CN116355801A - 一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌及其在腐乳发酵生产中的应用 - Google Patents
一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌及其在腐乳发酵生产中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)Y3及其在腐乳发酵生产中的应用,属于微生物和食品加工领域。所述菌株保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为:CCTCC No:M2023127。本发明提供了一株用于腐乳发酵生产的新的微生物,该微生物具有优良的产蛋白酶活力,能够分解豆腐中的蛋白质成短肽和氨基酸,从而形成更多的风味物质以提高产品的感官品质。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),本发明还涉及所述贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在腐乳发酵生产中的应用,属于微生物和食品加工领域。
背景技术
腐乳是利用微生物发酵的方法改变植物蛋白风味的大豆发酵制品,它以独特的工艺、细腻的品质、丰富的营养及鲜香可口的风味深受广大群众的喜欢。目前常用的腐乳发酵剂主要为毛霉和和根酶。毛霉发酵的腐乳滋味丰富,但是发酵时间长,且存在季节限制(毛霉不耐高温),根酶发酵的腐乳则滋味相对平淡(Microbiology,flavor formation,andbioactivity of fermented soybean curd(furu):A review.Food ResearchInternational,2020,163)。
腐乳生产通常是采用自然发酵的方式,存在于环境中的微生物群落使所生产的腐乳具有浓郁的香味,但是也存在杂菌污染严重,产品香气、味道等品质不稳定的问题。
腐乳的发酵与微生物产生的酶有关,蛋白质代谢是腐乳风味形成最重要的途径(Moy Y-S,Lu T-J,Chou C-C.Volatile components of the enzyme-ripened sufu,aChinese traditional fermented product of soy bean.Journal of Bioscience andBioengineering,2012,113(2):196-201)。在腐乳发酵过程中,蛋白质被微生物产生的蛋白酶分解成短肽和氨基酸并形成产品风味物质。此外,氨基酸还通过脱氨、脱羧、转氨等化学反应生成大量挥发性化合物,进一步丰富产品的感官(Zhao C J,Schieber A,MG.Formation of taste-active amino acids,amino acid derivatives and peptidesin food fermentations–Areview.Food Research International,2016,89:39-47)。
2-甲基丁酸乙酯阈值较小,对腐乳香气贡献度大,能赋予腐乳果香的香气特征,是腐乳中最典型的香气成分,Que等人研究发现2-甲基丁酸乙酯是促成腐乳特征香气的关键成分(Flavor compounds of traditional fermented bean condiments:Classes,synthesis,and factors involved in flavor formation.Trends in Food Science&Technology,2023,133:160-175.)。
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌是2005年后发现的芽孢杆菌新种,常被用于植物病害生物防治中,在发酵食品中应用较少。作为芽孢杆菌属的一员,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在发酵食品中广泛存在,比如大曲、豆豉等,可以产生多种生物活性酶(Efficient production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus velezensis via solid-state fermentation and itsapplication.Food Bioscience,2022(46))。刘宏等人采用贝莱斯芽孢杆菌进行豆粕发酵,显著提高了发酵豆粕的营养价值(刘宏,骆珅,江正强,等.贝莱斯芽孢杆菌固体发酵瓜尔豆粕的活性成分、溶栓及抗氧化活性[J].食品与发酵工业,2021,47(13):126-132.)。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一株用于腐乳发酵生产的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,以缩短腐乳发酵周期并增加风味物质的含量,使产品具有更好的感官品质。
为实现上述目的,本发明使用了以下技术方案:
申请人从武汉某地区的自然发酵腐乳中分离纯化性状优良的细菌,将这些细菌接种于脱脂奶粉培养基进行培养,通过检测培养上清筛选到一株高产蛋白酶的菌株,经细菌形态观察和DNA测序,鉴定该菌株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌,申请人将其命名为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)Y3,并于2023年2月15日将其保藏于中国湖北省武汉市的中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC),保藏编号为:CCTCC NO:M2023127。
接着,申请人将Y3菌株活化培养并应用于发酵腐乳的制作,结果发现所制作的腐乳中具有较高含量的2-甲基丁酸乙酯,鉴于2-甲基丁酸乙酯是一种重要的呈香风味物质,因此Y3菌株可用于腐乳的增香。进一步地,申请人通过感官评价试验进一步验证了上述结论。
综上,本发明筛选的菌株可用于发酵腐乳的制作,在腐乳增香、改善风味品质方面具有极佳的应用前景。另外,利用该菌株发酵腐乳的周期仅一个月左右,相较霉菌发酵腐乳的周期(三个月以上)大幅缩短。
本发明进一步提供了一种利用Y3菌株生产的微生物菌剂。
本发明还提供了一种利用Y3菌株发酵生产腐乳的方法。
试验发现,Y3菌株在25-35℃下的生长速度较快,30℃接近峰值。因此发酵生产腐乳的较佳温度为25-35℃。
本发明有益效果是:
(1)本发明提供了一株用于腐乳发酵生产的新的微生物,在此之前,未曾见将贝莱斯芽孢杆菌用于腐乳的发酵生产。
(2)本发明提供的微生物具有优良的产蛋白酶活力,能够分解豆腐中的蛋白质成短肽和氨基酸,从而形成更多的风味物质以提高产品的品质感官。
(3)本发明发酵条件可控,有利于减少腐乳制作过程中的杂菌污染,同时还具有发酵周期短、成本低等优点。
附图说明
图1:Y3菌株的蛋白酶水解透明圈反应。
图2:Y3菌株的菌落形态(左)和细胞形态(右)。
图3:Y3菌株在不同温度下的生长情况。
图4:腐乳发酵各阶段的色泽外观照片。图中,TF:豆腐;MP:成熟坯;SP:腌坯;DP;干燥坯;1D:后发酵第一天;1M:后发酵一个月。
图5:Y3菌株与商业毛霉制作的腐乳感官评价图。
具体实施方法
以下结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。试验中使用总状毛霉,购买于中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(保藏号:CICC40481)。其它如无特殊说明的材料,均为本领域常规材料。试验所用培养基:
LB培养基:1%蛋白胨、0.5%酵母浸粉、1.5%葡萄糖、1%氯化钠,pH7.2,121℃灭菌20min。
蛋白酶初筛培养基:1%脱脂奶粉,2%琼脂,pH 7.5,115℃下灭菌10min。
蛋白酶复筛培养基:0.006%碳酸氢钠,0.2%氯化钾,0.048%二水氯化钙,0.1%七水硫酸镁,0.0001%三氯化铁,1%脱脂奶粉,pH 7.5,115℃下灭菌10min。
实施例1:菌种的筛选与鉴定
1.实验方法
(1)样品的稀释培养
取产自武汉汉南区的自然发酵腐乳25g,加入到装有225mL无菌水的均质袋中,用拍击式均质器拍打2min;然后以10倍梯度进行稀释,取10-6、10-7、10-8稀释度的样品匀液,分别吸取100μL至3个LB固体平板上,用涂布棒涂布均匀,然后将培养皿倒置,37℃±1℃培养2~3d。
(2)分离纯化
随机挑取生长状况良好的菌落进行平板划线分离,置于37℃下培养2d左右,观察菌株是否已经单一化,将单菌落用甘油保存下来,用于后续菌株的筛选。
(3)高产蛋白酶的筛选
将分离纯化后的菌株点接于蛋白酶初筛培养基中,观察菌株是否产生蛋白质水解透明圈反应(图1)。将初筛得到的菌株分别接种到LB液体培养基中摇床培养24h,然后平板划线,查看菌种是否污染,确定菌种未被污染后,挑取单菌落接种于新鲜的LB液体培养基中,120r/min摇床培养24h进行一次活化,吸取菌悬液1mL于新鲜培养液中进行二次活化,120r/min摇床培养,不时取样测定OD600,以OD600在0.3-0.4为接种浓度,准确吸取1mL二次活化菌悬液至蛋白酶复筛培养基中120r/min摇床培养24h,取适当体积发酵液于10000r/min离心5min,取上清液,测定菌株蛋白酶活力,根据国标方法《蛋白酶制剂》进行蛋白酶活力测定。选择蛋白酶活力高的分离菌株进行DNA提取,以DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,细菌通用扩增引物为27F(5'-GAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3')和1492R(5'-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGAC-3′),扩增产物1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,利用纯化试剂盒对PCR产物进行纯化,纯化产物送天根生化科技有限公司进行测序。
2.实验结果
将所分离的细菌序列与(GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ)数据库中已知菌株的对应序列进行比较鉴定,经分析鉴定其中一株为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。细菌生长初期为圆形、湿润、有光泽,随生长周期继而变得不规整,中心呈柱状或者圆形隆起、粗糙、不透明、白色、边缘呈云雾状扩散,挑起有黏液、菌落直径5mm左右。革兰氏阳性,细胞形态呈杆状、有内生芽孢(图2)。
下表1是试验筛选并鉴定的5株具有产蛋白酶活力的细菌,另4株分别为枯草芽孢杆菌、路德维希肠杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌。表2是5株细菌的产蛋白酶活力测定结果。其中,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3的蛋白酶活力显著高于其它菌株,枯草芽孢杆菌J-15、X-10以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌X-33具有一定的产蛋白酶活力。
表1菌种鉴定比对
表2不同筛选菌株蛋白酶活力
菌种编号 | 蛋白酶活力(U/mL) |
J-15 | 58±7 |
J-7 | 10±2 |
X-10 | 66±5 |
X-33 | 75±4 |
Y3 | 109±21 |
实施例2:发酵腐乳的制作
将贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3、枯草芽孢杆菌亚种J-15、枯草芽孢杆菌X-10、解淀粉芽孢杆菌X-33于37℃下活化培养24h,于1000r/min离心5min,倒掉上清液,加入无菌水振荡混匀清洗,再次离心,反复重复上述操作直至菌体无异味,清洗干净,用无菌水稀释至107CFU/mL备用。
将市场上购买的新鲜老豆腐切成2cm*2cm*2cm的立方块,于沸水中煮沸15~20min,捞出晾凉并均匀平铺在发酵格上,将制备好的新鲜菌液均匀喷洒于豆腐表面(4kg/150mL),于30℃的培养箱中培养48h,至表面起黏液,呈微黄色,然后取出豆腐,将发酵盘中垫上一层灭菌后的纱布,均匀撒上一层盐,将豆腐均匀摆放在发酵盘中,继续撒盐至含盐量为8%(w:w),然后在30℃的培养箱中发酵24h,至表面起黄色黏液后取出豆腐块。
将腌坯置于30℃的烘箱中低温烘干8h,降低豆腐中水分至65%左右,使豆腐收缩成型。将烘干成型的腌坯装入洁净的方形玻璃罐中,添加汤料(2%食盐、10%食用酒精、无菌水)没过豆腐块,盖盖进入后发酵。采集后发酵第30d的样品,存放于-20℃下,测定挥发性成分并进行感官评价。
Y3菌株在不同温度下的生长情况见图3,该菌株在25-35℃下的生长速度较快,30℃接近峰值。腐乳发酵各阶段的色泽外观变化见图4。
(1)GC-MS测定腐乳发酵过程中2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量
色谱条件:HP-5MS(30.0m×0.32mm×0.25μm)色谱柱;进样口温度为240℃;升温程序:初始温度为40℃(保持2min),以10℃/min升至185℃(保持1min),再以10℃/min升到240℃(保持8min);载气为氦气,流速为1.0mL/min。
质谱条件:电离方式为EI,离子源温度为230℃;电子能量:70eV;扫描范围为35-500m/z,扫描速率:0.2s/san。
(2)快速描述剖面法(Flash profile,FP)对腐乳进行感官评价
采用快速描述剖面法(Flash Profile,FP)对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌和对照菌株发酵的腐乳样品进行感官分析。从华中农业大学食品科学与技术学院招募了30名评估员,包括15名女性和15名男性,年龄在22至30岁之间。他们都有丰富的感官评价经验,之前参与过不同食品的感官分析研究。评价人员进行了三次感官评价分析,第一次用具体的词汇去描述腐乳的基本属性,对三个样品的颜色、香气、口感和味道进行区分。第二次需要根据基本属性的强度对样品进行打分,以0~10分进行打分,10分为最大强度,0分为最低强度。第三次打分重复第二次打分的操作,打分完毕进行统计分析,结果以平均值呈现。
腐乳中2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量测定见表3。后发酵一个月后,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3发酵腐乳中2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量为1322μg/kg,而商业毛霉的为771μg/kg。利用Y3菌株制作的腐乳中香气风味物质2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量显著高于商业毛霉,且高于同一样本中筛选的其它菌株。
表3筛选菌株发酵腐乳中2-甲基丁酸乙酯含量测定结果(n=3)
菌种编号 | 菌种名称 | 含量(μg/kg) |
Y3 | 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌 | 1322±177 |
J-15 | 枯草芽孢杆菌 | 22±5 |
X-10 | 枯草芽孢杆菌 | 152±25 |
X-33 | 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 | 852±105 |
40481 | 总状毛霉 | 771±94 |
图5是Y3菌株与商业毛霉制作的腐乳感官评价图,从图中可以看出,本发明制作的腐乳香气、色泽优于常用的毛霉发酵腐乳。
Claims (6)
1.一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)Y3,保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为:CCTCC NO:M 2023127。
2.权利要求1所述的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3在腐乳发酵生产中的应用。
3.如权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于:所述贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3高产蛋白酶,能提高腐乳中风味物质2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量。
4.一种用于腐乳发酵生产的微生物菌剂,其中含有权利要求1所述的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3。
5.一种腐乳发酵生产方法,包括向豆腐中接种权利要求1所述的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y3并进行发酵的步骤。
6.如权利要求5所述的腐乳发酵生产方法,其特征在于:所述发酵的温度为25-35℃。
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