CN1172453A - 用于塑料膜的涂料组合物 - Google Patents

用于塑料膜的涂料组合物 Download PDF

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CN1172453A
CN1172453A CN96191756A CN96191756A CN1172453A CN 1172453 A CN1172453 A CN 1172453A CN 96191756 A CN96191756 A CN 96191756A CN 96191756 A CN96191756 A CN 96191756A CN 1172453 A CN1172453 A CN 1172453A
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P·C·刘
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Abstract

一种由丙烯酸类聚合物或离子键聚合物树脂和油墨接受颗粒(如分子筛和/或如纤维素、羧甲基纤维素或玉米淀粉的碳水化合物聚合物)制成的用于聚烯烃膜的涂料。该涂料组合物有助于提高油墨对聚烯烃膜的粘性。

Description

用于塑料膜的涂料组合物
本发明涉及用于塑料膜的涂料组合物。具体地说,本发明涉及能改善塑料膜物理特性的涂料组合物。更具体地说,本发明涉及能使塑料膜接受油墨,甚至水性油墨的涂料组合物。
聚烯烃膜很适用于作为防护包装,因为它们能抗撕裂和抗水渗透。但是,它们在应用中的最大缺点是用油墨在膜表面上进行书写所遇到的困难。一般聚烯烃膜表面能低,使其不能接受某些油墨,特别是水性油墨。水性油墨往往显示出差的油墨湿润性能,它们不能在膜上形成完整的涂层;在膜上这种油墨形成离散的小珠、条纹和斑点。另外,水性油墨往往干燥缓慢,干燥后容易抹去和擦除。特别是在将塑料膜用于常处于潮湿环境中并被剧烈装卸的船运制品时,这尤其成问题。为了克服这些困难,常将书写内容写在标签纸上,再将该标签纸附着在包裹上,但是这是不方便的并且存在着回收上的问题,因为纸的回收与塑料的回收通常是不相容的。
业已知道许多用于改善膜的热密封特性的丙烯酸类涂料。但尚未知晓这些已知的丙烯酸类涂料能令入满意地改善膜的油墨粘合性能。
美国专利3,753,769披露了用在塑料膜上的可热密封的丙烯酸类涂料组合物。所述的丙烯酸类涂料是由选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物的α,β-单乙烯基型不饱和羧酸;以及包括(1)丙烯酸甲酯或丙烯酸乙酯和(2)甲基丙烯酸甲酯的中性酯单体的共聚合物制成的。
在美国专利4,058,645和4,749,616中已描述将无机颗粒热滑爽剂,如胶体二氧化硅和粉碎的粘土,用于丙烯酸三元聚合物可热密封的涂料配方中,其用量按三元聚合物计,约为20-60重量%。该热滑爽剂通过提高膜的外表面的性能,使之易于从热密封机的夹具上取下,并防止膜粘连在包装机械的金属表面上,从而改善可热密封塑料膜的机械性能。
美国专利4,058,645的丙烯酸类涂料是甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸的三元共聚物。该丙烯酸类涂料包括可溶于碱水的松香,这种松香改善了涂层的热密封特性并防止密封失灵。
美国专利5,188,867描述了用于塑料膜的低摩擦系数丙烯酸共聚物涂料,它包括按共聚物总重量计30-150重量%细碎的蜡、按共聚物总重量计5-25重量%细碎的无机固体物质,如二氧化硅、以及按共聚物总重量计0-1重量%的滑石粉或水凝胶态二氧化硅(syloid)。
本发明涉及用于塑料膜的丙烯酸类涂料,该涂料包括足以改善膜的油墨接受性的适量颗粒。
本发明的目的是提高塑料膜的油墨接受性。
本发明的特征是将颗粒掺入用于塑料膜的丙烯酸类涂料中,从而提高膜的油墨接受性。
本发明的优点在于当将适量的本文所披露的颗粒掺入丙烯酸类涂料中以后,所述膜的油墨接受性得到提高。
本发明涂料组合物含有很大比例的丙烯酸类聚合物或离子键聚合物树脂粘合剂。丙烯酸类聚合物通常由选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物的α,β-单乙烯基型不饱和羧酸和选自丙烯酸烷酯和甲基丙烯酸烷酯的中性酯单体制成。在本领域中丙烯酸类聚合物涂料是众所周知的,并披露在美国专利3,753,769、4,058,645和4,749,916中,这些专利的全部内容都列于此引为参考。适合于本发明的市售丙烯酸类聚合物购自Valspar Corp名为Acrylic 79XW318A或89XW055的产品。预期适用的其它涂料包括离子键聚合物树脂。离子键聚合物(Isomer)树脂通常是乙烯和乙烯基单体与酸类(例如甲基丙烯酸或丙烯酸)的共聚物,如名为ADCOTE,具体地说名为ADCOTE56220,购自Morton International(专门的化工集团)的商品,和购自Michelman Corp.的Michem4983。在本文中提到的丙烯酸类聚合物包括离子键聚合物树脂。
本发明的一个重要特征是掺入油墨接受颗粒的量应足以提高膜的油墨接受性。合适的油墨接受颗粒包括笼形物,即能将其它物质俘获在其晶格中的化合物,如分子筛。
业已证实在本发明涂料中笼形物,具体地说分子筛是有效的。笼形物的具体例子被描述在Merck Index,11th Ed.,365页,列于此引为参考。本文中所述的笼形物包括分子筛、环三膦氮烯类(cyclotriphosphazenes)、Dianin化合物、氢醌、环糊精、邻百里酸(o-thymotic)和脱氧胆酸。还可参见Kirk-Othmer的“化学技术大全”第6卷(Wiley-Interscience,New York,3rd.Ed.,1979)pp178-179,其全部内容在此引为参考。
预期作为油墨接受颗粒的具体分子筛包括天然和合成的带三维骨架结构具有通道和互连空腔形成的空穴的沸石(铝硅酸盐)。具体的预期沸石包括13X、3A、4A和5A分子筛。这些沸石被更具体地描述在Fieser & Fieser,“有机合成试剂”Vol.1,1967,pp703-705中,该全部内容在此引为参考。
已证实适合于作为油墨接受颗粒的其它物质包括碳水化合物聚合物如纤维素、玉米淀粉和棉纤维及其混合物。具体的碳水化合物聚合物包括纤维素聚合物、羧甲基纤维素和羟乙基纤维素。碳水化合物聚合物通常需要适量分子筛或氧化硅以提高油墨接受性。碳水化合物聚合物与分子筛的比例常约为1∶1-1∶2。
涂料组合物中常包括细碎的蜡。该蜡可以是天然蜡,如石蜡、微晶蜡、蜂蜡、加洛巴蜡、野漆树蜡、褐煤蜡等,或者是合成蜡,如氢化蓖麻油、氯化烃蜡、或长链脂肪酰胺。当使用蜡时,它的用量约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的2-40重量%,最好约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的4-20重量%。
涂料组合物中可以任选地含有细碎的无机固体物质,如二氧化硅、滑石粉、硅藻土、硅酸钙、膨润土和细碎的粘土,其含量可约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的10-60重量%,最好约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的15-50重量%。
还可在涂料组合物中使用烷基化的蜜胺交联剂。这些交联剂通常是部分甲基化的蜜胺甲醛并且是聚合的,聚合度约为1-3。下列是购自美国氰胺公司的典型的蜜胺交联剂:CYMEL373,聚合度为2.3的聚合的部分甲基化蜜胺甲醛树脂;CYMEL385,聚合度为2.1的聚合的部分甲基化蜜胺甲醛树脂;下列交联剂购自Monsanto Chemical Company:RESIMINE714,聚合的部分甲基化的蜜胺甲醛树脂;RESIMINE730和731,聚合度为1.6的聚合的部分甲基化的蜜胺甲醛树脂;RESIMINE735和740,聚合度分别为1.7和1.6的聚合的部分甲基化的蜜胺甲醛树脂。另一种市售的交联剂是PAREZ613,一种甲基化的蜜胺甲醛,购自美国氰胺公司。可用于交联的其它物质包括乙二醛和硼砂。交联剂的用量通常约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的2-50重量%,最好约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的10-30重量%。通常将酸催化剂与交联剂一起使用。合适的酸催化剂包括硫酸铵、氯化铵、硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、磷酸和硝酸铵等。酸催化剂的用量常约占丙烯酸类聚合物总重量的0.5-3重量%。
可以使用任何合适的方法将本发明涂料组合物施涂于聚烯烃膜的表面。将涂料施涂至膜上的已知技术包括凹槽辊涂布、辊涂、浸涂和喷涂,这些技术中的任何一种都适用于涂覆本发明膜。在成膜后,通常在至少一个方向上对膜进行拉伸取向后可将涂料施涂至膜上。
通常,膜是如下制得的:通过温度约为200-250℃的平片挤塑机模头挤出聚烯烃树脂(如聚丙烯树脂),使膜流延在冷却鼓上并骤冷该膜。随后,将膜片在纵向(MD)取向机上拉伸约3-7倍,接着在横向(TD)取向机上拉伸约5-10倍。
可对膜的任何一个表面进行改善湿润性和粘性的表面处理(如火焰或电晕处理)。
通常,对要施涂本发明丙烯酸类涂料的膜的表面进行底涂,以便使涂料能牢固地粘结在膜上。已知有许多底涂方法。其中一种方法使用聚乙烯亚胺。
可将用例如各种有机溶剂(如醇、酮、酯等)的组合物非水溶液形式的本发明涂料组合物施涂至膜的表面。但是,由于本发明涂料组合物含有颗粒物质并且由于这些物质在有机溶剂中难以保持很好的分散状态,因此通常以水性溶液形式施涂,并且以碱性水溶液的形式施涂。
涂料组合物包括约90-30重量%,通常80-40重量%的粘合剂(丙烯酸类聚合物或离子键聚合物树脂)和约10-70重量%,通常至少为20-60重量%的上述油墨接受颗粒。
本发明涂料组合物制备时通常使固体总含量约为10-50%,pH约为6-10,粘度(Brookfeld)约10-2500cP。涂布重量常约为1-5g/msi(克每千平方英寸)(0.1550-0.7750g/cm2)。
实施例1
在烧瓶中混合市售丙烯酸乳液和下面各实施例所规定的颗粒,制得水性涂料分散液。用凹槽辊涂机将该涂料组合物施涂至经电晕处理的1mil(25.4μm)取向的聚丙烯膜上。在100℃干燥经涂覆的卷材。
在下列实施例中,由用将颗粒加至水性丙烯酸类分散液中制得的各种涂料组合物和如实施例1所述制得的膜制备一系列经涂覆的膜。
实施例2
在本实施例中,将涂有实施例1丙烯酸类涂料,但涂料中各自含有不同的分子筛(如13X、3A、4A和5A)的膜的油墨粘合性能与涂有相同的丙烯酸类涂料,但涂料中含有二氧化硅而非分子筛的膜的油墨粘合性能进行比较。每种涂料组合物含有100份丙烯酸类聚合物;5份(每100份丙烯酸类聚合物或“phr”)蜡。各种膜中添加至涂料组合物中的固体物质的量列于表I。涂布重量为1.9g/msi(0.2945g/cm2)。
                       表    I
      膜序号   1    2    3     4     5     6
添加剂,phr
  分子筛   13X   --    40    --   --   --    --
  3A   --    --    40   --   --    --
  4A   --    --    --   40   --    --
  5A   --    --    --   --   40    --
 二氧化硅   --    --    --   --   --    40
在下表II中,列出了表I膜的油墨粘合性能。油墨粘合性能由两个特性测定:1.涂布后用试验者的手指摩擦两分钟,油墨是否能被擦除,以及2.油墨湿润膜的程度,即是否形成连续的、整齐的黑色标记,或者油墨是否因形成小珠、条纹或斑点而对膜的湿润性差。该性能通过肉眼观察确定并根据下表将其分成5级:
      油墨擦除        油墨湿润
   级别   现象    等级     现象
    5    无     5     良好
    4   轻微     4    可接受
    3   部分     3     部分
    2    80%     2    分散的
    1   100%     1      差
                      表II:油墨粘合性能
膜序号 1 2 3 4 5 6
   溶剂基油墨1
   油墨擦除   4    5    5    5    5    5
   油墨湿润   5    5    5    5    5    5
  油性油墨2
   油墨擦除   4    5    5    5    5    5
   油墨湿润   3    5    5    5    5    5
  水性油墨I3
   油墨擦除   1    5    5    5    5    3
   油墨湿润   1    5    5    5    5    3
  打字机油墨4
  油墨擦除   1    5    5    5    5    2
  油墨湿润   4    5    5    5    5    4
1用含有溶剂基永久性油墨的SHARPIE FINE POINT笔在膜上书写试验
 油墨粘合性能。2用含有油性油墨的PAPERMATE笔在膜上书写试验油墨粘合性能。3用含有水性油墨的BEROL F-30 BOLDLINER笔在膜上书写试验油墨粘
 性。4用IBM打字机油墨在膜上打字试验油墨粘合性能。表II数据证明,涂有含分子筛涂料的各个膜试样(膜2-5)达到高的级别,而仅含二氧化硅的膜试样6在水性油墨和打字机油墨粘合性能方面都达到低的级别。
实施例3
在本实施例中,将涂有添加13X分子筛的实施例1丙烯酸类涂料的膜的油墨粘合性能与涂有相同的丙烯酸类涂料,但是用纤维素粉末代替涂料中分子筛的膜的油墨粘合性能进行比较。每种涂料组合物含有丙烯酸类聚合物和5phr蜡。膜的涂布重量为1.5-2g/msi(0.2325-0.3100g/cm2)。涂料组合物中的颗粒的加入量列于表III。膜的性能列于表IV。在表III中还列出了TiO2、交联剂CYMEL-385和酸催化剂NH4Cl的用量。
                   表  III
     膜序号   7    8    9    10    11    12    13    14    15
   13X分子筛   --    20    40    20    40    --    --    --    --
   纤维素粉末   --    --    --    --    --    20    40    20    40
     TiO2   --    --    --    --    --    40    --    20    40
  CYMEL-385   --    10    10    --    --    10    10    --    --
    NH4Cl   --     1     1    --    --     1     1    --    --
                        表IV:油墨粘合性能
    膜序号   7   8     9   10   11   12   13   14   15
  溶剂基油墨
  油墨擦除   1   5     5   5    5    5    5    5    5
  油墨湿润   5   5     5   5    5    5    5    5    5
  油性油墨
  油墨擦除   2   5     5   5    5    5    5    5    5
  油墨湿润   1   5     5   5    5    5    5    5    5
  水性油墨I
油墨擦除 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1
  油墨湿润   1   3     3   3    3    1    1    1    1
  水性油墨II1
  油墨擦除   1   5     5   5    5    1    1    1    3
油墨湿润 1 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 4
  打字机油墨
油墨擦除 1 4 5 5 5 1 1 1 3
  油墨湿润   4   4     5   5    5    1    1    1    3
1用含有水性油墨的Faber Castell牌“UNI-BALL MICRO”笔在膜上书写进行水性油墨II试验的油墨粘合性能测定。
表IV的数据表明,用含有分子筛的丙烯酸类涂料涂覆的膜(膜8-11)比用含有纤维素的丙烯酸类涂料涂覆的膜(膜12-15)有了改进。
实施例4
在本实施例中,将涂有含有13X分子筛和纤维素粉末的实施例1丙烯酸类涂料的膜的油墨粘合性能与涂有相同的丙烯酸类涂料,但是涂料中仅含有纤维素粉末的膜的油墨粘合性能进行比较。每种涂料组合物含有丙烯酸类聚合物和5phr蜡。膜的涂布重量为1.6g/msi(0.2480g/cm2)。加入涂料组合物中的固体物质的量(以phr为单位)列于表V。在某些试样中使用了不同量的TiO2、交联剂CYMEL-385和酸催化剂NH4Cl。各种膜的油墨性能列于表VI。
                                    表  V
     膜序号    16     17     18     19     20
    13X分子筛    --     --     100     100     100
    纤维素粉末    --     100     --     50     100
    CYMEL-385    --     --     --     --      30
     NH4Cl    --     --     --     --      2
                    表VI:油墨粘合性能
    膜序号    16    17    18    19    20
  打字机油墨
   油墨擦除     1     3     5     5     5
   油墨湿润     4     5     5     5     5
   油性油墨
   油墨擦除     5     5     5     5     5
   油墨湿润     5     5     5     5     5
   溶剂基油墨
   油墨擦除     5     5     5     5     5
   油墨湿润     5     5     5     5     5
   水性油墨I
   油墨擦除     1     1     3     3     4
   油墨湿润     1     2     5     5     5
   水性油墨II
   油墨擦除     1     3     3     5     5
   油墨湿润     1     2     5     5     5
表VI的结果表明,与单独使用纤维素(膜17)或单独使用分子筛(膜18)相比,组合使用纤维素和分子筛(膜19-20)改善了油墨粘性。
实施例5
在本实施例中,将涂有含有二氧化硅和纤维素聚合物的实施例1涂料的膜的油墨粘合性能与涂有相同的涂料,但是涂料中仅含有二氧化硅的膜的油墨粘合性能进行比较。在涂料中使用不同形式的碳水化合物聚合物:纤维素(购自AldrichChemical Co.(产品号31069-7)),羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和纸浆(在Waring掺混机中粉碎与水混合的浴室卫生纸(bathroom tissue)后制得)。每种涂料组合物含有丙烯酸类聚合物;8phr蜡,和0.5phr滑石粉。膜的涂布重量为1.6g/msi(0.248g/cm2)。加入涂料组合物中的其它固体物质的量列于表VII。油墨粘合性能结果列于表VIII。在某些实施例中使用了不同量的交联剂CYMEL-385和酸催化剂NH4Cl。
                     表  VII
    膜序号    21    22    23    24     25    26    27
   二氧化硅    20    20    20    20     20    20    20
    纤维素    --    10    10    20     20    --    --
     CMC1    --    --    --    --    --    10    --
    纸浆2    --    --    --    --    --    --    10
   CYMEL-385    --    --    20    --     20    20    20
    NH4Cl    --    --     2    --     2     2     2
                 VIII:油墨粘合件能
  膜序号   21     22     23     24     25       26      27
 水性油墨I
 油墨擦除  1.5     3     3     2     3       4      2
 油墨湿润  1.5     3     2     2     3      3.5      2
 油性油墨
 油墨擦除   3     4     4     4     4      4.5      3.5
 油墨湿润   4     4     4     4     4      4.5       4
 涂层外观  透明  轻微雾化  轻微雾化  轻微雾化  轻微雾化  模糊,有纹路  透明,有斑点
1CMC:购自Aldrich Chemical Co.(Cat#36038-4)的羧甲基纤维素
2浴室卫生纸纤维
表VIII所列的结果证明含有纤维素、CMC或纸浆和二氧化硅的膜涂层(膜22-27)在油墨粘性试验中的性能比仅含有二氧化硅的膜涂层(膜21)的性能好得多。
实施例6
本实施例证明离子键聚合物树脂可用于代替丙烯酸类聚合物。用相同于实施例1的方法制得本实施例膜,但是用ADCOTE-56220离子键聚合物树脂代替丙烯酸类聚合物。本实施例涂料的组成列于表IX。
                表IX:离子键聚合物涂料
    膜序号     28     29     30     31
   二氧化硅     0.8    0.8     0.8     0.8
    纤维素     10     20     10     20
   CYMEL-35     --     --     20     20
    NH4Cl     --     --     2     2
表IX中膜的性能列于下表X中。
               表    X
   膜序号    28    29    30    31
  水性油墨I
  油墨擦除    2    2    2     3
  油墨湿润    2    3    3     3
  油性油墨
  油墨擦除    4    4    4     4
  油墨湿润    4    4    4     4

Claims (18)

1.用于聚烯烃膜的涂料组合物,包括(a)30-90%丙烯酸类聚合物或离子键聚合物树脂;(b)至少一种选自分子筛、碳水化合物聚合物以及分子筛和碳水化合物聚合物的混合物的油墨接受颗粒物质,其用量为10-70%。
2.如权利要求1所述的涂料组合物,其中分子筛选自结构类型为13X、3A、4A和5A的沸石。
3.如权利要求1所述的涂料组合物,其中碳水化合物聚合物选自纤维素聚合物、羧甲基纤维素和羟乙基纤维素。
4.如权利要求3所述的涂料组合物,其中纤维素聚合物选自玉米淀粉和棉纤维。
5.如权利要求1、2或3所述的涂料组合物,该涂料组合物还含有选自蜡、二氧化硅和TiO2的细碎的颗粒物质。
6.如权利要求1所述的涂料组合物,该涂料组合物还含有交联剂。
7.如权利要求6所述的涂料组合物,其中交联剂是烷基化的蜜胺。
8.如权利要求1、2、3或5所述的涂料组合物,其中丙烯酸类聚合物包括α,β-单乙烯基型不饱和羧酸和中性酯单体。
9.如权利要求8所述的涂料组合物,其中α,β-单乙烯基型不饱和羧酸选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物。
10.如权利要求8所述的涂料组合物,其中中性酯单体选自丙烯酸烷酯和甲基丙烯酸烷酯。
11.如权利要求1所述的涂料组合物,其中离子键聚合物树脂是乙烯和乙烯基单体与酸类的共聚物。
12.如权利要求11所述的涂料组合物,其中酸类选自甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸。
13.如权利要求1、3或5所述的涂料组合物,它还包括二氧化硅。
14.一种膜结构,包括具有第一表面的双轴向取向的聚丙烯膜,所述第一表面是经表面处理的,在该经处理的表面上涂有如权利要求1所述的涂料组合物。
15.一种膜结构,包括具有第一表面的双轴向取向的聚丙烯膜,所述第一表面是经表面处理的,在该经处理的表面上涂有如权利要求2所述的涂料组合物。
16.一种膜结构,包括具有第一表面的双轴向取向的聚丙烯膜,所述第一表面是经表面处理的,在该经处理的表面上涂有如权利要求5所述的涂料组合物。
17.一种膜结构的制造方法,包括用涂料组合物涂覆双轴向取向聚丙烯膜的经处理表面的步骤,所述涂料组合物包括包括约(a)30-90%丙烯酸类聚合物或离子键聚合物树脂;和(b)至少一种选自分子筛、碳水化合物聚合物以及分子筛和碳水化合物聚合物的混合物的油墨接受颗粒组合物,其用量为10-70%。
18.由权利要求17所述方法制得的膜。
CN96191756A 1995-02-03 1996-01-29 用于塑料膜的涂料组合物 Pending CN1172453A (zh)

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US08/383,133 US6379787B1 (en) 1995-02-03 1995-02-03 Coating composition for a plastic film
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CN1331956C (zh) * 2002-09-16 2007-08-15 伊尼奥斯硅石有限公司 粉末涂料组合物
CN101801675A (zh) * 2008-07-01 2010-08-11 Dic株式会社 油性颜料墨液用喷墨接受剂、油性颜料墨液用喷墨记录介质及印刷物
CN105636785A (zh) * 2013-10-16 2016-06-01 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 增强的拉伸粘着性能聚烯烃膜
CN111942052A (zh) * 2020-08-26 2020-11-17 东莞光群雷射科技有限公司 一种热转印定位花纸及其生产工艺和应用方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1331956C (zh) * 2002-09-16 2007-08-15 伊尼奥斯硅石有限公司 粉末涂料组合物
CN101801675A (zh) * 2008-07-01 2010-08-11 Dic株式会社 油性颜料墨液用喷墨接受剂、油性颜料墨液用喷墨记录介质及印刷物
CN101801675B (zh) * 2008-07-01 2014-01-22 Dic株式会社 油性颜料墨液用喷墨接受剂、油性颜料墨液用喷墨记录介质及印刷物
CN105636785A (zh) * 2013-10-16 2016-06-01 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 增强的拉伸粘着性能聚烯烃膜
CN111942052A (zh) * 2020-08-26 2020-11-17 东莞光群雷射科技有限公司 一种热转印定位花纸及其生产工艺和应用方法
CN111942052B (zh) * 2020-08-26 2022-02-18 东莞光群雷射科技有限公司 一种热转印定位花纸及其生产工艺和应用方法

Also Published As

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WO1996023659A1 (en) 1996-08-08
US6379787B1 (en) 2002-04-30
JPH10513218A (ja) 1998-12-15
AU699413B2 (en) 1998-12-03
KR19980701868A (ko) 1998-06-25
EP0807023A4 (en) 1999-02-24
EP0807023A1 (en) 1997-11-19
AU4775096A (en) 1996-08-21
TW343989B (en) 1998-11-01

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