is 50 cm, the number of plants planted in the plot is about 88 plants, drip irrigation water pipes are buried in the middle of each row spacing, and the experimental plot is covered by black mulching films, the coverage area is 5 m×0.5 m, and the spacing between the plots is 1 m. Other growth conditions of each cell are consistent.
Examples
The embodiment reduces the use amount of biochar and fertilizer by returning straw to the field and applying biogas slurry, and provides a method for improving the growth of the facility tomatoes and improving the soil. The method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparation before planting: preparing wood biochar required in the planting process, crushed corn straw particles and biogas slurry obtained by biogas engineering treatment of pig manure;
(2) Biochar and straw particle arrangement: before 20 days before tomato field planting, a rotary cultivator is adopted to turn over soil with a depth of 20cm, and simultaneously biochar and straw particles are arranged and buried into the soil with a depth of 20cm. The first arrangement: full biochar with the application amount of 4.5t/ha; the second arrangement: biochar 2.25 t/ha+3.94 t/ha of straw particles; third arrangement: the total straw particles are applied at the amount of 7.88t/ha;
(3) And (3) base fertilizer application: the biogas slurry is applied along with the arrangement of biochar and straw particles as a base fertilizer 20 days in advance, and the total nitrogen is taken as a principle, and the application amount is 2.53 multiplied by 10 4 L/ha。
(4) Planting: planting tomato seedlings which are cultivated, have good growth condition and consistent growth vigor in a greenhouse, wherein the density is 3-4 plants/m 2 。
(5) Topdressing and irrigation: the water filling amount is provided with three gradients of 90 percent W, 75 percent W and 60 percent W respectively, and the water volume ratio of biogas slurry is set according to the water filling amount and is respectively 1: 4. 1: 6. 1:8 three proportioning modes, and carrying out dressing 1 time every 7 days after field planting for 10 times.
(6) Harvesting: and (5) counting indexes such as tomato yield and quality, soil physicochemical property, water utilization efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity and the like.
Comparative example
The comparative example provides a method for planting tomatoes by applying fertilizer in a local greenhouse, which is different from the example in that biochar and straw particles are not applied, the fertilizer used for planting is fertilizer-urea (nitrogen content is 46%), and the irrigation quantity is 90% W. The method comprises the following steps:
(1) Before 20 days before tomato field planting, a rotary cultivator is adopted to turn over soil with the depth of 20cm;
(2) And (3) base fertilizer application: urea is applied 20 days in advance with turning cultivation to form base fertilizer, and the application amount is 66kg/ha and is 30% of the total amount;
(3) Planting: planting tomato seedlings which are cultivated, have good growth condition and consistent growth vigor in a greenhouse, wherein the density is 3-4 plants/m 2 。
(4) Topdressing and irrigation: the additional fertilizer amount is 15.4kg/ha, the total base fertilizer addition amount is 220kg/ha, the water is 90% W, the water and fertilizer integration drip irrigation, and the additional application is carried out 1 time every 7 days after the field planting, and the total application amount is 10 times.
(5) Harvesting: and (5) counting indexes such as yield and quality of tomatoes, physicochemical properties of soil, water utilization efficiency and the like.
The experimental arrangements of the examples and comparative examples are shown in table 1:
table 1 experimental arrangement
Experimental arrangement results for examples and comparative examples are shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 tomato index
TABLE 3 other indicators
As can be seen from table 2, under different amounts of biochar, straw pellet application and water and fertilizer treatment, tomato yield reached a maximum at treatment 1 (biochar 4.5 t/ha), treatment 2 (biochar 2.25 t/ha+straw pellet 3.94 t/ha) was immediately followed by an increase of 8.32% and 7.18% respectively compared to control (treatment 10); the single fruit weight reaches the maximum value under the treatment 2, and the treatment 1 and the treatment 4 have better results; in the tomato quality index, the soluble sugar, vc, lycopene and soluble protein are respectively arranged at the 3 rd, the 2 nd and the 2 nd positions under the treatment 4, and the soluble solids in the treatment 4 are arranged at the 1 st position in all treatment groups, so that the soluble sugar, vc, lycopene and soluble protein are obviously increased compared with the control group 10. Therefore, the application of straw particles to replace part of biochar to be applied and the biogas slurry to be used as fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer are described, so that the yield and quality of tomatoes can be obviously improved.
As can be seen from Table 3, under the conditions of different amounts of biochar, straw granule application and water and fertilizer treatment, the physical and chemical properties of soil, the water utilization rate and the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity of the treatment group applying biogas slurry are obviously improved compared with those of the treatment group applying chemical fertilizer. The soil available phosphorus and pH reach the maximum value under the treatment 4, soil total nitrogen, soil quick-acting potassium, soil organic matters, water utilization rate and nitrogenous fertilizer partial productivity are also better, and the water utilization rate is higher than that of a comparison group in general because the biological carbon and straw particles exist to absorb a part of water, so that the soil water retention capacity is improved. Therefore, the straw particles replace part of biochar, and the application of biogas slurry has great effects on improving soil properties, preventing sudden acidification, improving water utilization rate and nitrogenous fertilizer bias productivity.
In summary, the comparison of the examples and comparative examples can be shown as follows: the method for improving the growth and soil improvement of the facility tomatoes, which is provided by the scheme, reduces the using amount of biochar and chemical fertilizer by straw returning and biogas slurry application, can effectively improve the yield and quality of the tomatoes, the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the water utilization rate and the nitrogen bias productivity, and has the optimal scheme of treating 4 (the biochar 2.25 t/ha+straw particles 3.94 t/ha+biogas slurry water ratio: 1:4+75%W).
While the foregoing describes embodiments of the present invention in terms of a particular embodiment, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiment described above, but is intended to cover all modifications, alternatives and improvements within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for enhancing the growth and soil improvement of a facility tomato comprising:
(1) Preparation before planting: preparing wood charcoal, corn stalk particles and biogas slurry required in the planting process;
(2) Biochar and straw particle arrangement: ploughing soil before tomato field planting, and arranging biochar and straw particles;
(3) And (3) base fertilizer application: the biogas slurry is combined with biochar and straw particles to be applied as a base fertilizer before tomato field planting;
(4) Planting: planting tomato seedlings which are cultivated, have good growth conditions and consistent growth vigor in a greenhouse;
(5) Topdressing and irrigation: setting 75% W for irrigation, wherein the irrigation components comprise biogas slurry and water according to the volume ratio of 1:4, mixing;
(6) Harvesting: counting the yield and quality of tomatoes, physicochemical properties of soil, water utilization efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity indexes; wherein:
the arrangement mode of the step (2) is as follows: biochar 2.25 t/ha+straw particles 3.94t/ha.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the straw in the step (1) is straw particles with 40% carbon content prepared from corn straw;
the biochar is wooden biochar, and the carbon content is 70%.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the time before the tomato planting in the step (2) is 20 days before the planting;
the soil ploughing depth is 20cm;
the depth of the arranged biochar and straw particles is 20cm below the soil.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the biogas slurry application principle in the step (3) is as follows: based on the total nitrogen, the application amount is 2.53 multiplied by 10 4 L/ha。
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
and (3) the total nitrogen content of the biogas slurry in the step (3) is 800-1600mg/L.
6. The method of claim 7, wherein:
the total nitrogen content of the biogas slurry is 1200mg/L.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the tomato planting density in the step (4) is 3-4 plants/m 2 。
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the step (5) of the periodic additional fertilizer comprises the following steps:
after the fixation, the dressing is performed 1 time every 7 days for 10 times.
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