CN116210506B - Macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method - Google Patents
Macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 209
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 209
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 188
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 173
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims description 98
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000018330 Macadamia integrifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- 240000000912 Macadamia tetraphylla Species 0.000 claims description 24
- 235000003800 Macadamia tetraphylla Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 10
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000010360 secondary oscillation Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000002786 root growth Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009402 cross-breeding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000014571 nuts Nutrition 0.000 description 57
- 208000019025 Hypokalemia Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 208000007645 potassium deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 230000002015 leaf growth Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 4
- 208000035240 Disease Resistance Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000208467 Macadamia Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000011869 dried fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005781 Fludioxonil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005906 Imidacloprid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- MUJOIMFVNIBMKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N fludioxonil Chemical compound C=12OC(F)(F)OC2=CC=CC=1C1=CNC=C1C#N MUJOIMFVNIBMKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 2
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
- A01G24/44—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form
- A01G24/46—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form multi-layered
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
According to the macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, seeds are sequentially subjected to seed soaking, insolation, two-stage vibration treatment and insolation, splitting of shells of the macadimia nuts is assisted, and the split fruit germination rate of the low-potassium environment of the macadimia nuts is greatly improved; the macadimia nut seedling raising mainly controls the nutrient content of each layer of soil of the seedling raising bed, so that the potassium content is specifically distributed in the depth direction of the soil, the growth of low-potassium-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources is not greatly influenced, the growth vigor, leaf conditions and root growth conditions of the macadimia nut seedlings can be screened out, the low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources can be screened out, the screening cost is low, the seedling characteristic resource library can be enriched, and the macadimia nut seedling raising method can be used for later cross breeding.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method.
Background
The macadamia nut is a native tree nut in Australia, and is an alias of macadamia nut, macadamia nut and macadamia nut. The macadamia genus is evergreen arbor, dicot. The crown is high, 3-4 leaves are rotated, the tree is needle-shaped and revolute, smooth, and the edge is provided with thorn-shaped saw teeth. The axillary inflorescence has a yellow flower, a spherical fruit, a peel and a leather, the endocarp is hard, and the kernel is light brown. Is suitable for growing in mild, moist and small-wind areas. The macadamia tropical and subtropical high-grade cash crops have strong adaptability, are suitable for being planted on hills or flat lands with the altitude below 1200 meters, and are required to have the highest temperature of not more than 35 ℃ in summer, the highest temperature of not less than 15 ℃ in winter and the lowest temperature of not less than 0 ℃ in winter, no frost or even light frost in the last year, deep soil layers, rich organic matters, pH values of 5.0 to 6.0, good drainage and irrigation conditions when water is lost in dry seasons. Because the tree crown is dense, the root system is shallow, and wind resistance is not realized, the orchard is selected in places with strong wind and little local wind all year round, the area which is easily affected by typhoons is required to be built with wind-proof forest belts, and bamboo and branches are required to be used as supports in the young tree stage so as to resist wind damage. Among the many dried fruits in the world, macadamia nuts are the most economically valuable, and the element enjoys the reputation of "the king of dried fruits". The macadimia nut has rich nutrition (milky white), the endocarp is dark green, the endocarp is hard and brown, the single fruit weighs 15-16 g, the oil content is about 70%, the protein is 9%, 17 amino acids including 8 amino acids necessary for human bodies are contained, and the macadimia nut is also rich in minerals and vitamins. The macadamia nut kernels are crisp, smooth, tender and delicious, have unique cream fragrance, are edible fruits with best quality in the world, are called as dried fruit queen and world nut king, and have better flavor and taste than cashew nuts. The macadimia nut can be used for preparing cake, chocolate, edible oil, cosmetics and the like besides dry fruits. In addition, macadimia nuts have high nutritional value and medicinal value.
The potassium-deficient soil in China is 4.5 hundred million mu, potassium elements which can be absorbed by plants in the soil where crops grow are generally deficient, and along with the improvement of the yield of Australian nut trees, potassium fertilizer which is put into the soil is insufficient to supplement potassium carried by fruits, so that the Australian nut trees are relatively common in potassium deficiency, the disease resistance, drought resistance and cold resistance of the tree bodies are reduced, and the development of low-potassium-resistant Australian nut germplasm resources is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the macadamia nut germplasm resource screening method which is simple to operate and can screen out low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadamia nut germplasm resources.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method comprises the following steps:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds in sunlight for primary insolation, performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 800-1000 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 15-20 min; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1400-1600 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 20-25 min;
(3) Seedling raising: placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 20-25 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, and screening out low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources; the artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 50-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 300-320 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 35-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 250-280 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 25-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 220-240 mg/kg.
Further, the variety of the mature macadamia nut with shell in the step (1) is Guifei No.1, A16, 695 or OC.
Further, the seeds are put into distilled water for soaking for 24 to 36 hours in the step 2.1), and the seeds are taken out to obtain the soaked seeds.
Further, in the step 2.2), the soaked seeds are put into the sun for primary insolation, then are subjected to primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally are subjected to secondary insolation to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 900-1000 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 17-20 min; the frequency of one oscillation is 1500-1600 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 22-25 min.
Further, the time of the primary exposure in the step 2.2) is controlled to be 3-6 hours, and the time of the secondary exposure is controlled to be 5-8 hours.
Further, in the step (3), firstly, the vibration and insolation seeds are put into a seed sterilization disinfectant for sterilization and disinfection, and then, the seeds are put into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of the artificial seedbed for seedling culture.
Further, the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent, and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.6-0.8 g/kg.
Further, in the step (3), the height of the fine sand layer is 10-15 cm, the height of the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 6-9 cm, the height of the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 15-18 cm, the height of the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 12-15 cm, and the height of the black soil layer is 20-25 cm.
Further, the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer in the step (3) is 55-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 310-320 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 37-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 260-280 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 26-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 230-240 mg/kg.
Further, in the step (3), indexes such as root growth condition, leaf growth condition and the like are observed and recorded; 1) Firstly, selecting plants with strong growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can directly vertically prick to the black soil layer, and screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources.
The beneficial effects of the application are as follows: according to the macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, seeds are sequentially subjected to seed soaking, insolation, two-stage vibration treatment and insolation, so that macadimia nut shells are firstly swelled by water absorption and are subjected to insolation shrinkage, vibration assistance is carried out at a certain frequency to assist in cracking of the shells, the vibration frequency is increased, cracking of the shells of the macadimia nuts is further assisted, finally, the shells are subjected to insolation shrinkage again to further assist in cracking of the shells, and the cracking germination rate of the macadimia nut in a low-potassium environment is greatly increased; the seedling raising process mainly controls the soil nutrient content of each layer of seedling raising beds, particularly controls the quick-acting potassium content and slow-acting potassium content in the first potassium-deficiency soil layer, the second potassium-deficiency soil layer and the third potassium-deficiency soil layer, the quick-acting potassium content and the slow-acting potassium content are in a descending trend from the first potassium-deficiency soil layer to the third potassium-deficiency soil layer, and the quick-acting potassium content and the slow-acting potassium content are directly improved to a normal state when reaching the black soil layer (the quick-acting potassium content is about 70mg/kg, the slow-acting potassium content is about 400 mg/kg), the potassium content is specifically distributed in the soil depth direction, the growth of low-potassium-resistant macadamia nut germplasm resources is not greatly influenced, the low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadamia nut germplasm resources can be screened out through the growth vigor, the leaf condition and the root system growth condition of the macadamia nut seedlings, and the seedling raising cost is low, and the seedling raising method is characterized by the hybridization stage.
According to the macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, before seedling raising, seeds are put into the seed sterilizing and disinfecting liquid for sterilization and disinfection, so that disease bacteria on the upper surfaces of the macadimia nut seeds can be killed, and the emergence rate is higher; the transplanting agent is a plant stress-resistant chemical inducer, can strengthen plant root system activity, improve plant disease resistance and stress resistance, has excellent functions of promoting root and strengthening seedling, resisting brown and aging, inhibiting bacteria and sterilizing, and has higher seed emergence rate and survival rate.
Detailed Description
The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in a more complete understanding of the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
According to the macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, the soil corresponding to the slow-release potassium content is directly taken out of a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer, and then a proper amount of potassium fertilizer is added according to the quick-acting potassium content of the soil to control the quick-acting potassium content of the soil; the quick-acting potassium content and the slow-acting potassium content are controlled within a range of values.
The invention discloses a macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, which comprises the following steps of: and (5) airing the seeds in the place where the sunlight is directly irradiated in the morning or noon of sunny weather.
The invention relates to a macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, wherein 2.5% fludioxonil suspending agent is selected as bactericide in the following embodiment, 70% imidacloprid is selected as insecticide, specifically, 200 times of 2.5% fludioxonil suspending agent in the bactericide is diluted, and 1000 times of 70% imidacloprid is diluted; in the practical application process, the bactericide and the pesticide can also be selected from common bactericidal and insecticidal products in the seed sterilization and disinfection process.
Example 1
The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds; the variety of the mature shell macadimia nut is Guihua No. 1;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water for 24h, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds into sunlight for one-time insolation, and controlling the time to be 3 hours; performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation, wherein the time of the secondary insolation is controlled to be 5 hours, so as to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 800rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 15min; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1400rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 20min;
(3) Seedling raising: firstly, placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a seed sterilization disinfectant for sterilization, then placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 20 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, 1) firstly, selecting plants with strong plant growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can be directly and vertically pricked to a black soil layer, namely screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources;
The artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom; the fine sand layer has a height of 10 cm, the first potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 6 cm, the second potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 15 cm, the third potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 12 cm, and the black soil layer has a height of 20 cm; the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.6 g/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 50-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 300-320 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 35-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 250-280 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 25-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 220-240 mg/kg.
Example 2
The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds; the variety of the mature shell macadimia nut is A16;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water for 36h, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds into sunlight for one-time insolation, and controlling the time to be 6 hours; performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation, wherein the time of the secondary insolation is controlled to be 8 hours, so as to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1000rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 20min; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1600rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 25min;
(3) Seedling raising: firstly, placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a seed sterilization disinfectant for sterilization, then placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 25 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, 1) firstly, selecting plants with strong plant growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can be directly and vertically pricked to a black soil layer, namely screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources;
the artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom; the fine sand layer has a height of 15 cm, the first potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 9 cm, the second potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 18 cm, the third potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 15 cm, and the black soil layer has a height of 25 cm; the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.8 g/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 50-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 300-320 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 35-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 250-280 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 25-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 220-240 mg/kg.
Example 3
The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds; the variety of the mature shell macadimia nut is 695;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water for 28h, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds into sunlight for one-time insolation, and controlling the time to be 4 hours; performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation, wherein the time of the secondary insolation is controlled to be 6 hours, so as to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 900rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 17min; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1500rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 22min;
(3) Seedling raising: firstly, placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a seed sterilization disinfectant for sterilization, then placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 22 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, 1) firstly, selecting plants with strong plant growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can be directly and vertically pricked to a black soil layer, namely screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources;
The artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom; the fine sand layer has a height of 12 cm, the first potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 7 cm, the second potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 16 cm, the third potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 13 cm, and the black soil layer has a height of 22 cm; the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.7 g/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 55-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 310-320 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 37-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 260-280 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 26-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 230-240 mg/kg.
Example 4
The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds; the variety of the mature shell macadimia nut is OC number;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water for 28h, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds into sunlight for one-time insolation, and controlling the time to be 4 hours; performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation, wherein the time of the secondary insolation is controlled to be 6 hours, so as to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 900rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 17min; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1500rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 22min;
(3) Seedling raising: placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 22 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, 1) firstly selecting plants with strong growth vigor, leaves without wrinkles, yellow leaves and fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can be directly and vertically pricked to a black soil layer, namely screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources;
The artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom; the fine sand layer has a height of 12 cm, the first potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 7 cm, the second potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 16 cm, the third potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 13 cm, and the black soil layer has a height of 22 cm;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 55-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 310-320 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 37-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 260-280 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 26-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 230-240 mg/kg.
Comparative example 1
The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds; the variety of the mature shell macadimia nut is 695;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water for 28h, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds into sunlight for one time, and controlling the time to be 10 hours to obtain the insolated seeds;
(3) Seedling raising: firstly, placing the exposed seeds into a seed sterilization disinfectant for sterilization, then placing the exposed seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 22 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, 1) firstly, selecting plants with strong plant growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can be directly and vertically pricked to a black soil layer, namely screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources;
The artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom; the fine sand layer has a height of 12 cm, the first potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 7 cm, the second potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 16 cm, the third potassium-deficient soil layer has a height of 13 cm, and the black soil layer has a height of 22 cm; the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.7 g/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 55-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 310-320 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 37-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 260-280 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 26-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 230-240 mg/kg.
Comparative example 2
The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds; the variety of the mature shell macadimia nut is 695;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water for 28h, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds into sunlight for one-time insolation, and controlling the time to be 4 hours; performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation, wherein the time of the secondary insolation is controlled to be 6 hours, so as to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 900rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 17min; the frequency of primary oscillation is 1500rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 22min;
(3) Seedling raising: firstly, placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a seed sterilization disinfectant for sterilization, then placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 22 ℃, observing and recording indexes such as root growth conditions, leaf growth conditions and the like, 1) firstly, selecting plants with strong plant growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can be directly and vertically pricked to a black soil layer, namely screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources;
The artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer and a third potassium-deficient soil layer from top to bottom; the height of the fine sand layer is 12 cm; the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.7 g/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 26-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 230-240 mg/kg.
Table 1 below shows statistical tables of results of germination rate, seedling survival, root growth, and leaf growth of the seeds of examples 1 to 4 and comparative examples 1 to 2;
TABLE 1
Compared with the potassium content of the macadimia nut germplasm leaves, the potassium content of the leaves of a plant with root systems grown in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer is about 8.12 g/kg, the potassium content of the leaves of a plant with root systems grown in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer is about 8.31 g/kg, and according to the potassium content of the leaves of the plant, the plant with root systems grown in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer has better low potassium resistance; the potassium is related to the water balance of plants, plays a particularly important role in regulating osmotic pressure, can provide strong osmotic potential, pulls water molecules into plant roots, improves plant tension, maintains the internal pressure of plants, can move from a soil solution with lower potassium concentration to root cells with higher concentration, enables crops to absorb soil water more effectively, has poor capability of resisting water shortage of potassium-deficient plants, and is screened to have drought resistance; according to the experimental results, according to the macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method, seeds are sequentially subjected to seed soaking, insolation, two-stage vibration treatment and insolation, so that macadimia nut shells are firstly swelled by water absorption and are shrunk by insolation, the macadimia nut shells are firstly vibrated and assisted at a certain frequency, cracking of the shells is assisted, vibration frequency is then increased, cracking of the macadimia nut shells is further assisted, finally, shrinkage by insolation is further assisted, cracking of the shells is further assisted, and the cracking germination rate of the macadimia nut in a low-potassium environment is greatly improved; the seedling raising process mainly controls the soil nutrient content of each layer of seedling raising beds, particularly controls the quick-acting potassium content and slow-acting potassium content in the first potassium-deficiency soil layer, the second potassium-deficiency soil layer and the third potassium-deficiency soil layer, the quick-acting potassium content and the slow-acting potassium content are in a descending trend from the first potassium-deficiency soil layer to the third potassium-deficiency soil layer, and the quick-acting potassium content and the slow-acting potassium content are directly improved to a normal state when reaching the black soil layer (the quick-acting potassium content is about 70mg/kg, the slow-acting potassium content is about 400 mg/kg), the potassium content is specifically distributed in the soil depth direction, the growth of low-potassium-resistant macadamia nut germplasm resources is not greatly influenced, the low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadamia nut germplasm screening resources can be screened out through the growth vigor, the leaf condition and the root system growth condition of the macadamia nut seedlings, and the low-resistant macadamia nut germchit germplasm resources can be obtained, and the seedling raising cost is low, and the seedling raising method is characterized by the hybridization stage; before seedling raising, the seeds are put into a seed sterilizing disinfectant for sterilization, so that the disease bacteria on the upper surfaces of the macadimia nut seeds can be killed, and the emergence rate is higher; the transplanting agent is a plant stress-resistant chemical inducer, can strengthen plant root system activity, improve plant disease resistance and stress resistance, has excellent functions of promoting root and strengthening seedling, resisting brown and aging, inhibiting bacteria and sterilizing, and has higher seed emergence rate and survival rate.
While the invention has been described in detail in the foregoing general description and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications and improvements can be made thereto. Accordingly, such modifications or improvements may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (10)
1. The macadimia nut germplasm resource screening method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Seed selection: selecting mature macadimia nuts with shells, which are harvested in the current year and have no plant diseases and insect pests, and removing the epidermis to obtain seeds;
(2) And (3) seedling pretreatment:
2.1 Soaking seeds in distilled water, and taking out to obtain soaked seeds;
2.2 Placing the soaked seeds in sunlight for primary insolation, performing primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally performing secondary insolation to obtain vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 800-1000 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 15-20 min; the frequency of the secondary oscillation is 1400-1600 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 20-25 min;
(3) Seedling raising: placing the vibration and insolated seeds into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed, raising seedlings at 20-25 ℃, observing and recording growth conditions of root systems and growth conditions of leaves, and screening out low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources; the artificial seedbed is sequentially provided with a fine sand layer, a first potassium-deficient soil layer, a second potassium-deficient soil layer, a third potassium-deficient soil layer and a black soil layer from top to bottom;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 50-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 300-320 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 35-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 250-280 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 25-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 220-240 mg/kg.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mature shelled macadamia nut in step (1) is of the variety Guifei No. 1, A16, 695 or OC.
3. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2.1), seeds are soaked in distilled water for 24-36 hours, and the seeds are taken out, so that soaked seeds are obtained.
4. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2.2), the soaked seeds are put into sunlight for primary insolation, then subjected to primary vibration treatment and secondary vibration treatment, and finally subjected to secondary insolation to obtain the vibration insolated seeds; the frequency of primary oscillation is 900-1000 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 17-20 min; the frequency of the secondary oscillation is 1500-1600 rpm/min, and the oscillation time is 22-25 min.
5. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 1, wherein the time of primary exposure in the step 2.2) is controlled to be 3-6 hours, and the time of secondary exposure is controlled to be 5-8 hours.
6. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the seeds exposed to vibration are put into a seed sterilizing disinfectant for sterilization, and then the seeds are put into a first potassium-deficient soil layer of an artificial seedbed for seedling culture.
7. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 6, wherein the seed sterilizing disinfectant takes sterile water as a solvent and contains a bactericide, an insecticide and transplanting agent with the concentration of 0.6-0.8 g/kg.
8. The macadamia nut germplasm resource screening method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the fine sand layer is 10-15 cm in height, the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 6-9 cm in height, the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 15-18 cm in height, the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 12-15 cm in height, and the black soil layer is 20-25 cm in height.
9. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the first potassium-deficient soil layer is 55-60 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 310-320 mg/kg;
The quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the second potassium-deficient soil layer is 37-40 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 260-280 mg/kg;
the quick-acting potassium content of the soil used in the third potassium-deficient soil layer is 26-28 mg/kg, and the slow-acting potassium content is 230-240 mg/kg.
10. The method for screening macadamia nut germplasm resources according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the growth condition of root systems and the growth condition of leaves are observed and recorded; 1) Firstly, selecting plants with strong growth vigor, non-wrinkling leaves, non-yellow leaves and non-fallen leaves; 2) Selecting plants with root systems which do not grow in a bending way on the third potassium-deficient soil layer and can directly vertically prick to the black soil layer, and screening to obtain low-potassium-resistant and drought-resistant macadimia nut germplasm resources.
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