CN114982412A - Planting method capable of enabling soybeans to resist continuous cropping - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a planting method capable of making soybeans resistant to continuous cropping. Applying carbonized cow dung, carbonized straw materials and/or branches in soil. Further, in the carbonization process of the straw material and/or the branches and the cow dung, the plant natural wood vinegar generated in the carbonization process of the straw material and/or the branches/cow dung material is vaporized at high temperature and added into the straw material and/or the branches/cow dung material. According to the invention, the modified carbonized cow dung, the carbonized straw material and the branch composite carbon particles are used, so that the structure of the continuous cropping soil of the soybeans is effectively improved, the soil nutrients are promoted and balanced, the root growth of the soybeans is promoted, the occurrence of continuous cropping diseases and insect pests is obviously reduced, and the ecological environment hazard caused by continuous cropping is effectively avoided, so that the soybeans are resistant to continuous cropping, stable yield and increased yield are obtained, and the sustainable production capacity of the continuous cropping soil and the soybeans is improved.

Description

Planting method capable of enabling soybeans to resist continuous cropping

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a planting method capable of enabling soybeans to be resistant to continuous cropping.

Background

Soybean is one of the most important grain and oil crops in China and even the world. However, due to the influence of factors such as yield and benefit, the enthusiasm of farmers for planting soybeans in China is generally low, so that the soybean planting area is reduced, the yield is seriously insufficient, a large amount of soybeans need to be imported every year to meet the domestic requirements, the external dependence is high, and the contradiction between supply and demand is prominent. In the international food trade system, soybeans are the core and focus of the trade competition for the right to speak in food import and export in China all the time, and have an important position in guaranteeing the national food and oil safety. The shortage of soybean planting area and productivity threatens the safety of the national grain and oil strategy, promotes the sustainable development of soybean production, and is an important strategy for adjusting the national agricultural planting structure.

However, the traditional soybean planting mode which is always used up to now has low mu yield and can not realize continuous cropping, and the soybeans generally need to be crop-rotated or other crops need to be improved after being continuously planted for 1-2 years, so that the improvement of the soybean planting area and the yield is greatly limited. Under the condition of continuous cropping, the growth of soybean root systems is obviously inhibited, autotoxic substances are continuously secreted and accumulated at the rhizosphere, the micro-ecological environment for the growth and planting of soybeans is deteriorated, the plant diseases and insect pests are greatly increased, the yield is obviously reduced, the soybeans cannot be continuously planted, and the bottleneck for restricting the sustainable development of soybean production is reached.

At present, although harm brought by continuous cropping of soybeans can be relieved by crop rotation or use of a microbial agent in production, continuous cropping of soybeans still cannot be realized, the root problems of obvious reduction of productivity and the like are solved, and a planting method capable of enabling soybeans to resist continuous cropping and improving the productivity is urgently needed, so that the area and the productivity of soybean planting are improved, the sustainable development of soybean production is promoted, and the method has important practical significance for guaranteeing the national grain and oil safety.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a planting method capable of enabling soybeans to resist continuous cropping, which can solve the problems of plant diseases and insect pests, yield reduction and the like caused by continuous cropping, improve the productivity of continuous cropping soybeans, enable the planted soybeans to resist continuous cropping, and achieve stable yield and yield increase.

The invention provides a soybean continuous cropping-resistant planting method, which is characterized in that carbonized cow dung, carbonized straw materials and/or branches are applied to soil;

furthermore, in the carbonization process of the straws and/or the branch materials and the cow dung, the plant natural wood vinegar generated in the carbonization process is vaporized at high temperature and then is added into the straws and/or the branch/cow dung materials;

the carbonization temperature of the carbonized cow dung is 200-300 ℃;

the carbonization temperature of the straw material and/or the branches is 700-900 ℃;

furthermore, the carbonized cow dung, the carbonized straw materials and/or the branches are mixed and granulated and then applied to soil;

furthermore, in the planting method, one method is that the carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches are applied to furrows of previous crops, the original furrows are combined into ridge platforms when the furrows are ploughed and ridged, and then soybeans are sown on the ridge platforms; wherein, the application amount of the carbonized cow dung, the straw materials and/or the branches is 750-1125kg/ha (hectare); and applying carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches every year;

another planting method is that the carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches are thrown on the surface of soil, then rotary tillage is carried out until the surface layer of the soil is 15-20cm, and then deep ridging is carried out (25-30 cm); sowing soybeans on the ridge platforms; wherein the application amount of the carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches is 2250-3375 kg/ha; and reapplied at intervals of 3-4 years.

Preferably, in the soil poor in fertility, the amount of cow dung subjected to the carbonization treatment is larger than the amount of the soil rich in fertility.

In the method, plant natural wood vinegar produced in the carbonization process can be applied to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests.

According to the invention, by using the carbonized cow dung, the carbonized straw material and the carbonized branch strips, the soil structure of continuous cropping of soybeans is effectively improved, the soil nutrients are promoted and balanced, the growth and development of soybean root systems are effectively promoted, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is greatly reduced, the ecological environment of soybean growth and planting is improved, the growth health of the soil and the soybeans is kept, the continuous cropping resistance of the soybeans is realized, the yield is stabilized, the yield is increased, and the sustainable productivity of the soybeans is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1: the structural phase characterization change diagrams of the straw carbon before and after modification of the natural wood vinegar are shown, wherein the diagram on the left side is the straw carbon before modification, and the diagram on the right side is the straw carbon after modification;

FIG. 2: the structural phase characterization change diagrams of the branches before and after modification of the natural wood vinegar, wherein the diagram on the left side is the branch carbon before modification, and the diagram on the right side is the branch carbon after modification;

FIG. 3: structural phase characterization change diagrams of the cow dung carbon before and after modification of the natural wood vinegar, wherein the diagram on the left side is the cow dung carbon before modification, and the diagram on the right side is the cow dung carbon after modification;

FIG. 4: a structural phase representation diagram of the composite modified granular carbon material;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of: a soil structure change diagram of 3 years of continuous cropping of soybeans, wherein the left side diagram is soil applied with granular carbon; the right panel is control soil;

FIG. 6: a soil structure change diagram of continuous cropping of soybeans for 6 years, wherein the left side diagram is soil applied with granular carbon; the right image is control soil;

FIG. 7: the structural phase representation diagram of the carbon-soil combination, wherein the upper part shows that the honeycomb-shaped and microporous structural body is granular carbon; the lower part is soil;

FIG. 8: electron micrographs of microorganisms colonizing on "carbon-soil" bound carriers;

FIG. 9: a photo of the growth state of the continuous cropping soybean root system, wherein the left side is the control soybean root system and the right side is the soybean root system planted by the method of the embodiment;

FIG. 10: electron microscope images of the root system of the continuous cropping soybean which grows through the carbon-soil combination;

FIG. 11: photo of the colonizing growth of the arbuscular mycorrhiza of the root system of the continuous cropping soybean, wherein the white filament is the arbuscular mycorrhiza;

FIG. 12: a data graph of emergence rate of continuous cropping planted soybeans;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of: photographic picture of agronomic character expression of continuous cropping planted soybean, wherein the left picture is the agronomic character expression of the control soybean; the right graph shows the agronomic characters of the soybeans planted by the method;

FIG. 14 is a graph of yield data for continuous cropping soybeans.

Detailed Description

The invention applies modified and carbonized cow dung, carbonized straw materials and/or branches in soil to be subjected to continuous soybean cropping; through the synergistic effect of the straw carbonized product and the cow dung carbonized product, the soybean growth planting environment is effectively improved, the air permeability, the water retention and the fertilizer retention of soil are obviously improved, the soil nutrient source is effectively increased, particularly, more C, N-source nutrients are provided for microorganisms, the propagation of the microorganisms is promoted, the activity of the microorganisms is improved, a fertility center taking the straw and the cow dung carbonized product as cores and a microorganism activity center enriching the growth of beneficial soybeans are excited to form, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the soybeans are always in a healthy growth environment, the growth of soybean roots and overground parts is promoted, and the yield is improved.

Wherein, the carbonization method of the straws, the branches and the cow dung can adopt a conventional carbonization method; in a specific embodiment, the straws or branches are cut by 3-8cm, the carbonization temperature is 900 ℃ at 700-.

In the process of forming the carbide, the high-temperature vaporized plant natural wood vinegar generated in the carbonization process is adopted to modify straws, branches and cow dung in carbonization.

In the carbonization process, the generated gas-liquid phase product is condensed to separate gas from liquid, the generated plant natural pyroligneous liquor is collected, is conveyed to a carbide closed bin body by a conveying pipeline in the thermal cracking carbonization completion process, is sprayed on a carbonized object after high-temperature vaporization, is rotated to complete mixing and stirring, and is used for modifying the carbonized object.

The invention is modified by high-temperature vaporized plant natural wood vinegar, so that the carbonized product has more abundant pore structures, the specific surface area and the adsorption force are increased, and meanwhile, the carbonized product contains plant-based natural wood vinegar components and synergistically improves the nutrition and functional attributes of the carbonized product.

Furthermore, it is considered that the powdery carbide is not easy to apply and is easy to cause secondary pollution when floating in the air. Therefore, in order to improve the convenience of agricultural operation, reduce manpower and pollution and give consideration to the effect of the carbonized substance in a synergistic manner, the carbonized straws, branches and cow dung are applied in a granular manner.

The method comprises the steps of immediately uniformly mixing carbonized straws and cow dung according to a corresponding ratio (4-7: 6-3) without cooling treatment after carbonization of the straws and cow dung and modification of plant natural wood vinegar, and then adding a bentonite adhesive for extrusion granulation, wherein the particle size is 0.3-0.6 cm; immediately sealing, packaging, standing for 3-4 days after granulation, and drying in the shade to obtain the straw and cow dung mixed granular carbon.

In the description of the present invention, the granulated substance prepared by mixing carbonized straws and cow dung is referred to as granulated carbon.

Wherein, the proportion of straw, the cow dung of carbomorphism can be 4: 6. 5: 5 or 6: 4. 7: 3, equal proportion; the proportion of the carbonized cow dung is higher in the fertility-poor land than in the relatively fertile land. For example, charred straw: the cow dung proportion is 4: 6, the fertilizer is suitable for barren and low-fertility soil; 5: 5 is suitable for medium-fertility soil; 6: 4 and 7: 3, the fertilizer is suitable for the soil with normal production and higher fertility.

The application modes of the prepared straw and cow dung mixed granular carbon include the following two modes:

1. ridge application operation:

before the soil plowing operation, the carbon particles are applied to the furrows of the previous crops in a strip-type ridge application mode, the original furrows are combined into ridge platforms during plowing and ridging, namely after plowing and ridging, the carbon particles are arranged at the positions 15-20cm below the ridge platforms in a ridge shape and strip mode. When the carbon particles are applied, conventional fertilizers (1-2.5 kg/mu of urea, 5-6.8 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 4-5.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate) can be applied in a matching manner, the specific dosage is determined according to the soil fertility condition and the nutrient requirement of soybean varieties, then, the holes are sowed on the ridge platforms at equal intervals, and the seeds are pressed after sowing.

And (4) ridge application operation, wherein the ridge application is carried out in a ridge application mode every year during continuous soybean planting, full-layer turning is not carried out, and the annual application amount of the carbon particles is 750-1125 kg/ha.

2. Layer application operation:

the carbon particles are thrown on the soil surface in a full layer, rotary tillage equipment such as a rotary cultivator is adopted to uniformly carry out rotary tillage on the carbon particles until the surface layer of the soil is 15-20cm, then deep ridging operation is carried out, and the height of each ridge is 25-30 cm. Meanwhile, conventional fertilizers (1-2.5 kg/mu of urea, 5-6.8 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 4-5.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate) can be applied in a side-deep fertilization mode, are positioned at the position 5-7cm below the seeds, are subjected to hole sowing at equal intervals and are pressed after sowing.

The layer application mode takes 3 years as a period, the application is carried out at intervals, namely, in the first year, the carbon particles 2250-3375kg/ha are applied at one time, and then the carbon particles are not applied for 3 years, and are applied again in the 4 th year and are further applied for 3 years, and the cycle is carried out, and the specific interval time can be adjusted according to the growth conditions of the soil and the soybeans.

The planting density, field weeding management, pest control and the like of the soybeans can be carried out by adopting a conventional soybean planting method, for example, the planting density of the soybeans is 0.9-1.3 ten thousand plants/mu, two plants or one plant are reserved in each hole, and the plant distance is automatically adjusted.

In pest control, the existing conventional pest control method for soybean is adopted. For soybean pod borers and aphids which are seriously harmful to the growth of soybeans, the carbon particles can be placed on the surface of soil at intervals of about 1 meter in furrows after being fully soaked in plant natural wood vinegar stock solution generated in the carbonization process before the insect pest active period. Meanwhile, the residual plant natural wood vinegar stock solution is diluted by 30-50 times and then is sprayed on the soil surface and the soybean leaf surface for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests.

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples and the accompanying drawings.

Example 1: preparing carbonized straw or branch and carbonized cow dung

Airing or drying the straws or the branches and the cow dung, controlling the water content to be below 17%, cutting the straws or the branches by 3-8cm, controlling the carbonization temperature to be 900 ℃ at 700 ℃ and 300 ℃ at the cow dung carbonization temperature at 200 ℃; charring under oxygen-deficient condition.

One specific carbonization method is as follows:

1) carbonizing straw or branches: the first stage, the carbonization temperature is 300-; the second stage, the carbonization temperature is 550-700 ℃, the retention time is 1-1.5 hours, and the heating rate is 20-40 ℃/min; and a third stage: 700 ℃ and 900 ℃, the retention time is 1.5-2 hours, and the heating rate is 30-50 ℃/min;

2) and (3) carbonizing the cow dung: the carbonization temperature is 200 ℃ and 300 ℃, the retention time is 2-2.5 hours, and the heating rate is 15-20 ℃/min.

In order to improve the porosity, specific surface area, adsorption force, inclusion and other nutritional and functional properties of the prepared straw carbon, branch carbon and cow dung carbon, the plant natural wood vinegar produced in the carbonization process is conveyed to a carbonization object closed bin body through a conveying pipeline, is sprayed on the carbonization object after high-temperature vaporization, and is rotated to complete mixing and stirring to perform carbonization modification.

The structural phase characteristics of the prepared straw carbon, branch carbon and cow dung carbon are shown in figures 1-3 by scanning with an electron microscope.

The electron microscope test result shows that in the carbonization process, the carbonized material modified by the natural wood vinegar through high-temperature vaporization forms more microporous and developed pore structures with different pore diameters, the specific surface area of the carbonized material is improved by 10-25%, the total porosity is improved by 20-40%, the total porosity and the specific surface area are larger, the adsorption force is stronger, the performance is more stable, the nutrients are more abundant, and the carbonized material contains the components and functional attributes of the plant natural wood vinegar, so that the effect is more stable and lasting.

After the straws and the cow dung are carbonized and the natural wood vinegar is vaporized at high temperature for modification, the straws and the cow dung carbon are immediately and uniformly mixed according to the corresponding proportion (4-7: 6-3) without cooling treatment, then bentonite adhesive is added, after the materials are mixed by a stirrer, a granulator is used for extrusion granulation to prepare the granular carbon with the mixed particle diameter of the straws and the cow dung carbon of 0.3-0.6cm, and figure 4 shows that the composite modified granular carbon material forms a stable structure.

And (4) sealing and packaging for 3-4 days after granulation, and drying in the shade.

Example 2: continuous cropping soybean planting and effect detection

The continuous cropping soybean planting starts in 5-month-old ten-day of 2013, the previous crop is corn, the continuous cropping soybean is located in an agricultural and university scientific research base in the fortunes of the late hills in Shenyang city, the planting system is a northern one-year mature system, and a ridge application operation mode is adopted. During the continuous cropping of soybeans, soil, microorganisms, root systems, diseases, and the like were measured.

1. Structural change of soil after continuous cropping

FIG. 5 is a graph of soil change after 3 years of continuous soybean cropping, with granular carbon applied soil on the left and control soil on the right; as can be seen from FIG. 5, the carbon particles applied to the soil for 3 years become a part of the soil structure, and can play a role in regulating and controlling soil improvement, air permeability, water retention, fertilizer retention and the like.

FIG. 6 is a graph of soil change after 6 years of continuous soybean cropping, wherein the left graph is soil to which granular carbon was applied and the right graph is control soil; as shown in figure 6, the carbon particles are combined with the soil particles in the soil (left) to which the granular carbon is applied, so that a very obvious 'carbon-soil' new structure body is formed, and the multifunctional effects of rebuilding and reforming the physical structure of the soil, durably improving the soil, fertilizing, increasing the nutrition, promoting the growth and the like are exerted.

Further, electron microscope characterization (SEM) is carried out on the appearance and structural characteristics of the carbon-soil combination. As shown in FIG. 7, the upper part of the "charcoal-soil" combination formed after continuous cropping is a honeycomb-shaped microporous charring structure, and the lower part is a soil structure, and the two are combined to form a new firm and stable combination. The novel structure can transform and remold the structure and the characteristics of the soil body from a physical framework, has stable and lasting effect, and does not generate physical inversion, thereby improving the structure and the characteristics of the soil for a long time, and playing the multiple-effect synergistic function effects of improving the ventilation, the water permeation, the temperature increase, the water retention and the fertilizer, fertilizing, increasing the nutrient utilization rate, stimulating the proliferation of microorganisms, improving the activity and the like.

2. Biological detection result of continuous cropping soil

As shown in the electron microscope image of fig. 8, the "carbon-soil" combination formed after the continuous cropping provides a "honeycomb" type porous colonization carrier space for the microorganisms, avoids the survival competition among the microorganism populations, plays a role in physical protection, provides abundant C, N source nutrients and energy sources for the survival and activities of the microorganisms, induces and enriches the microorganism populations to colonize and grow on the "carbon-soil" combination carrier, promotes the growth and reproduction of the microorganisms, improves the activity of the microorganisms, and forms a beneficial "bacterial" type microorganism population structure.

Meanwhile, the observation shows that the number, the activity and the like of earthworms in the continuous cropping soil treated by the carbon particles are obviously increased, and the number of the earthworms per square meter is improved by 1.1 to 2.4 times compared with the control (continuous cropping soybean, applying conventional fertilizer, not applying carbon, and the other conditions are the same, which indicates that the ecological environment of the continuous cropping planting is healthy and friendly.

3. Root system character change of continuous cropping soybean

As shown in FIG. 9, compared with the control, the soybean planted by the method has developed and luxuriant root system, obviously increased root system number and root nodule number, and increased root nodule number of single plant by 115.9-240.8%. The biological nitrogen fixation capacity is improved by 98.8 to 171 percent.

Furthermore, electron microscope observation shows that the root system of the continuous cropping soybean can grow and penetrate through the carbon-soil combination body, which shows that the method can promote the root system growth of the continuous cropping soybean (figure 10), and the carbon-soil combination body can provide proper physical conditions (more extended pore space) and chemical conditions (more nutrients) for the root system growth, so that the growth and development of the root system of the soybean are promoted.

Moreover, the method can obviously increase the quantity of the arbuscular mycorrhiza of the root system of the continuous cropping soybean, as shown in figure 11, the white filament in the figure is the arbuscular mycorrhiza, so that the arbuscular mycorrhiza has a large quantity and a developed growth, and has multiple effects of improving soil fertility, promoting nutrient absorption, enhancing stress resistance, reducing root pathogenic bacteria infection, disease occurrence and the like.

4. Incidence of disease and pest

The field investigation of plant diseases and insect pests shows that in the continuous cropping soybean planting period, compared with a control, the incidence rate of soybean pod borers is reduced by 70-85.9%, the incidence rate of aphids is reduced by 55.5-69%, the incidence rate of grubs is reduced by 80-92.8%, the incidence rate of soybean root rot is reduced by 72.6-90%, soybean cyst nematode is reduced by 75.8-94%, and soybean downy mildew is reduced by 35.4-45%. Under the planting condition of the method, the incidence rate of main diseases and insect pests of the soybeans is obviously reduced, the safety and the health of the ecological environment for planting the continuous cropping soybeans are promoted and kept, and the ecological environment damage and the yield loss caused by the diseases and insect pests of the continuous cropping soybeans are effectively avoided.

5. Rate of soybean emergence

As shown in fig. 12, the soybean emergence rate of the control showed a significant decrease trend during 8 years of continuous cropping, indicating that the soybean emergence rate was severely negatively affected by the damage caused by continuous cropping, with a maximum decrease of 16.6%. Compared with a control planting method, the method has the advantages that the soybean emergence rate is increased steadily, the overall performance is good, the average rate is increased by 2.9-24.7%, and the effect is obvious.

6. Agronomic traits and yield of soybean

As can be seen from FIG. 13, the agronomic performance of the soybeans planted by continuous cropping according to the method of the present invention is very different, and the growth of the control continuous cropping soybean plants is significantly inhibited and the performance is weak. Compared with the contrast, the soybean planted by the method has the advantages of obviously improved plant height, branch number, pod number and the like, good overall growth vigor and higher single plant yield.

As shown in figure 14, the yield of the control soybeans is continuously reduced within 8 years of continuous cropping planting of the soybeans, the yield reduction range is 2.1-37.9%, the serious low yield cannot meet the requirements of production planting, and the yield of the soybeans planted by the method disclosed by the invention always keeps a stable yield and a yield increasing state and shows an overall rising trend. Compared with the contrast, the yield is increased by 3.9-72.8% on average, and the effect is obvious. The method can realize stable yield and yield increase and improve the sustainable yield of the soybeans while keeping the ecological environment health of the continuous cropping of the soybeans.

Moreover, during continuous soybean planting, the soil pH increased from 6.2 to 7.6 by 1.4 units, while the control soil pH showed a continuous decline. The volume weight of the soil is reduced by 3.1 to 9.78 percent. The utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved by 8.2-11%. The fertilizing amount is averagely reduced by 20 to 40 percent in different planting years. Photosynthetic capacity determination shows that the chlorophyll content of soybean is increased by 13.5-21%, net photosynthetic rate is increased by 14.8-21.7%, and soluble sugar content (photosynthetic product accumulation) is increased by 36.2-57%.

The method effectively eliminates the hazards of root system obstruction, disease and insect pest increase, yield reduction and the like caused by continuous cropping under the long-term continuous cropping planting condition of the soybeans, promotes and maintains the health and safety of the growing and planting environment of the soybeans, ensures that the soybeans are resistant to continuous cropping, continuously and stably produce, increase the yield and improve the sustainable yield of the soybeans.

Claims (10)

1. A soybean continuous cropping-resistant planting method is characterized in that carbonized cow dung, carbonized straw materials and/or branches are applied to soil.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the step of adding plant natural wood vinegar generated in the carbonization process of the straws and/or the twigs and the cow dung materials into the straws and/or the twigs and the cow dung materials for modification treatment by high-temperature vaporization during the carbonization process of the cow dung, the straw materials and/or the twigs and the cow dung materials.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonized-treated cow dung has a carbonization temperature of 200-300 ℃.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the straw material and/or fruit branches are carbonized at a temperature of about 700 ℃ to about 900 ℃.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbonized cow dung, the carbonized straw material and/or the shoots are mixed and granulated and then applied to soil.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches are applied to furrows of previous crops, the original furrows are combined into ridge platforms during plowing and ridging, soybeans are sown on the ridge platforms, and the carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches are applied annually.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the carbonized cow dung, straw materials and/or branches are thrown on the soil surface, then rotary tillage is carried out until the soil surface layer reaches 15-20cm, and then ridging is carried out; and (4) sowing soybeans on the ridge platforms.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the carbonized cow dung, straw material and/or shoots are applied at intervals of 3-4 years.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of charred cow dung added to the fertility-poor land is greater than the amount added to the fertility-poor land.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plant natural pyroligneous liquor produced during the carbonization of the straw and/or the shoots, the cow dung material is used for pest control.

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